Prognostic markers in heart failure—congestion, neurohormones, and the cardiorenal syndrome

References

• Rosamond W., Flegal K., Friday G., Furie K., Go A., Greenlund K., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2007; 115: e69–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gheorghiade M., Abraham W. T., Albert N. M., Greenberg B. H., O'Connor C. M., She L., et al. Systolic blood pressure at admission, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. JAMA 2006; 296: 2217–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanumanthu S., Butler J., Chomsky D., Davis S., Wilson J. R. Effect of a heart failure program on hospitalization frequency and exercise tolerance. Circulation 1997; 96: 2842–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich M. W., Beckham V., Wittenberg C., Leven C. L., Freedland K. E., Carney R. M. A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1190–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonarow G. C., Stevenson L. W., Walden J. A., Livingston N. A., Steimle A. E., Hamilton M. A., et al. Impact of a comprehensive heart failure management program on hospital readmission and functional status of patients with advanced heart failure. J Am Col Cardiol 1997; 30: 725–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhorn E. J. Prognosis determination in heart failure. Am J Med 2001; 110: 14S–36S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francis G. S., Cohn J. N., Johnson G., Rector T. S., Goldman S., Simon A. Plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and congestive heart failure. Relations to survival and the effects of therapy in V‐HeFT II. The V‐HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation 1993; 87: VI40–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedberg K., Eneroth P., Kjekshus J., Wilhelmsen L. Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Circulation 1990; 82: 1730–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn J. N., Rector T. S. Prognosis of congestive heart failure and predictors of mortality. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 25A–30A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn J. N., Levine T. B., Olivari M. T., Garberg V., Lura D., Francis G. S., et al. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 819–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict C. R., Shelton B., Johnstone D. E., Francis G., Greenberg B., Konstam M., et al. Prognostic significance of plasma norepinephrine in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. Circulation 1996; 94: 690–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict C. R., Johnstone D. E., Weiner D. H., Bourassa M. G., Bittner V., Kay R., et al. Relation of neurohumoral activation to clinical variables and degree of ventricular dysfunction: a report from the Registry of Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. J Am Col Cardiol 1994; 23: 1410–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei C. M., Lerman A., Rodeheffer R. J., McGregor C. G., Brandt R. R., Wright S., et al. Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. Circulation 1994; 89: 1580–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latini R., Masson S., Anand I., Salio M., Hester A., Judd D., et al. The comparative prognostic value of plasma neurohormones at baseline in patients with heart failure enrolled in Val‐HeFT. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 292–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brophy J. M., Dagenais G. R., McSherry F., Williford W., Yusuf S. A multivariate model for predicting mortality in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction. Am J Med 2004; 116: 300–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn J. N., Johnson G. Heart failure with normal ejection fraction. The V‐HeFT Study. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group. Circulation 1990; 81: III48–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn J. N., Johnson G. R., Shabetai R., Loeb H., Tristani F., Rector T., et al. Ejection fraction, peak exercise oxygen consumption, cardiothoracic ratio, ventricular arrhythmias, and plasma norepinephrine as determinants of prognosis in heart failure. The V‐HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation 1993; 87: VI5–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzybowski J., Bilinska Z. T., Ruzyllo W., Kupsc W., Michalak E., Szczesniewska D., et al. Determinants of prognosis in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiac Fail 1996; 2: 77–85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glover D. R., Littler W. A. Factors influencing survival and mode of death in severe chronic ischaemic cardiac failure. Br Heart J 1987; 57: 125–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Unverferth D. V., Magorien R. D., Moeschberger M. L., Baker P. B., Fetters J. K., Leier C. V. Factors influencing the one‐year mortality of dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1984; 54: 147–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cintron G., Johnson G., Francis G., Cobb F., Cohn J. N. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with congestive heart failure. The V‐HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation 1993; 87: VI17–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammermeister K. E., Chikos P. M., Fisher L., Dodge H. T. Relationship of cardiothoracic ratio and plain film heart volume to late survival. Circulation 1979; 59: 89–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradman A., Deedwania P., Cody R., Massie B., Packer M., Pitt B., et al. Predictors of total mortality and sudden death in mild to moderate heart failure. Captopril‐Digoxin Study Group. J Am Col Cardiol 1989; 14: 564–70; 71–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamim W., Francis D. P., Yousufuddin M., Varney S., Pieopli M. F., Anker S. D., et al. Intraventricular conduction delay: a prognostic marker in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 1999; 70: 171–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruch C., Gotzmann M., Stypmann J., Wenzelburger F., Rothenburger M., Grude M., et al. Electrocardiography and Doppler echocardiography for risk stratification in patients with chronic heart failure: incremental prognostic value of QRS duration and a restrictive mitral filling pattern. J Am Col Cardiol 2005; 45: 1072–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini D. M., Eisen H., Kussmaul W., Mull R., Edmunds L. H, Jr., Wilson J. R. Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Circulation 1991; 83: 778–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson L. R., Schechtman K. B., Ewald G. A., Geltman E. M., de las Fuentes L., Meyer T., et al. Timing of cardiac transplantation in patients with heart failure receiving beta‐adrenergic blockers. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22: 1141–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehra M. R., Kobashigawa J., Starling R., Russell S., Uber P. A., Parameshwar J., et al. Listing criteria for heart transplantation: International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for the care of cardiac transplant candidates—2006. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25: 1024–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowie M. R., Wood D. A., Coats A. J., Thompson S. G., Suresh V., Poole‐Wilson P. A., et al. Survival of patients with a new diagnosis of heart failure: a population based study. Heart 2000; 83: 505–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee T. T., Chen J., Cohen D. J., Tsao L. The association between blood pressure and mortality in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J 2006; 151: 76–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith G. L., Lichtman J. H., Bracken M. B., Shlipak M. G., Phillips C. O., DiCapua P., et al. Renal impairment and outcomes in heart failure: systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Am Col Cardiol 2006; 47: 1987–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dries D. L., Exner D. V., Domanski M. J., Greenberg B., Stevenson L. W. The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Col Cardiol 2000; 35: 681–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillege H. L., Girbes A. R., de Kam P. J., Boomsma F., de Zeeuw D., Charlesworth A., et al. Renal function, neurohormonal activation, and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000; 102: 203–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb S. S., Abraham W., Butler J., Forman D. E., Loh E., Massie B. M., et al. The prognostic importance of different definitions of worsening renal function in congestive heart failure. J Cardiac Fail 2002; 8: 136–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumholz H. M., Chen Y. T., Vaccarino V., Wang Y., Radford M. J., Bradford W. D., et al. Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients> or = 65 years of age with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 1110–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith G. L., Vaccarino V., Kosiborod M., Lichtman J. H., Cheng S., Watnick S. G., et al. Worsening renal function: what is a clinically meaningful change in creatinine during hospitalization with heart failure?. J Cardiac Fail 2003; 9: 13–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg S. Changes in blood viscosity, hematocrit value, and fibrinogen concentration in subjects with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1964; 30: 686–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrier R. W., Ecder T. Gibbs memorial lecture. Unifying hypothesis of body fluid volume regulation: implications for cardiac failure and cirrhosis. Mount Sinai Ξ Μed 2001; 68: 350–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schrier R. W., Abraham W. T. Hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure. N Engl Ξ Μed 1999; 341: 577–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrier R. W. Role of diminished renal function in cardiovascular mortality: marker or pathogenetic factor?. J Am Col Cardiol 2006; 47: 1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonarow G. C., Adams K. F, Jr., Abraham W. T., Yancy C. W., Boscardin W. J. Risk stratification for in‐hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis. JAMA 2005; 293: 572–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guazzi M. D., Agostoni P., Perego B., Lauri G., Salvioni A., Giraldi F., et al. Apparent paradox of neurohumoral axis inhibition after body fluid volume depletion in patients with chronic congestive heart failure and water retention. Br Ηeart J 1994; 72: 534–9
   Google Scholar
• Agostoni P., Marenzi G., Lauri G., Perego G., Schianni M., Sganzerla P., et al. Sustained improvement in functional capacity after removal of body fluid with isolated ultrafiltration in chronic cardiac insufficiency: failure of furosemide to provide the same result. Am J Med 1994; 96: 191–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh S., Ohyama Y., Hayashi M. Effects of renal nerve stimulation, norepinephrine and angiotensin II on renal blood flow in relation to release of PG‐like substances in anesthetized dogs. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie 1981; 254: 304–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schafer A., Fraccarollo D., Tas P., Schmidt I., Ertl G., Bauersachs J. Endothelial dysfunction in congestive heart failure: ACE inhibition vs. angiotensin II antagonism. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6: 151–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones S. P., Greer J. J., van Haperen R., Duncker D. J., de Crom R., Lefer D. J. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase overexpression attenuates congestive heart failure in mice. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 4891–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller W. L., Redfield M. M., Burnett J. C, Jr. Integrated cardiac, renal, and endocrine actions of endothelin. Journal Clin Invest 1989; 83: 317–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth J. D., Raine A. E., Ledingham J. G. Raised venous pressure: a direct cause of renal sodium retention in oedema?. Lancet 1988; 1: 1033–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley S. E., Bradley G. P. The effect of increased intra‐abdominal pressure on renal function in man. J Clin Invest 1947; 26: 1010–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harinstein M. E., Gheorghiade M. Acute heart failure syndromes: highlights from the ESC Working Group on Acute Cardiac Care Meeting Prague, Czech Republic 2006. Acute Cardiac Care 2006; 8: 179–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neuberg G. W., Miller A. B., O'Connor C. M., Belkin R. N., Carson P. E., Cropp A. B., et al. Diuretic resistance predicts mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Am Heart J 2002; 144: 31–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar