Virtual reality and chronic low back pain

References

• Senkowski D, Heinz A. Chronic pain and distorted body image: implications for multisensory feedback interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;1(69):252–259.
   Google Scholar
• Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention? Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2356–2367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1545–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crombez G, Eccleston C, Van Damme S, et al. Fear-avoidance model of chronic pain: the next generation. Clin J Pain. 2012;28(6):475–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George SZ, Beneciuk JM. Psychological predictors of recovery from low back pain: a prospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16(1):1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Won A, Bailey J, Bailenson J, et al. Immersive virtual reality for pediatric pain. Children. 2017;4(7):pii: E52.
   Google Scholar
• Matsangidou M, Ang CS, Mauger AR, et al. Is your virtual self as sensational as your real? Virtual reality: the effect of body consciousness on the experience of exercise sensations. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2019;41:218–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost Z, Zielke M, Guck A, et al. The promise and challenge of virtual gaming technologies for chronic pain: the case of graded exposure for low back pain. Pain Manag. 2015;5(3):197–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi B, Chau B, Yeo E, et al. Virtual reality for spinal cord injury-associated neuropathic pain: systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2019;62(1):49–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malloy KM, Milling LS. The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for pain reduction: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(8):1011–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JJ, Bailenson JN. How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence. Media Psychol. 2016;19(2):272–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourmand A, Davis S, Marchak A, et al. Virtual reality as a clinical tool for pain management. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2018;22(8):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel B, Fuller G, Lopez M, et al. Virtual reality for management of pain in hospitalized patients: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0219115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallari B, Spaeth EK, Goh H, Boyd BS. Virtual reality as an analgesic for acute and chronic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Res. 2019;12:2053–2085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman HG, Doctor JN, Patterson DR, et al. Virtual reality as an adjunctive pain control during burn wound care in adolescent patients. Pain. 2000;85(1):305–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt YS, Hoffman HG, Blough DK, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of immersive virtual reality analgesia, during physical therapy for pediatric burns. Burns. 2011;37(1):61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffs D, Dorman D, Brown S, et al. Effect of virtual reality on adolescent pain during burn wound care. J Burn Care Res. 2014;35(5):395–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander Wint S, Eshelman D, Steele J, et al. Effects of distraction using virtual reality glasses during lumbar punctures in adolescents with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2002;29(1):E8–E15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider SM, Workman ML. Virtual reality as a distraction intervention for older children receiving chemotherapy. Pediatr Nurs. 2000;26(6):593–597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furman E, Jasinevicius TR, Bissada NF, et al. Virtual reality distraction for pain control during periodontal scaling and root planing procedures. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140(12):1508–1516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold JI, Kim SH, Kant AJ, et al. Effectiveness of virtual reality for pediatric pain distraction during i.v. placement. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2006;9(2):207–212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magora F, Cohen S, Shochina M, et al. Virtual reality immersion method of distraction to control experimental ischemic pain. Isr Med Assoc J. 2006;8(4):261–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse MM, Ng JK, Chung JW, et al. The application of eyeglass displays in changing the perception of pain. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;85:532–535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahlquist LM, Weiss KE, Dillinger Clendaniel L, et al. Effects of videogame distraction using a virtual reality type head-mounted display helmet on cold pressor pain in children. J Pediatr Psychol. 2009;34(5):574–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman HG, Richards TL, Bills AR, et al. Using fMRI to study the neural correlates of virtual reality analgesia. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(1):45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman HG, Sharar SR, Coda B, et al. Manipulating presence influences the magnitude of virtual reality analgesia. Pain. 2004;111(1):162–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feizerfan A, Sheh G. Transition from acute to chronic pain. Contin Educ Anaesth Critic Care Pain. 2014;15(2):98–102.
