Debris flow impact estimation for breakers

References

• Arattano , M. and Franzi , L. 2003 . On the evaluation of debris flows dynamics by means of mathematical models . Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences , 3 : 539 – 544 .
   Google Scholar
• Armanini , A. 1997 . On the dynamic impact of debris flows. Recent developments on debris flows . Lecture notes in Earth Sciences , 64 : 208 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Armanini , A. and Scotton , P. 1993 . “ On the dynamic impact of a debris flow on structures ” . In Proceedings of XXV congress of IAHR, Technical Session B: debris flow and landslides Vol. 3 ,
   Google Scholar
• Aulitzky , H. 1988 . Lecture notes: debris flows (in German) , Vienna : Vienna, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Austrian Standard Institute 2010 Final draft ONR 24802 Protection works for torrent control – Design of structures, 2010-06-24, Vienna: Austrian Standard Institute (in German)
   Google Scholar
• Bergmeister , K. 2008 . “ Schutzbauwerke gegen Wildbachgefahren [Structural mitigation measures against torrential hazards] ” . In Beton-Kalender 2008 , Edited by: Bergmeister , K. and Wörner , J.-D. Berlin : Ernst & Sohn Verlag, 89–289. (in German) .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , H.K. and Tang , H.M. 2006 . Method to calculate impact force and impact time of two-phase debris flow . Chinese Journal of Highway and Transport , 19 ( 3 ) : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Costa , J.E. 1984 . “ Physical geomorphology of debris flows ” . In Developments and applications of geomorphology , Edited by: Costa , J.E. and Fleischer , P.J. 268 – 317 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Deng , Z. 1997 . Impact of debris flows on structures and its mitigation , Thesis (PhD). University of Utah, Salt Lake City .
   Google Scholar
• Egli , T. 2005 . Objektschutz gegen gravitative Naturgefahren [Physical protection against gravitational natural hazards] , Bern: Vereinigung Kantonaler Feuerversicherungen VKF (in German) .
   Google Scholar
• Eglit , M.E. , Kulibaba , V.S. and Naaim , M. 2007 . Impact of a snow avalanche against an obstracle. Formation of shock waves . Cold Regions Science and Technology , 50 : 86 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• ENV 1991-1, 1994 . Eurocode 1: basis of design and action on structures. Part 1: basis of design . CEN/CS .
   Google Scholar
• Fießler , B. , Hawranek , R. Rackwitz , R. , 1976 . Numerische Methoden für probabilistische Bemessungsverfahren und Sicherheitsnachweise [Numerical methods for the probabilistic design and safety proof]. Berichte zur Zuverlässigkeitstheorie, Heft 14 [Reports about Reliability Heft 14]. Technische Universität München. (in German)
   Google Scholar
• Gotthalmseder , P. 1998 . Types of structures to manage debris flows . Wildbach- und Lawinenverbau , 62 ( 136 ) : 81 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Haehnel , R.B. and Daly , S.F. 2004 . Maximum impact force of woody debris on floodplain structures . Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , 130 ( 2 ) : 112 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Hasofer , A.M. and Lind , N.C. 1974 . Exact and invariant first order reliability format . Journal of Engineering Mechanics , 100 : 111 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugen , E.D. and Kaynia , A.M. , 2008 . Vulnerability of structures impacted by debris flow . In et al. ,. Landslides and engineering slopes . London : Taylor & Francis , 381 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Haukssona , S. 2007 . Laboratory measurements of impact forces of supercritical granular flow against mast-like obstacles . Cold Regions Science and Technology , 49 ( 1 ) : 54 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• He , S.M. , Li , X.P. and Wu , Y. 2007 . Calculation of impact force of outrunner blocks in debris flow considering elastoplastic deformation . Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering , 26 ( 8 ) : 1664 – 1669 .
