Analytical solution to estimate the point of application of resultant passive earth thrust against unsaturated retaining structures

References

• Barros, P.L.A., 2006. A Coulomb-type solution for active earth thrust with seepage. Géotechnique, 56 (3), 159–164. doi:10.1680/geot.2006.56.3.159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury, D. and Nimbalkar, S.S., 2006a. Pseudo-dynamic approach of seismic active earth pressure behind retaining wall. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 24 (5), 1103. doi:10.1007/s10706-005-1134-x
   Google Scholar
• Choudhury, D. and Singh, S., 2006. New approach for estimation of static and seismic active earth pressure. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 24 (1), 117–127. doi:10.1007/s10706-004-2366-x
   Google Scholar
• Coulomb, C.A., 1776. Essai sur une application des règles de maximis & minimis à quelques problèmes de statique, relatifs à l’architecture. Mémoires De. Mathématique Et. De. Phys. De. l’Académie, 7, 343–382.
   Google Scholar
• Fredlund, D.G. and Morgenstern, N.R., 1977. Stress state variables for unsaturated soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 103 (5), 447–466.
   Google Scholar
• Ganesh, R. and Sahoo, J.P., 2017. Seismic passive resistance of cohesive-frictional soil medium: kinematic limit analysis. International Journal of Geomechanics, 17 (8), 04017029. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, P., 2008. Seismic active earth pressure behind a nonvertical retaining wall using pseudo-dynamic approach. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45 (1), 117–123. doi:10.1139/T07-071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, P. and Kolathayar, S., 2011. Seismic passive earth pressure behind non vertical wall with composite failure mechanism: pseudo-dynamic approach. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 29 (3), 363–373. doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9382-9
   Google Scholar
• Greco, V.R., 2015. An algorithm for the evaluation of active thrust for backfill with irregular profile. Géotechnique Letters, 5 (2), 68–73. doi:10.1680/geolett.14.00099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Z., Yang, Z.X., and Wilkinson, S.P., 2017. Analysis of passive earth pressure modification due to seepage flow effects. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55 (5), 666–679. doi:10.1139/cgj-2017-0087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolathayar, S. and Ghosh, P., 2011. Seismic passive earth pressure on walls with bilinear backface using pseudo-dynamic approach. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 29 (3), 307–317. doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9377-6
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, J., 2001. Seismic passive earth pressure coefficients for sands. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 38 (4), 876–881. doi:10.1139/t01-004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, J. and Chitikela, S., 2002. Seismic passive earth pressure coefficients using the method of characteristics. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39 (2), 463–471. doi:10.1139/t01-103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancellotta, R., 2007. Lower bound approach for seismic passive earth resistance. Geotechnique, 57 (3), 319–321. doi:10.1680/geot.2007.57.3.319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z. and Yang, X.L., 2018. Active earth pressure for soils with tension cracks under steady unsaturated flow conditions. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55, 1850–1859. doi:10.1139/cgj-2017-0713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, W., et al., 2012. Unified solution of Coulomb’s active earth pressure for unsaturated soils without crack. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 170, 755–761. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.170-173.755
   Google Scholar
• Lu, N., Godt, J.W., and Wu, D.T., 2010. A closed-form equation for effective stress in unsaturated soil. Water Resources Research, 46 (5), W05515. doi:10.1029/2009WR008646
   Google Scholar
• Lu, N. and Griffiths, D.V., 2004. Profiles of steady-state suction stress in unsaturated soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130 (10), 1063–1076. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:10(1063)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, N. and Likos, W.J., 2004. Unsaturated soil mechanics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, N. and Likos, W.J., 2006. Suction stress characteristic curve for unsaturated soil. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132 (2), 131–142. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(131)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylonakis, G., Klokinas, P., and Papantonopoulus, C., 2007. An alternative to the Mononobe-Okabe equations for seismic earth pressure. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 27 (10), 957–969. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paik, K.H. and Salgado, R., 2003. Estimation of active earth pressure against rigid retaining walls considering arching effects. Géotechnique, 53 (7), 643–653. doi:10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patki, M.A., Mandal, J.N., and Dewaikar, D.M., 2015. Determination of passive earth pressure coefficients using limit equilibrium approach coupled with the Kötter equation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 52 (9), 1241–1254. doi:10.1139/cgj-2014-0351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, J., Zhu, Y., and Zhou, Y., 2018. Derivation of Shukla’s generalized expression of seismic passive earth pressure on retaining walls with cohesive-frictional backfill by the inclined slice element method. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 114, 225–228. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.07.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pufahl, D., Fredlund, D., and Rahardjo, H., 1982. Lateral earth pressures in expansive clay soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 20 (2), 228–241. doi:10.1139/t83-027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo, J.P. and Ganesh, R., 2018a. Kinematic limit analysis approach for seismic active earth thrust coefficients of cohesive-frictional backfill. International Journal of Geomechanics, 18 (1), 04017123. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo, J.P. and Ganesh, R., 2018b. Active earth pressure on retaining walls with unsaturated soil backfill. In: M. Bouassida and M. Meguid, eds. Ground improvement and earth structures. GeoMEast 2017. Sustainable Civil Infrastructures. Cham: Springer, 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Saran, S. and Prakash, S., 1968. Dimensionless parameters for static and dynamic earth pressures behind retaining walls. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 7 (3), 295–310.
   Google Scholar
• Shukla, S.K., 2013. Generalized analytical expression for dynamic passive earth pressure from c-ϕ soil backfills. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 7 (4), 443–446. doi:10.1179/1939787913Y.0000000001
   Google Scholar
• Shukla, S.K., Gupta, S.K., and Sivakugan, N., 2009. Active earth pressure on retaining wall for c-ϕ soil backfill under seismic loading conditions. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135 (5), 690–696. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla, S.K. and Habibi, D., 2011. Dynamic passive pressure from c–ϕ soil backfills. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31 (5–6), 845–848. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soubra, A.H., 2000. Static and seismic passive earth pressure coefficients on rigid retaining structures. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 37 (2), 463–478. doi:10.1139/t99-117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soubra, A.H., Kastner, R., and Benmansour, A., 1999. Passive earth pressures in the presence of hydraulic gradients. Géotechnique, 49 (3), 319–330. doi:10.1680/geot.1999.49.3.319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soubra, A.H. and Macuh, B., 2002. Active and passive earth pressure coefficients by a kinematical approach. Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers: Geotechnical Engineering, 155 (2), 119–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahedifard, F., et al., 2015. Active earth pressures for unsaturated retaining structures. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 141 (11), 04015048. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Genuchten, M.T., 1980. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44 (5), 892–898. doi:10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanapalli, S.K., et al., 1996. Model for the prediction of shear strength with respect to soil suction. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33 (3), 379–392. doi:10.1139/t96-060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.Z., 2000. Distribution of earth pressure on a retaining wall. Géotechnique, 50 (1), 83–88. doi:10.1680/geot.2000.50.1.83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, Y. and Leshchinsky, B., 2016. Active earth pressures from a log-spiral slip surface with arching effects. Géotechnique Letters, 6 (2), 149–155. doi:10.1680/jgele.16.00015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., et al., 2010. Unified solutions for unsaturated soil shear strength and active earth pressure. In: L.R. Hoyos, X. Zhang, and A.J. Puppala, eds. Experimental and applied modeling of unsaturated soils. Geotechnical Special Publication No. 202. Reston, VA: ASCE, 218–224.
   Google Scholar