   Google Scholar
• Collado-Mateo D, Dominguez-Muñoz FJ, Adsuar JC, et al. Effects of exergames on quality of life, pain, and disease effect in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(9):1725–1731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato K, Fukumori S, Matsusaki T, et al. Nonimmersive virtual reality mirror visual feedback therapy and its application for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: an open-label pilot study. Pain Med. 2010;11(4):622–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarig-Bahat H, Weiss PL, Laufer Y. Neck pain assessment in a virtual environment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(4):E105–E112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li A, Montaño Z, Chen VJ, et al. Virtual reality and pain management: current trends and future directions. Pain Manag. 2011;1(2):147–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Law EF, Dahlquist LM, Sil S, et al. Videogame distraction using virtual reality technology for children experiencing cold pressor pain: the role of cognitive processing. J Pediatr Psychol. 2011;36(1):84–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzak R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965;150(3699):971–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaul KD, Malott JM. Distraction and coping with pain. Psychol Bull. 1984;95(3):516–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush G, Whalen PJ, Shin LM, et al. The counting stroop: a cognitive interference task. Nat Protoc. 2006;1(1):230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bantick SJ, Wise RG, Ploghaus A, et al. Imaging how attention modulates pain in humans using functional MRI. Brain. 2002;125(2):310–319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valet M, Sprenger T, Boecker H, et al. Distraction modulates connectivity of the cingulo-frontal cortex and the midbrain during pain – An fMRI analysis. Pain. 2004;109(3):399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longo MR, Betti V, Aglioti SM, et al. Visually induced analgesia: seeing the body reduces pain. J Neurosci. 2009;29(39):12125–12130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini M, Perez‐Marcos D, Sanchez‐Vives MV. Modulation of pain threshold by virtual body ownership. Eur J Pain. 2014;18(7):1040–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens CD. Multiple resources and mental workload. Hum Factors. 2008;50(3):449–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold JI, Belmont KA, Thomas DA. The neurobiology of virtual reality pain attenuation. CyberPsychol Behav. 2007;10(4):536–544.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahrer NE, Gold JI. The use of virtual reality for pain control: a review. Curr Sci Inc. 2009;13(2):100–109.
   Google Scholar
• Demeter N, Pud D, Josman N. Cognitive components predict virtual reality-induced analgesia: repeated measures in healthy subjects. Front Robot AI. 2018;4(70):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• McCracken LM. Attention to pain in persons with chronic pain: a behavioral approach. Behav Ther. 1997;28(2):271–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharar SR, Carrougher GJ, Nakamura D, et al. Factors influencing the efficacy of virtual reality distraction analgesia during postburn physical therapy: preliminary results from 3 ongoing studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(12):S43–S49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones T, Moore T, Rose H, et al. The impact of virtual reality on chronic pain. J Pain. 2016;17(4):S102–S103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Emedoli D, et al. Chronic pain: restoring the central nervous system “body image” with virtual reality. Neurotechnix 2017. 2017;1:10–11.
   Google Scholar
• Applegate ME, France CR, Russ DW, et al. Determining physiological and psychological predictors of time to task failure on a virtual reality sørensen test in participants with and without recurrent low back pain: exploratory study. JMIR Serious Games. 2018;6(3):e10522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demoulin C, Boyer M, Duchateau J, et al. Is the Sørensen test valid to assess muscle fatigue of the trunk extensor muscles? J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2016;29(1):31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Applegate ME, France CR, Russ DW, et al. Sørensen test performance is driven by different physiological and psychological variables in participants with and without recurrent low back pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2019;44:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flor H, Braun C, Elbert T, et al. Extensive reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in chronic back pain patients. Neurosci Lett. 1997;224(1):5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL. I can’t find it! Distorted body image and tactile dysfunction in patients with chronic back pain. Pain. 2008;140(1):239–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL, Vlaeyen JW. Beyond nociception: the imprecision hypothesis of chronic pain. Pain. 2015;156(1):35–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lussanet MH, Behrendt F, Puta C, et al. A body-part-specific impairment in the visual recognition of actions in chronic pain patients. Pain. 2012;153(7):1459–1466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird RA, Gilbert J, Kent P, et al. Comparing lumbo-pelvic kinematics in people with and without back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15(1):1–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catley MJ, O’Connell NE, Berryman C, et al. Is tactile acuity altered in people with chronic pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain. 2014;15(10):985–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Emedoli D, et al. Efficacy of virtual reality to reduce chronic low back pain: proof-of-concept of a non-pharmacological approach on pain, quality of life, neuropsychological and functional outcome. PLoS one. 2019;14(5):e0216858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssens L, Goossens N, Wand BM, et al. The development of the Dutch version of the Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017;32:84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darlow B, Dean S, Perry M, et al. Easy to harm, hard to heal: patient views about the back. Spine. 