   Google Scholar
• Hertz , H. 1881 . Über die Berührung fester elastischer Körper . Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik , 92 : 156 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann , R. and Sauermoser , S. , 2008 . Schutzbauten gegen Naturgefahren in Verbindung mit dem Eurocode 7. 6. Kolloquium Bauen in Boden und Fels. 22.– 23 [Structural protection measures against natural hazards under consideration of the Eurocode 7. 6th Colloquium Structural engineering in ground and rock. 22.–23] Januar 2008, Ostfildern/Stuttgart: Technische Akademie Esslingen. (in German)
   Google Scholar
• Huang , H.P. , Yang , K.C. , and Lai , S.W. , 2007 . Impact forces of debris flow on filter dam . Geophysical Research Abstracts , 9, 03218, 2
   Google Scholar
• Hübl , J. and Holzinger , G. , 2003 Entwicklung von Grundlagen zur Dimensionierung kronenoffener Bauwerke für die Geschiebebewirtschaftung in Wildbächen: Kleinmaßstäbliche Modellversuche zur Wirkung von Murbrechern [Development of design basis for crest open structures for debris flow management in torrents: Miniaturized tests for the efficiency estimation of debris flow breakers] WLS Report 50 Band 3. 2003. Im Auftrag des BMLFUW VC 7a, Vienna: University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (in German)
   Google Scholar
• Hübl , J. and Jäger , G. 2004 . Real scale debris flow experiments at Gaschiera/A , Nice, , France : European Geosciences Union .
   Google Scholar
• Hungr , O. , Morgan , G.C. and Kellerhals , R. 1984 . Quantitative analysis of debris flow torrent hazards for design of remedial measures . Canadian Geotechnical Journal , 21 : 663 – 677 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa , N. 2008 . Experimental approach on measurement of impulsive fluid force using debris flow model. 11th Concrete Interprevent 2008, 26–30 May 2008, Dornbirn Voralberg, Austria . Conference Proceedings , 1 : 343 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Iverson , R.M. , Reid , M.E. and LaHusen , R.G. 1997 . Debris-flow mobilization from landslides . Annual Review of Earth Planetary and Science , 25 : 85 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint Committee of Structural Safety , 2002 . Probabilistic model code . Available from: http://www.jcss.ethz.ch [Accessed January 2008]
   Google Scholar
• Kettl , W. 1984 . Vom Verbauungsziel zur Bautypenentwicklung . Wildbach- und Lawinenverbau , 48 : 61 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Kherkheulidze , I. , 1967 . Estimation of basic characteristics of mudflow (“sel”) . In Proceedings of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology symposium on floods and their computation . Vol. II. Leningrad , 940 948 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , F.C. 1997 . Study on the impact force on debris dams , Master Dissertation. National Taiwan University, Taiwan, China .
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenhahn , C. , 1973 . Die Berechnung von Sperren in Beton und Eisenbeton [Die design of barriers made of concrete and reinforced concrete]. Kolloquium über Wildbachsperren. Mitteilungen der Forstlichen Bundesanstalt Wien . Heft , 102 , 91 127 (in German)
   Google Scholar
• Lien , H.P. 2002 . Study on treatments of debris flow (II) , Taiwan : Soil and Water Conservation Bureau, Council of Agriculture (COA) .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , H.C. 1993 . The study of impact force of debris flow upon model dams of different types , Master Dissertation. National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, China .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , P.S. and Lin , J.Y. 1999 . The impact force and countermeasure structures of debris flow . Sino-Geotechnics , 74 : 67 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , K.F. , Lee , F.C. , and Tsai , H.P. , 1997 . The flow field and impact force on a debris dam . In C. Chen ,. Proceedings of the 1st international conference on debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment , 7–9 August. New York: ASCE, 737-746 .
   Google Scholar
• Melchers , M. 1999 . Structural reliability analysis and prediction , 2nd edn , Chichester, , England : John Wiley & Sons Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Miyoshi , I. and Suzuki , M. 1990 . Experimental study on impact load on a dam due to debris flow . Journal of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering , 43 ( 2 ) : 11 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Mizuyama , T. 1979 . Computational method and some considerations on impulsive force of debris flow acting on Sabo Dams . Journal of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering , 112 : 40 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Mizuyama , T. , Shimohigashi , H. and Shimoda , Y. 1985 . Impact force of debris flow to concrete Sabo structures with shock absorbers . Journal of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering , 38 ( 3 ) : 3 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Möller , B. and Beer , M. 2004 . Fuzzy randomness – uncertainty in civil engineering and computational mechanics , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Montrasio , L. and Valentino , R. 2004 . Experimental and numerical analysis of impact forces on structures due to a granular flow . Management Information Systems , 9 : 267 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Moriguchi , S. 2009 . Estimating the impact force generated by granular flow on a rigid obstruction . Acta Geotechnica , 4 ( 1 ) : 1861 – 1125 .
   Google Scholar
• Norton , R.L. 1996 . Machine design – an integrated approach , New York : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77 , 1992 . The art of scientific computing . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Okuda , S. 1977 . Synthetic observation on debris flow. Part 3: observation at valley Kamikamihorizawa of Mt. Yakedake in 1976 . Annals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University , 20B-I : 237 – 263 .
   Google Scholar
• Pan , H.W. 2003 . Preliminary study on the stability of Sabo-Dam under the impact force of debris flow , Master Dissertation. National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, China .
   Google Scholar
• Pierson , T.C. 1986 . “ Flow behavior of channelized debris flows, Mount St. Helens, Washington ” . In Hillslope processes , Edited by: Abrahams , A.D. 269 – 296 . Boston, MA : Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Preece , C.M. and Macmillan , N.H. 1977 . Erosion . Annual Review of Materials Science , 7 : 95 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Proske , D. 2008 . Catalogue of risks: natural, technical, social and health risks , Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Rickenmann , D. 1999 . Empirical relationships for debris flows . Natural Hazards , 19 ( 1 ) : 47 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scotton , P. , 1996 . Dynamic impact of debris flows: experimental study . Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Universita Di Trento , Trento
   Google Scholar
• Scotton , P. , Deganutti , and Moto , A. , 1997 . Phreatic line and dynamic impact in laboratory debris flow experiments . In: C. Chen , . Proceedings of the 1st international conference on debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment , 7–9 August, New York: ASCE, 777-786 .
   Google Scholar
• Shieh , C.-L. , Ting , C.-H. and Pan , H.-W. 2008 . Impulsive force of debris flow on a curved dam . International Journal of Sediment Research , 23 : 149 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Spaethe , G. 1992 . Die Sicherheit tragender Baukonstruktionen [The safety of load bearing structures]. Neubearbeitete Auflage , 2nd ed , Vienna : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Suda , J. , Hübl , J. and Bergmeister , K. 2010 . “ Design and construction of high stressed concrete structures as protection works for torrent control in the Austrian alps ” . In Proceedings of the third international fib congress, 29 May–2 June , Washington : DC .
   Google Scholar
• Suda , J. 2009 . Safety assessment of barrier structures . Structure and Infrastructure Engineering , 5 ( 4 ) : 311 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiberghien , D. 2007 . “ Experimental investigations of interaction between mudflow and an obstracle ” . In Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment, September 10–13 , Edited by: Chen , C. and Major , R. 281 – 292 . Netherlands : Millpress .
   Google Scholar
• Ting , C.H. 2001 . Study on the impact force of Sabo-Dam by the debris flow , Master Dissertation. National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan .
   Google Scholar
• Valentino , R. , Barla , G. and Montrasio , L. 2007 . Experimental analysis and micromechanical modelling of dry granular flow and impacts in laboratory flume tests . Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering , 41 ( 1 ) : 153 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• VanDine , D.F. 1996 . Debris flow control structures for forest engineering , 08/1996 Victoria, BC : Research Branch, BC Ministry of Forests, Working Paper .
   Google Scholar
• Visodic , J.P. 1948 . Design stress factors , Vol. 55 , New York : ASME International .
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe , M. and Ikeya , H. 1981 . Investigation and analysis of volcanic mud flows on Mount Sakurajima. Japan. Erosion sediment transport measurement . International Association on Hydrology, Florence , 133 : 245 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Wei , H. 1996 . Experimental study on impact force of debris flow heads . China Academy of Railway Sciences , 17 ( 3 ) : 50 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Wendeler , C. 2007 . “ Field measurements used for numerical modelling of flexible debris flow barriers ” . In Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment, September 10–13 , Edited by: Chen , C. and Major , R. 681 – 687 . Netherlands : Millpress .
   Google Scholar
• WLV , 2006 . Jahresbericht 2005 des Forsttechnischen Dienst für Wildbach- und Lawinenverbauung [Annual Report 2005 of Section Forestry in the the Austrian service for Torrent and Avalanche Control]. Wien: Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, Sektion Forst, Wildbach- und Lawinenverbauung [Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management]
   Google Scholar
• Yu , C.P. and Tuan , C.H. , 2003 . On the impact responses of retaining structures due to massive rocks in debris flows theory and analytical approaches . Journal of Chinese Soil and Water Conservation , 34 1 55 - 66 . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Yu , F.C. 1992 . A study on the impact force of debris-flow . Proceedings of the National Science Council. Part A: Physical Science and Engineering , 16 ( 1 ) : 32 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , S. 1993 . A comprehensive approach to the observation and prevention of debris flow in China . Natural Hazards , 7 : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. , Wei , F.Q. and Wang , Q. 2007 . Experimental research of reinforced concrete buildings struck by debris flow in mountain areas of western China . Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences , 12 ( 4 ) : 645 – 650 .
   Google Scholar