Beyond Silence, Obstacle and Stigma: Revisiting the ‘Problem’ of Difference in Peacebuilding

References

• Abu-Lughod, L. 1991. “Writing Against Culture.” In Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present, edited by R. G. Fox, 137–162. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anghie, A. 2005. Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Avruch, Kevin. 1998. Culture and Conflict Resolution. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press.
   Google Scholar
• Avruch, Kevin. 2003. “Type I and Type II Errors in Culturally Sensitive Conflict Resolution Practice.” Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20 (3): 351–371. doi:10.1002/crq.29.
   Google Scholar
• Avruch, Kevin, and Peter W. Black. 1991. “The Culture Question and Conflict Resolution.” Peace & Change 16 (1): 22–45. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1991.tb00563.x.
   Google Scholar
• Bargués-Pedreny, P. 2017. “Connolly and the Never-Ending Critiques of Liberal Peace: From the Privilege of Difference to Vorarephilia.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 30 (2–3): 216–234. doi: 10.1080/09557571.2017.1313195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behr, H. 2014. Politics of Difference: Epistemologies of Peace. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Behr, H. 2018. “Peace-in-Difference: A Phenomenological Approach to Peace Through Difference.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12 (3):335–351. doi:10.1080/17502977.2018.1501980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belloni, Roberto. 2001. “Civil Society and Peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Journal of Peace Research 38 (2): 163–180. doi:10.1177/0022343301038002003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernath, J. 2018. “The Politics of Difference in Transitional Justice: Genocide and the Construction of Victimhood at the Khmer Rouge Tribunal.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12 (3):367–384. doi:10.1080/17502977.2018.1496645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkdahl, A., and I. Gusic. 2015. “‘Global’ Norms and ‘Local’ Agency: Frictional Peacebuilding in Kosovo.” Journal of International Relations and Development 18 (3): 265–287. doi: 10.1057/jird.2015.18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. 1992. “An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping.” International Relations 11 (3): 201–218. doi:10.1177/004711789201100302.
   Google Scholar
• Brigg, M. 2008. The New Politics of Conflict Resolution Responding to Difference. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Brigg, M. 2018. “Relational and Essential: Theorizing Difference for Peacebuilding.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12 (3):352–366. doi:10.1080/17502977.2018.1482078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigg, Morgan, and Kate Muller. 2009. “Conceptualising Culture in Conflict Resolution.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 30 (2): 121–140. doi:10.1080/07256860902766784.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 1993. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex”. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, David. 1998. National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and Justice in Bosnia. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, S., D. Chandler, and M. Sabaratnam. 2011. A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Carothers, Thomas. 2000. The Clinton Record on Democracy Promotion. Working Papers 16. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, David. 2006. Constructing Global Civil Society: Morality and Power in International Relations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, David. 2010. “Race, Culture and Civil Society: Peacebuilding Discourse and the Understanding of Difference.” Security Dialogue 41 (4): 369–390. doi: 10.1177/0967010610374314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesterman, Simon, Michael Ignatieff, and Ramesh Thakur. 2005. Making States Work: State Failure and the Crisis of Governance. Tokyo: United Nations Univeristy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connolly, William E. 2002. Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox. Expanded ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Critchley S. 1992. The Ethics of Deconstruction: Derrida & Levinas, Edinburgh University Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Derrida, Jacques. 1982. Margins of Philosophy. Brighton: Harvester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, Michael W. 1986. “Liberalism and World Politics.” American Political Science Review 80 (4): 1151–1169. doi: 10.2307/1960861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eller, Jack D. 1999. From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict: An Anthropological Perspective on International Ethnic Conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, A. 2008. Territories of Difference: Place, Movements, Life, Redes. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, Francis. 2005. State Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First Century. London: Profile Books.
   Google Scholar
• Furedi, Frank. 1998. The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univerity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ghani, Ashraf, and Clare Lockhart. 2008. Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glazer, Nathan. 1997. We Are All Multiculturalists Now. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirblinger, A., and Dana M. Landau. 2018. “Governing Conflict: The Politics of Scaling Difference.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12 (3):385–404. doi:10.1080/17502977.2018.1496644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirblinger, A. T., and C. Simons. 2015. “The Good, the Bad, and the Powerful: Representations of the ‘Local’ in Peacebuilding.” Security Dialogue 46 (5): 422–439. doi: 10.1177/0967010615580055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. “Democracy’s Third Wave.” Journal of Democracy 2 (2): 12–34. doi: 10.1353/jod.1991.0016
   Google Scholar
• Inayatullah, N. 2016. “Gigging on the World Stage: Bossa Nova and Afrobeat After De-Reification.” Contexto Internacional 38 (2): 523–543. doi: 10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380200001
   Google Scholar
• Inayatullah, N., and D. L. Blaney. 2004. International Relations and the Problem of Difference. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ingram, S. 2010. Statebuilding: Key Concepts and Operational Implications in Two Fragile States: The Case of Sierra Leone and Liberia. Washington, DC and New York, NY: World Bank and UNDP.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph, Jonathan. 2018. “Beyond Relationalism in Peacebuilding.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12 (3):425–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappler, S. 2015. “The Dynamic Local: Delocalisation and (Re-)localisation in the Search for Peacebuilding Identity.” Third World Quarterly 36 (5): 875–889. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1025740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna, S. 1993. “Review: The Importance of Being Ironic: A Postcolonial View on Critical International Relations Theory.” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 18 (3): 385–417. doi: 10.1177/030437549301800306
   Google Scholar
• Kymlicka, Will. 2001. “Reply and Conclusion.” In Can Liberal Pluralism Be Exported? Western Political Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe, edited by Will Kymlicky and Magda Opalski, 345–414. Oxford: Oxford Univerity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lapid, Yosef, and Friedrich Kratochwil. 1996. The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Lederach, John P. 1997. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. Y., and A. Özerdem, eds. 2015. Local Ownership in International Peacebuilding. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lemay-Hébert, N., and X. Mathieu. 2014. “The OECD’s Discourse on Fragile States: Expertise and the Normalisation of Knowledge Production.” Third World Quarterly 35 (2): 232–251. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2014.878129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidén, K., R. Mac Ginty, and O. P. Richmond. 2009. “Introduction: Beyond Northern Epistemologies of Peace: Peacebuilding Reconstructed?” International Peacekeeping 16 (5): 587–598. doi: 10.1080/13533310903303230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lottholz, P. 2018. “Old Slogans Ringing Hollow? The Legacy of Social Engineering, Statebuilding and the ‘Dilemma of Difference’ in (Post-) Soviet Kyrgyzstan.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12 (3):405–424. doi:10.1080/17502977.2018.1507869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Ginty, R. 2015. “Where is the Local? Critical Localism and Peacebuilding.” Third World Quarterly 36 (5): 840–856. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1045482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Ginty, R., and P. Firchow. 2016. “Top-down and Bottom-up Narratives of Peace and Conflict.” Politics 36 (3): 308–323. doi: 10.1177/0263395715622967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Ginty, R., and O. P. Richmond. 2016. “The Fallacy of Constructing Hybrid Political Orders: A Reappraisal of the Hybrid Turn in Peacebuilding.” International Peacekeeping 23 (2): 219–239. doi: 10.1080/13533312.2015.1099440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Ginty, R., and C. Sylva Hamieh. 2010. “Made in Lebanon: Local Participation and Indigenous Responses to Development and Post-war Reconstruction.” Civil Wars 12 (1–2): 47–64. doi: 10.1080/13698249.2010.484898
   Google Scholar
• Malik, Kenan. 1996. The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society. London: MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Martin de Almagro, Maria. 2017. “Producing Participants: Gender, Race, Class, and Women, Peace and Security.” Global Society. doi:10.1080/13600826.2017.1380610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin de Almagro, Maria. 2018. “Hybrid Clubs: A Feminist Approach to Peacebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12 (3):319–334. doi:10.1080/17502977.2018.1482125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard, M. 2001. “‘Race’, Gender and the Concept of ‘Difference’ in Feminist Thought.” In Feminism: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies. Volume 4: Feminism and the Politics of Difference, edited by M. Evans, 300–316. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Miall, Hugh, Oliver Ramsbotham, and Tom Woodhouse. 1999. Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management and Transformations of Deadly Conflicts. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Minow, M. 1990. Making all the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion, and America Law. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nadarajah, S., and D. Rampton. 2015. “The Limits of Hybridity and the Crisis of Liberal Peace.” Review of International Studies 41 (1): 49–72. doi: 10.1017/S0260210514000060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. 2012. International Support to Post-Conflict Transition: Rethinking Policy, Changing Practice. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). doi:10.1787/9789264168336-en.
   Google Scholar
• Orjuela, C. 2008. The Identity Politics of Peacebuilding: Civil Society in War-Torn Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Paffenholz, T. 2014. “International Peacebuilding Goes Local: Analysing Lederach’s Conflict Transformation Theory and Its Ambivalent Encounter with 20 Years of Practice.” Peacebuilding 2 (1): 11–27. doi: 10.1080/21647259.2013.783257
   Google Scholar
• Paffenholz, T. 2015. “Unpacking the Local Turn in Peacebuilding: A Critical Assessment Towards an Agenda for Future Research.” Third World Quarterly 36 (5): 857–874. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1029908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paipais, V. 2011. “Self and Other in Critical International Theory: Assimilation, Incommensurability and the Paradox of Critique.” Review of International Studies 37 (1): 121–140. doi: 10.1017/S0260210510000288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris, Roland. 2004. At War’s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, A., and E. K. Sedgwick. 1995. “Introduction: Performativity and Performance.” In Performativity and Performance, edited by A. Parker and E. K. Sedgwick, 1–18. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pol Bargués-Pedreny and Elisa Randazzo. 2018. “ Hybrid peace revisited: an opportunity for considering self-governance?.” Third World Quarterly doi:10.1080/01436597.2018.1447849.
   Google Scholar
• Pupavac, Vanessa. 2001. “Therapeutic Governance: Psycho-Social Intervention and Trauma Risk Management.” Disasters 25 (4): 358–372. doi:10.1111/1467-7717.00184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randazzo, Elisa. 2016. “The Paradoxes of the ‘Everyday’: Scrutinising the Local Turn in Peace Building.” Third World Quarterly 37 (8): 1351–1370. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1120154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read, Róisín. 2018. “Embodying Difference: Reading Gender in Women’s Memoirs of Humanitarianism.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12 (3):300–318. doi:10.1080/17502977.2018.1482079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond, Oliver P. 2012. “A Pedagogy of Peacebuilding: Infrapolitics, Resistance, and Liberation.” International Political Sociology 6 (2): 115–31.
   Google Scholar
• Richmond, Oliver P. 2014. “Jekyll or Hyde: What Is Statebuilding Creating? Evidence From the ‘Field’.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 27 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1080/09557571.2013.810590
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond, Oliver P. 2018. “Rescuing Peacebuilding? Anthropology and Peace Formation.” Global Society 32 (2): 221–239. doi: 10.1080/13600826.2018.1451828
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabaratnam, M. 2017. Decolonizing Intervention: International Intervention in Mozambique. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer, Christoph Daniel. 2010. “Local Practices and Normative Frameworks in Peacebuilding.” International Peacekeeping 17 (4): 499–514. doi: 10.1080/13533312.2010.516659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schierenbeck, I. 2015. “Beyond the Local Turn Divide: Lessons Learnt, Relearnt and Unlearnt.” Third World Quarterly 36 (5): 1023–1032. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1043991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, C., and F. Zanker. 2014. “Questioning the Local in Peacebuilding.” Working Paper of the Priority Programme 1448 of the German Research Foundation (10): Leipzig and Halle.
   Google Scholar
• Todorov, T. 1982. La conquête de l'Amérique. La question de l'autre. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2016. Local Governance in Fragile and Conflict Affected Settings: Building a Resilient Foundation for Peace and Development. A UNDP How-to Guide. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• UNSSC. 2010. Indigenous Peoples and Peacebuilding: A Compilation of Best Practices. Turin: United Nations System Staff College, Oficina de Promoció de la Pau i dels Drets Humans, Institut Català Internacional per la Pau.
   Google Scholar
• Valbjørn, Morten. 2008. “Before, During and After the Cultural Turn: A ‘Baedeker’ to IR’s Cultural Journey.” International Review of Sociology 18 (1): 55–82. doi: 10.1080/03906700701823654
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan-Williams, N. 2006. “Towards a Problematisation of the Problematisations That Reduce Northern Ireland to a ‘Problem’.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 9 (4): 513–526. doi:10.1080/13698230600941978.
   Google Scholar
• Visoka, G., and O. P. Richmond. 2017. “After Liberal Peace? From Failed State-Building to an Emancipatory Peace in Kosovo.” International Studies Perspectives 18 (1): 110–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walley, C. J. 1997. “Searching for ‘Voices’: Feminism, Anthropology, and the Global Debate Over Female Genital Operations.” Cultural Anthropology 12 (3): 405–438. doi: 10.1525/can.1997.12.3.405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis, J., Renee Jeffery, and Lia Kent. 2016. “Political Reconciliation in Timor Leste, Solomon Islands and Bougainville: The Dark Side of Hybridity.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 70 (2): 159–178. doi: 10.1080/10357718.2015.1113231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanis-St. John, Anthony. 2013. “Indigenous Peacebuilding.” In Routledge Handbook of Peacebuilding, edited by Roger Mac Ginty, 360–374. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, John. 1993. “Democracy and the ‘Washington Consensus’.” World Development 21. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(93)90046-C.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2006. Civil Society and Peacebuilding: Potential, Limitations and Critical Factors. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar