Surface displacement estimation using multi-temporal SAR Interferometry in a seismically active region of the Himalaya

References

• Avouac, J.-P., and P. Tapponnier. 1993. “Kinematic Model of Active Deformation in Central Asia.” Geophysical Research Letters 20 (10): 895–898. doi:10.1029/93GL00128.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, D. M., R. J. Lillie, R. S. Yeats, G. D. Johnson, M. Yousuf, and A. S. H. Zamin. 1988. “Development of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust Zone: Salt Range, Pakistan.” Geology 16 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0003:DOTHFT>2.3.CO;2.
   Google Scholar
• Banerjee, P., and R. Burgmann. 2002. “Convergence Across the Northwest Himalaya from GPS Measurements.” Geophysical Research Letters 29 (13): 1652–1655. doi:10.1029/2002GL015184.
   Google Scholar
• Bechor, N. B. D., and H. A. Zebker. 2006. “Measuring Two-dimensional Movement using a Single InSAR Pair.” Geophysical Research Letters 33 (16): L16311–L16315. doi:10.1029/2006GL026883.
   Google Scholar
• Berardino, P., G. Fornaro, R. Lanari, and E. Sansosti. 2002. “A New Algorithm for Surface Deformation Monitoring Based on Small Baseline Differential SAR Interferograms.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 40 (11): 2375–2383. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.803792.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya, A., M. L. Sharma, and M. K. Arora. 2012. “Surface Displacement Estimation Along Himalayan Frontal Fault using Differential SAR Interferometry.” Natural Hazards 64 (2): 1105–1123. doi:10.1007/s11069-012-0292-4.
   Google Scholar
• Bilham, R., and N. Ambraseys. 2005. “Apparent Himalayan Slip Deficit from the Summation of Seismic Moments for Himalayan Earthquakes, 1500–2000.” Current Science 88 (10): 1658–1663. http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/Himalayanmoment.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bilham, R., F. Blume, R. Bendick, and V. K. Gaur. 1998. “Geodetic Constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: Implications for Future Great Himalayan Earthquakes.” Current Science 74 (3): 213–229. http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/IndiaTranslationCurrSci.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bilham, R., and V. K. Gaur. 2000. “Geodetic Contributions to the Study of Seismotectonics in India.” Current Science 79 (9): 1259–1269. http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_079_09_1259_1269_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bilham, R., V. K. Gaur, and P. Molnar. 2001. “Himalayan Seismic Hazard.” Science 293 (5534): 1442–1444. doi:10.1126/science.1062584.
   Google Scholar
• Bilham, R., K. Larson, and J. Freymueller. 1997. “GPS Measurements of Present-day Convergence Across the Nepal Himalaya.” Nature 386 (6620): 61–64. doi:10.1038/386061a0.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C. W., and H. A. Zebker. 2001. “Two-dimensional Phase Unwrapping with Use of Statistical Models for Cost Functions in Nonlinear Optimization.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 18 (2): 338–351.
   Google Scholar
• Costantini, M., and P. A. Rosen. 1999. “A Generalized Phase Unwrapping Approach for Sparse Data.” Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Hamburg, Germany, June 28–July 2, 267–269.
   Google Scholar
• DeCelles, P. G., G. E. Gehrels, J. Quade, T. P. Ojha, P. A. Kapp, and B. N. Upreti. 1998. “Neogene Foreland Basin Deposits, Erosional Unroofing, and the Kinematic History of the Himalayan Fold-thrust Belt, Western Nepal.” Bulletin of Geological Society of America 110 (1): 2–21. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0002:NFBDEU>2.3.CO;2.
   Google Scholar
• Ding, X. L., Z. W. Li, J. J. Zhu, G. C. Feng, and J. P. Long. 2008. “Atmospheric Effects on InSAR Measurements and Their Mitigation.” Sensor 8 (9): 5426–5448. doi:10.3390/s8095426.
   Google Scholar
• England, P., and P. Molnar. 1997. “Active Deformation of Asia from Kinematics to Dynamics.” Science 278 (5338): 647–650. doi:10.1126/science.278.5338.647.
   Google Scholar
• Ferretti, A., C. Prati, and F. Rocca. 2000. “Nonlinear Subsidence Rate Estimation using Permanent Scatterers in Differential SAR Interferometry.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 38 (5): 2202–2212. doi:10.1109/36.868878.
   Google Scholar
• Fialko, Y., M. Simons, and D. Agnew. 2001. “The Complete (3-D) Surface Displacement Field in the Epicentral Area of the 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine Earthquake, California, from Space Geodetic Observations.” Geophysical Research Letters 28 (16): 3063–3066. doi:10.1029/2001GL013174.
   Google Scholar
• Hanssen, R. F. 2001. Radar Interferometry, Data Interpretation and Error Analysis. , Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper, A. 2008. “A Multi-temporal InSAR Method Incorporating Both Persistent Scatterer and Small Baseline Approaches.” Geophysical Research Letters 35 (L1): 6302–6306.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper, A., H. A. Zebker, P. Segall, and B. Kampes. 2004. “A New Method for Measuring Deformation on Volcanoes and Other Natural Terrains using InSAR Persistent Scatterers.” Geophysical Research Letters 31 (23): L2361110.1029/2004GL021737.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. E., and R. Bilham. 1994. “1991–1992 GPS Measurements Across the Nepal Himalaya.” Geophysical Research Letters 21 (12): 1169–1172. doi:10.1029/94GL00917.
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson, S., H. Zebker, P. Segall, and F. Amelung. 2002. “Fault Slip Distribution of the 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, Earthquake, Estimated from Satellite Radar and GPS Measurements.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 (4): 1377–1389. doi:10.1785/0120000922.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., S. G. Wesnousky, R. Jayangondaperumal, T. Nakata, Y. Kumahara, and V. Singh. 2010. “Paleoseismological Evidence of Surface Faulting Along The Northeastern Himalayan Front, India: Timing, Size, and Spatial Extent of Great Earthquakes.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 115 (B12): 2422–2441. doi:10.1029/2009JB006789.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., S. G. Wesnousky, and T. K. Rockwell. 2003. “The Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) is not Blind.” Earthquake Geology in Reverse Faulting Terrains, Seattle Annual Meeting, Session 24, Washington, November 2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., S. G. Wesnousky, T. K. Rockwell, R. W. Briggs, V. C. Thakur, and R. Jayangondaperumal. 2006. “Paleoseismic Evidence of Great Surface Rupture Earthquakes Along the Indian Himalaya.” Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (B3): 3304–3322. doi:10.1029/2004JB003309.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., S. G. Wesnousky, T. K. Rockwell, D. Ragona, V. C. Thakur, and G. G. Seitz. 2001. “Earthquake Recurrence and Rupture Dynamics of Himalayan Frontal Thrust, India.” Science 294 (5550): 2328–2331. doi:10.1126/science.1066195.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, Y., G. Engen, T. R. Lauknes, E. Malnes, and K. A. Høgda. 2005. “A Generic Differential Interferometric SAR Processing System, with Applications to Land Subsidence and Snow-water Equivalent Retrieval.” Proceedings of Fringe Workshop, ESA ESRIN, Frascati, Rome, November 28–December 2.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, K. M., R. Burgmann, R. Bilham, and J. T. Freymueller. 1999. “Kinematics of India Eurasia Collision Zone from GPS Measurements.” Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (B1): 1077–1093. doi:10.1029/1998JB900043.
   Google Scholar
• Lauknes, T. R. 2004. “Long-term Surface Deformation Mapping using Small Baseline Differential SAR Interferogram.” Unpublished Master Thesis, Department of Physics and Technology, University of Tromso.
   Google Scholar
• Lauknes, T. R., A. P. Shanker, J. F. Dehls, H. A. Zebker, I. H. C. Henderson, and Y. Larsen. 2010. “Detailed Rockslide Mapping in Northern Norway with Small Baseline and Persistent Scatterere Interferometric SAR Time Series Methods.” Remote Sensing of Environment 114 (9): 2097–2109. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.04.015.
   Google Scholar
• Lave, J., and J. P. Avouac. 2000. “Active Folding of Fluvial Terraces Across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of Central Nepal.” Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (B3): 5735–5770. doi:10.1029/1999JB900292.
   Google Scholar
• Leathers, M. 1987. “Balanced Structural Cross-section of the Western Salt Range and Potwar Plateau: Deformation Near the Strikeslip Terminus of an Overthrust Sheet.” Unpublished Masters Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Lyon-Caen, H., and P. Molnar. 1985. “Gravity Anomalies, Flexture of the Indian Plate, and the Structure, Support and Evaluation of the Himalaya and Ganga Basin.” Tectonics 4 (6): 513–538. doi:10.1029/TC004i006p00513.
   Google Scholar
• Mahajan, A. K., V. C. Thakur, M. L. Sharma, and M. Chauhan. 2010. “Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Map of NW Himalaya and its Adjoining Area, India.” Natural Hazards 53 (3): 443–457. doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9439-3.
   Google Scholar
• Massonnet, D., K. Feigl, M. Rossi, and F. Adragna. 1994. “Radar Interferometric Mapping of Deformation in the Year After the Landers Earthquake.” Nature 369 (6477): 227–230. doi:10.1038/369227a0.