2015;40(11):842–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wand BM. Chronic lower back pain: a maladaptive perceptions model. NOI 2012 neurodynamics and the neuromatrix conference, Adelaide, Australia, April 26th – 28th; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Kregel J, Coppieters I, De Pauw R, et al. Does conservative treatment change the brain in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review. Pain Physician. 2017;20(3):139–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng SK, Urquhart DM, Fitzgerald PB, et al. The relationship between structural and functional brain changes and altered emotion and cognition in chronic low back pain brain changes. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(3):237–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haggard P, Iannetti Gian D, Longo Matthew R. Spatial sensory organization and body representation in pain perception. Curr Biol. 2013;23(4):R164–R176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvie DS, Smith RT, Hunter EV, et al. Using visuo-kinetic virtual reality to induce illusory spinal movement: the MoOVi Illusion. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boesch E, Bellan V, Moseley GL, et al. The effect of bodily illusions on clinical pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2016;157(3):516–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilena A, Todd G, Berryman C, et al. What is the effect of bodily illusions on corticomotoneuronal excitability? A systematic review. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0219754–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvinick M, Cohen J. Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see. Nature. 1998;391(6669):756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacchio A, De Blasis E, De Blasis V, et al. Mirror therapy in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 of the upper limb in stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(8):792–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan BL, Witt R, Charrow AP, et al. Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(21):2206–2207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran VS, Altschuler EL. The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function. Brain. 2009; 132(7):1693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater M, Spanlang B, Sanchez-Vives MV, et al. First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality. PLoS One. 2010;5(5):e10564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matamala-Gomez M, Gonzalez AM, Slater M, et al. Decreasing pain ratings in chronic arm pain through changing a virtual body: different strategies for different pain types. J Pain. 2019;20(6):685–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Won AS, Bailenson J, Lee J, et al. Homuncular flexibility in virtual reality. J Comput Mediat Comm. 2015;20(3):241–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox J, Bailenson JN, Tricase L. The embodiment of sexualized virtual selves: the Proteus effect and experiences of self-objectification via avatars. Comput Hum Behav. 2013;29(3):930–938.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanier J. 2006. What is your dangerous idea? Homuncular flexibility. The edge: annual question. [Updated 2010 Jan 2]; [cited 2019 Sep 23]. Available from: https://www.edge.org/response-detail/11182
   Google Scholar
• Maughan EF, Lewis JS. Outcome measures in chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2010;19(9):1484–1494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito M, Doya K. Multiple representations and algorithms for reinforcement learning in the cortico-basal ganglia circuit. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2011;21(3):368–373. PMID: 21531544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azmandian M, Hancock M, Benko H, et al. Haptic retargeting: dynamic repurposing of passive haptics for enhanced virtual reality experiences. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 2016 1: 1968–1979. [Updated 2018 Jan 4]; [cited 2019 Sep 18]. 2019. Available from: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/uploads/prod/2016/10/HapticRetargeting_CHI2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Harvie DS, Hillier S, Madden VJ, et al. Neck pain and proprioception revisited using the proprioception incongruence detection test. Phys Ther. 2016;96(5):671–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini M, Perez-Marcos D, Sanchez-Vives MV. What color is my arm? Changes in skin color of an embodied virtual arm modulates pain threshold. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7(438):1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martini M, Kilteni K, Maselli A, et al. The body fades away: investigating the effects of transparency of an embodied virtual body on pain threshold and body ownership. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Nishigami T, Wand BM, Newport R, et al. Embodying the illusion of a strong, fit back in people with chronic low back pain. A pilot proof-of-concept study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019;39:178–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wand BM, James M, Abbaszadeh S, et al. Assessing self-perception in patients with chronic low back pain: development of a back-specific body-perception questionnaire. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2014;27(4):463–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longo MR, Schüür F, Kammers MP, et al. What is embodiment? A psychometric approach. Cognition. 2008;107(3):978–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsakiris M, Longo MR, Haggard P. Having a body versus moving your body: neural signatures of agency and body-ownership. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48(9):2740–2749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen KB, Sesto ME, Ponto K, et al. Use of virtual reality feedback for patients with chronic neck pain and kinesiophobia. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2017;25(8):1240–1248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvie DS, Broecker M, Smith RT, et al. Bogus visual feedback alters onset of movement-evoked pain in people with neck pain. Psychol Sci. 2015;26(4):385–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng K, Shettleworth SJ, Huttenlocher J, et al. Bayesian integration of spatial information. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(4):625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• France CR, Thomas JS. Virtual immersive gaming to optimize recovery (VIGOR) in low back pain: a phase II randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2018;69:83–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieber RL. Skeletal muscle structure, function, and plasticity. London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Grotle M, Vøllestad NK, Veierød MB, et al. Fear-avoidance beliefs and distress in relation to disability in acute and chronic low back pain. Pain. 2004;112(3):343–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccleston C, Crombez G. Worry and chronic pain: a misdirected problem solving model. Pain. 2007;132(3):233–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vowles KE, McCracken LM, Eccleston C. Processes of change in treatment for chronic pain: the contributions of pain, acceptance, and catastrophizing. Eur J Pain. 2007;11(7):779–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton SJ, Boersma K, Jansson M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of exposure in vivo for patients with spinal pain reporting fear of work‐related activities. Eur J Pain. 2008;12(6):722–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods MP, Asmundson GJ. Evaluating the efficacy of graded in vivo exposure for the treatment of fear in patients with chronic back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Pain. 2008;136(3):271–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macedo LG, Smeets RJ, Maher CG, et al. Graded activity and graded exposure for persistent nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2010;90(6):860–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George SZ, Robinson ME. Preference, expectation, and satisfaction in a clinical trial of behavioral interventions for acute and sub-acute low back pain. J Pain. 2010;11(11):1074–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen J, Morley S, Linton SJ, et al. Pain-related fear: exposure based treatment for chronic pain. London; IASP Press; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Trost Z, France CR, Thomas JS. Exposure to movement in chronic back pain: evidence of successful generalization across a reaching task. Pain. 2008;137(1):26–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons TD, Trost Z. Virtual reality graded exposure therapy as treatment for pain-related fear and disability in chronic pain. In: Ma M, Jain LC, Anderson P, eds. Virtual, augmented reality and serious games for healthcare. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 2014. p. 523–546.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerli L, Jacky M, Lünenburger L, et al. Increasing patient engagement during virtual reality-based motor rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(9):1737–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton M, Marshall S, McComas J, et al. Benefits of activity and virtual reality based balance exercise programmes for adults with traumatic brain injury: perceptions of participants and their caregivers. Brain Inj. 2005;19(12):989–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons TD. Courtney CG. Neurocognitive and psychophysiological interfaces for adaptive virtual environments. In: Ziefle M, Rocker C, eds. Human-centered design of e-health technologies: concepts, methods and applications. London: IGI Global; 2011. p. 208–233.
   Google Scholar
• Kizony R, Katz N, Weiss PL. Adapting an immersive virtual reality system for rehabilitation. J Visual Comput Animat. 2003;14(5):261–268.
   Google Scholar
• Rizzo AS, Kim GJ. A SWOT analysis of the field of virtual reality rehabilitation and therapy. Presence Teleop Virt Environ. 2005;14(2):119–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berka C, Levendowski DJ, Lumicao MN, et al. EEG correlates of task engagement and mental workload in vigilance, learning, and memory tasks. Aviation Space Environ Med. 2007;78(5):B231–B244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seery MD, Weisbuch M, Blascovich J. Something to gain, something to lose: the cardiovascular consequences of outcome framing. Int J Psychophysiol. 2009;73(3):308–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi N, Yoshino A, Takahashi Y, et al. Autonomic arousal in cognitive conflict resolution. Auton Neurosci. 2007;132(1–2):70–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost Z, Nowlin L, Guck A, et al. (491) Exploring the role of pain-related fear and catastrophizing in response to a virtual reality gaming intervention for chronic low back pain. J Pain. 2015;16(4):S98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas JS, France CR, Applegate ME, et al. Feasibility and safety of a virtual reality dodgeball intervention for chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. J Pain. 2016;17(12):1302–1317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madary M, Metzinger TK. Real virtuality: a code of ethical conduct. Recommendations for good scientific practice and the consumers of VR-technology. Front Robot AI. 2016;3(3):1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Gregg L, Tarrier N. Virtual reality in mental health. Soc Psychiat Epidemiol. 2007;42(5):343–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra M, Berrios GE. The Cambridge depersonalisation scale: a new instrument for the measurement of depersonalisation. Psychiatry Res. 2000;93(2):153–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brolcháin F, Jacquemard T, Monaghan D, et al. The convergence of virtual reality and social networks: threats to privacy and autonomy. Sci Eng Ethics. 2016;22(1):1–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keefe FJ, Huling DA, Coggins MJ, et al. Virtual reality for persistent pain: a new direction for behavioral pain management. Pain. 2012;153(11):2163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benham S, Kang M, Grampurohit N. Immersive virtual reality for the management of pain in community-dwelling older adults. OTJR (Thorofare N J). 2019;39(2):90–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar