References
- Alsarraj, A., and P. Hoffman. 2020. “The Syrian Political Opposition’s Path to Irrelevance.” Carnegie Middle East Center [online]. Accessed July 15, 2020. https://carnegie-mec.org/2020/05/15/syrian-political-opposition-s-path-to-irrelevance-pub-81799.
- Autesserre, S. 2019. “The Crisis of Peacekeeping: Why the UN Can’t End Wars.” Foreign Affairs [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2018-12-11/crisis-peacekeeping.
- BBC. 2012. “UN Observers Suspend Syria Work” [online]. Accessed May 27, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18471686.
- BBC. 2016. “Syria Conflict: Key Opposition Group to Join Geneva Talks” [online]. Accessed July 9, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-35435065.
- BBC. 2018. “Kenya’s Uhuru Kenyatta and Raila Odinga Now ‘Brothers’” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-43345217.
- BBI. 2019. “Building Bridges to a United Kenya: From a Nation of Blood Ties to a Nation of Ideals.” Presidential Taskforce on Building Bridges to Unity Advisory [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://d2s5ggbxczybtf.cloudfront.net/bbireport.pdf.
- Bell, C., and J. Pospisil. 2017. “Navigating Inclusion in Transitions from Conflict: The Formalised Political Unsettlement.” Journal of International Development 29: 576–593. doi:10.1002/jid.3283
- Björkdahl, A., Kristine Höglund, Gearoid Millar, Jair van der Lijn, and Willemijn Verkoren. 2016. Peacebuilding and Friction: Global and Local Encounters in Post-Conflict Societies. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Black, I. 2012. “Kofi Annan Resigns as Syria Envoy.” The Guardian [online]. Accessed May 27, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/02/kofi-annan-resigns-syria-envoy.
- Bramble, A., and T. Paffenholz. 2020. “Implementing Peace Agreements: From Inclusive Processes to Inclusive Outcomes?” Inclusive Peace & Transition Initiative, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies [online]. Accessed May 8, 2021. https://www.inclusivepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/report-inclusive-implementation-en.pdf.
- Call, C., and S. Campbell. 2018. “Is Prevention the Answer?” Daedalus 147 (1): 64–77. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00474
- Campbell, J. 2018. “Raila Odinga Sworn in as Kenya’s ‘People’s President’.” Council on Foreign Relations [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.cfr.org/blog/raila-odinga-sworn-kenyas-peoples-president.
- Carvalho, G., and O. Kok. 2016. “Does Anyone Know What Good Peacebuilding Looks Like?” Global Peace Operations Review [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://peaceoperationsreview.org/commentary/does-anyone-know-what-good-peacebuilding-looks-like/.
- Charap, S., Elina Treyger, and Edward Geist. 2019. “Understanding Russia’s Intervention in Syria.” RAND Corporation [online]. Accessed July 27, 2020. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR3180.html.
- Charvet, E. 2016. “Women in Peace and Transition Processes: Kenya (2008–2013).” Inclusive Peace & Transition Initiative, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies [online]. Accessed May 8, 2021. https://www.inclusivepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/case-study-women-kenya-2008-2013-en.pdf.
- Cheeseman, N., K. Kanyinga, G. Lynch, M. Ruteere, and J. Willis. 2019. “Kenya’s 2017 Elections: Winner-Takes-all Politics as Usual?” Journal of Eastern African Studies 13 (2): 215–234. doi:10.1080/17531055.2019.1594072.
- L. Connolly, and L. Powers. 2018. “Introduction”. In Sustaining Peace in Practice: Building on What Works. International Peace Institute, edited by Y. Mahmoud, L. Connolly, and D. Mechoulan. Accessed May 8, 2021. https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/1802_Sustaining-Peace-in-Practice.pdf.
- Cumming-Bruce, N., and S. Sengupta. 2016. “Syria Talks are Suspended.” The New York Times [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/04/world/middleeast/syria-peace-talks-geneva-de-mistura.html.
- Darke, D. 2014. My House in Damascus. London: Haus Publishing Ltd.
- De Coning, C. 2018. “Adaptive Peacebuilding.” International Affairs 94 (2): 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix251.
- De Coning, C., and L. Gelot. 2020. “Placing People at the Center of UN Peace Operations.” IPI Global Observatory [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://theglobalobservatory.org/2020/05/placing-people-center-un-peace-operations/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=organic_social&utm_campaign=US_GO_publications_analysis&utm_content=link.
- Dodge, T. 2020. “The Failure of Peacebuilding in Iraq: The Role of Consociationalism and Political Settlements.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding (online first). https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1850036
- Elfversson, E., and A. Sjögren. 2020. “Do Local Power-Sharing Deals Reduce Ethnopolitical Hostility? The Effects of ‘Negotiated Democracy’ in a Devolved Kenya.” Ethnopolitics 19 (1): 45–63. doi:10.1080/17449057.2019.1583483
- Eriksen, S. 2009. “The Liberal Peace is Neither: Peacebuilding, Statebuilding and the Reproduction of Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” International Peacekeeping 16 (5): 652–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310903303289.
- EU. 2016. “Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe: A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
- Ferreira, M., and O. Richmond. 2021. “Blockages to Peace Formation in Latin America: The Role of Criminal Governance.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 15 (2): 161–180. doi:10.1080/17502977.2021.1878337
- G7+. 2011. “A New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States.” International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.pbsbdialogue.org/media/filer_public/07/69/07692de0-3557-494e-918e-18df00e9ef73/the_new_deal.pdf.
- Gambale, M. L. 2016. “How Syrian Women Landed at the UN Peace Talks and What It All Means.” Pass Blue [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.passblue.com/2016/05/10/how-syrian-women-landed-at-the-un-peace-talks-and-what-it-all-means/.
- Harland, D. 2018. “The Lost Art of Peacemaking.” Oslo Forum Paper, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.hdcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/The-lost-art-of-peacemaking.pdf.
- Hellmüller, S., and M. Zahar. 2018. “Against the Odds: Civil Society in the Intra-Syrian Talks.” International Peace Institute [online]. https://www.ipinst.org/2018/03/against-the-odds-civil-society-intra-syrian-talks.
- Hirblinger, A., S. van Hooff, M. Kellogg, and T. Paffenholz. 2019. “Supporting or Resisting Change: Elite Strategies in War to Peace and Political Transitions.” Inclusive Peace & Transition Initiative, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies [online]. Accessed May 8, 2021. https://www.inclusivepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/report-elite-strategies-en.pdf.
- Hokayem, E. 2013. Syria’s Uprising and the Fracturing of the Levant. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Human Rights Watch. 2019. “Syria: Events of 2018” [online]. Accessed May 27, 2020. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/syria.
- International Crisis Group. 2013. “Syria’s Kurds: A Struggle Within a Struggle” [online]. Accessed July 9, 2020. https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/syria/syria-s-kurds-struggle-within-struggle.
- Jarstad, A., N. Eklund, P. Johansson, E. Olivius, A. Saati, D. Sahovic, V. Strandh, J. Söderström, M. E. Wimelius, and M. Åkebo. 2019. “Three Approaches to Peace: A Framework for Describing and Exploring Varieties of Peace.” Umeå Working Papers in Peace and Conflict Studies 12 [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://ceb01de1-7982-420a-bab3-2061a5652816.filesusr.com/ugd/22642a_1d89ad936d9c40d38754232e11a7a481.pdf.
- Jarstad, A., E. Olivius, M. Åkebo, K. Höglund, M. Söderberg Kovacs, J. Söderström, A. Saati, R. Kostić, and D. Sahovic. 2015. “Peace Agreements in the 1990s – What are the Outcomes 20 Years Later?” Umeå Working Papers in Peace and Conflict Studies 8 [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:887947/FULLTEXT02.
- Kamungi, P., T. Paffenholz, and F. Mpaayei. 2020. “Rethinking Peace Processes: Preventing Electoral Crisis in Kenya.” In Pioneering Peace Pathways: Making Connections to End Violent Conflict, edited by C. Buchanan (Accord) [online]. Accessed October 23, 2020. https://www.c-r.org/accord/pioneering-peace-pathways.
- Kant, I. 1939. Perpetual Peace. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Kanyinga, K. 2011. “Stopping a Conflagration: The Response of Kenyan Civil Society to the Post-2007 Election Violence.” South African Journal of Political Studies 38 (1): 85–109. doi:10.1080/02589346.2011.548672
- Kapur, B. 2017. “Syrian Women in Political Processes.” The Kvinna Till Kvinna Foundation [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://kvinnatillkvinna.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1-Syrian-women-in-political-processes.pdf.
- Körppen, D., and N. Ropers. 2011. “Introduction.” In The Non-Linearity of Peace Processes: Theory and Practice of Systemic Conflict Transformation, edited by D. Körppen, N. Ropers, and H. J. Giessmann, 11–20. Opladen & Farmington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publishers.
- Lederach, J. P. 1997. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
- Lederach, J. P. 2005. The Moral Imagination: The Art and Soul of Building Peace. Oxford, MA: Oxford University Press.
- Lynch, G. 2018. “Kenyatta-Raila Pact Will Only Herald Real Change if Promises are Followed by Action.” The Conversation [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://theconversation.com/kenyatta-raila-pact-will-only-herald-real-change-if-promises-are-followed-by-action-96148.
- Mahmoud, Y. and D. Mechoulan. 2018. “Peace Operations and Sustaining Peace: The Restoration and Extension of State Authority”. In Sustaining Peace in Practice: Building on What Works. International Peace Institute, edited by Y. Mahmoud, L. Connolly, and D. Mechoulan. Accessed May 8, 2021. https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/1802_Sustaining-Peace-in-Practice.pdf.
- National Accord and Reconciliation Act. 2008. National Council for Law Reporting with the Authority of the Attorney-General [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/NationalAccordandReconciliationAct_No4of2008.pdf.
- Novosseloff, A. 2019. “‘A Year of Reflection and Transition: Peace Operations in 2019’ in No Author.” Peace Operations 2019 (Global Peace Operations Review) [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/gpor-2019-web-version.pdf.
- Oudat, B. 2020. “No Progress on the Syrian Constitution.” Ahram Online [online]. Accessed October 23, 2020. http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/388848.aspx.
- Phillips, C. 2016. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London: Yale University Press.
- Ramalingam, B. 2013. Aid on the Edge of Chaos: Rethinking International Cooperation in a Complex World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Randazzo, E. 2021. “The Local, the ‘Indigenous’ and the Limits of Rethinking Peacebuilding.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 15 (2): 141–160. doi:10.1080/17502977.2021.1882755
- Randazzo, E., and I. Torrent. 2020. “Reframing Agency in Complexity-Sensitive Peacebuilding.” Security Dialogue 52 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1177/0967010620904306
- Richmond, O. 2006. “The Problem of Peace: Understanding the ‘Liberal Peace’.” Conflict, Security and Development 6 (3): 291–314. doi:10.1080/14678800600933480
- Ricigliano, R. 2012/2016. Making Peace Last: A Toolbox for Sustainable Peacebuilding. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Rocha Menocal, A. 2017. “Political Settlements and the Politics of Transformation: Where Do ‘Inclusive Institutions’ Come from?” Journal of International Development 29: 559–575. doi:10.1002/jid.3284
- Ross, N. 2020. “Donor Support to Peace Processes: A Lessons for Peace Literature Review.” ODI [online]. Accessed May 8, 2021. https://apo.org.au/node/276956.
- Sarfati, A. 2020. “Operationalizing the Sustaining Peace Agenda: Lessons from Burkina Faso, Liberia, and Papua New Guinea.” International Peace Institute [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2006_Operationalizing-Sustaining-Peace.pdf.
- Söderström, J., M. Åkebo, and A. K. Jarstad. 2020. “Friends, Fellows, and Foes: A New Framework for Studying Relational Peace.” International Studies Review. doi:10.1093/isr/viaa033
- swisspeace. n.d. “Civil Society Support Room” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.swisspeace.ch/projects/mandate/civil-society-support-room.
- Tabrizi, A., and R. Pantucci. 2016. “Understanding Iran’s Role in the Syrian Conflict.” RUSI Occasional Paper [online]. Accessed July 27, 2020. https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201608_op_understanding_irans_role_in_the_syrian_conflict_0.pdf.
- The Atlantic. 2013. “Another Problem in Syria: How Do Kurds Fit In?” [online]. Accessed July 9, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/02/another-problem-in-syria-how-do-kurds-fit-in/273603/.
- Thépaut, C. 2020. “The Syrian Constitutional Committee is not About the Constitution.” The Washington Institute [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-syrian-constitutional-committee-is-not-about-the-constitution.
- Turkmani, R., and M. Theros. 2019. “A Process in its Own Right: The Syrian Civil Society Support Room.” Conflict Research Programme, London School of Economics and Political Science [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/101034/.
- UN. 2012a. Resolution 2042 (S/RES/2042 2012) [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2042.
- UN. 2012b. Resolution 2043 (S/RES/2043 2012) [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2043.
- UN. 2012c. “Final Communiqué of the Action Group for Syria” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SY_120630_Final%20Communique%20of%20the%20Action%20Group%20for%20Syria.pdf.
- UN. 2015a. “The Challenge of Sustaining Peace: Report of the Advisory Group of Experts for the 2015 Review of the United Nations Peacebuilding Architecture” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/challenge-sustaining-peace-report-advisory-group-experts-2015-review-united-nations.
- UN. 2015b. “Uniting Our Strengths for Peace – Politics, Partnership and People: Report of the High-Level Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operations” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. http://providingforpeacekeeping.org/project/uniting-our-strengths-for-peace-politics-partnerships-and-people-report-of-the-high-level-independent-panel-on-united-nations-peace-operations-2015/.
- UN. 2018. “Secretary-General Appoints Geir O. Pedersen of Norway Special Envoy for Syria” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/sga1836.doc.htm.
- UN. 2019. “Syrian Constitutional Committee a ‘Sign of Hope’: UN Envoy Tells Security Council” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/11/1052051.
- UN. 2020a. “UN Repeats Call for Ceasefire as it Works to Save Middle East from COVID-19” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.un.org/en/un-coronavirus-communications-team/un-repeats-call-ceasefire-it-works-save-middle-east-covid-19.
- UN. 2020b. “Peacebuilding and Sustaining Peace: Report of the Secretary-General” (A/74/976 – S/2020/773) [online]. Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/s-2020-773.php.
- UNHCR. 2018. “Syria Emergency” [online]. Accessed May 27, 2020. https://www.unhcr.org/uk/syria-emergency.html.
- Van Veen, E., and V. Dudouet. 2017. “Hitting the Target, but Missing the Point? Assessing Donor Support for Inclusive and Legitimate Politics in Fragile Societies.” International Network on Conflict and Fragility (INCAF), OECD [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.oecd.org/dac/conflict-fragility-resilience/docs/Hitting_the_target.pdf.
- Waki Commission. 2008. “Commission of Inquiry into the Post-Election Violence (CIPEV) Final Report” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/kenya-commission-inquiry-post-election-violence-cipev-final-report.
- Wintour, P. 2019. “Russia-Backed Syria Constitution Talks Begin in Geneva.” The Guardian [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/30/russia-backed-syria-constitution-talks-begin-in-geneva.
- World Bank. 2011. “World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/4389.
- World Bank and UN. 2018. “Pathways for Peace: Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Conflict” [online]. Accessed June 16, 2020. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28337.
- Yassin-Kassab, R., and L. al-Shami. 2016. Burning Country. London: Pluto Press.