   Google Scholar
• Molnar, P. 1990. “A Review of the Seismicity and the Rates of Active Underthrusting and the Deformation of the Himalaya.” Journal of Himalayan Geology 1: 131–154. http://www.colorado.edu/geolsci/faculty/molnarpdf/1990JHG.ReviewHimalaya.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, M. A., A. Yin, P. Kapp, T. M. Harrison, D. Lin, and G. Jinghui. 2000. “Southward Propagation of the Karakorum Fault System, Southwest Tibet: Timing and Magnitude of Slip.” Geology 28 (5): 451–454. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<451:SPOTKF>2.0.CO;2.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, M. R., R. P. Tandukar, J. P. Avouac, J. Lavé, and J. P. Massot. 1995. “Interseismic Strain Accumulation on the Himalayan Crustal Ramp (Nepal).”Geophysical Research Letters 22 (7): 751–754.
   Google Scholar
• Parkash, B., R. S. Rathor, P. Pati, R. P. Jakhmola, and S. Singh. 2011. “Convergence Rates Along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust Inferred from Terraces at Chandidevi Temple Hill, Hardwar, Northwestern Himalaya.” Current science 100 (9): 1426–1432. http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/100/09/1426.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pathier, E., B. Fruneau, B. Deffontaines, J. Angelier, C.-P. Chang, S.-B. Yu, and C.-T. Lee. 2003. “Coseismic Displacements of the Footwall of the Chelungpu Fault Caused by the 1999, Taiwan, Chi-Chi Earthquake from InSAR and GPS Data.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 212 (1–2): 73–88. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00244-9.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, J., R. Bürgmann, V. K. Gaur, R. Bilham, K. M. Larson, M. B. Ananda, S. Jade, M. Mukal, T. S. Anupama, G. Satyal, and D. Kumar. 2001. “The Motion and Active Deformation of India.” Geophysical Research Letters 28 (4): 647–650. doi:10.1029/2000GL011832.
   Google Scholar
• Powers, P. M., R. J. Lillie, and R. S. Yeats. 1998. “Structure and Shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun Reentrants, Sub-Himalaya, India.” Geological Society of America Bulletin 110 (8): 1010–1027. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<1010:SASOTK>2.3.CO;2.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, P. A., S. Hensley, I. R. Joughin, F. K. Li, S. N. Madsen, E. Rodriguez, and R. M. Goldstein. 2000. “Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry.” Proceedings of the IEEE 88 (3): 333–382. doi:10.1109/5.838084.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, D. A., and R. Burgman. 2003. “Time-dependent Land Uplift and Subsidence in the Santa Clara Valley, California, from a Large Interferometric, Synthetic Aperture Radar Dataset.” Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B9): 8534–8543. doi:10.1029/2002JB002267.
   Google Scholar
• Sridevi, J. 2004. “Estimates of plate velocity and crustal deformation in the Indian subcontinent using GPS geodesy.” Current Science 86 (10): 1443–1448. http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/may252004/1443.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava, P. and G. Mitra. 1994. “Thrust Geometries and Deep Structure of the Outer and Lesser Himalaya, Kumaon and Garhwal (India): Implications for Evolution of the Himalayan Fold-and-thrust Belt.” Tectonics 13 (1): 89–109.
   Google Scholar
• Thakur, V. C. 2004. “Active Tectonics of Himalayan Frontal Thrust and Seismic Hazard to Ganga Plain.” Current Science 86 (11): 1554–1560. http://repository.ias.ac.in/62133/1/29-pub.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wesnousky, S. G., S. Kumar, R. Mohindra, and V. C. Thakur. 1999. “Uplift and Convergence Along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of India.” Tectonics 18 (6): 967–976.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, T. J., Z. Lu, and C. Wicks. 2003. “Source Model for the Mw 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain Earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR.” Geophysical Research Letter 30 (18): SDE12-1–SDE12-4. http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~timw/papers/Wright_Nenana_GRL2003.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wright, T. J., B. E. Parsons, J. A. Jackson, M. Haynes, E. J. Fielding, P. C. England, and P. J. Clarke. 1999. “Source Parameters of the 1 October 1995 Dinar (Turkey) Earthquake from SAR Interferometry and Seismic Bodywave Modelling.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 172 (1–2): 23–37. http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~timw/papers/Wright_Dinar_EPSL1999.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Zebker, H. A., P. A. Rosen, and S. Hensley. 1997. “Atmospheric Effects in Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Surface Deformation and Topographic Maps.” Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (B4): 7547–7563.
   Google Scholar