2,418
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Social norms and physical activity in American and Canadian contexts: a scoping review

, , , &
Pages 26-48 | Received 13 Jan 2017, Accepted 06 Jul 2017, Published online: 27 Jul 2017

References

  • References preceded by an asterisk (*) indicate those that are cited in text but also used within the scoping review process.
  • *Abraído-Lanza, A. F., Shelton, R. C., Martins, M. C., & Crookes, D. M. (2017). Social norms, acculturation, and physical activity among Latina women. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 19(2), 285–293. doi: 10.1007/s10903-016-0519-7
  • Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behavior. (2nd ed.). Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Ajzen, I. (2002). Constructing a TPB Questionnaire: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Retrieved from http://chuang.epage.au.edu.tw/ezfiles/168/1168/attach/20/pta_41176_7688352_57138.pdf
  • Ajzen, I. (2006). Constructing a theory of planned behavior questionnaire. Retrieved from http://people.umass.edu/~aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf
  • Al-Rafee, S., & Cronan, T. P. (2006). Digital piracy: Factors that influence attitude toward behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 63(3), 237–259. doi: 10.1007/s10551-005-1902-9
  • Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. doi: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
  • Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471–499. doi: 10.1348/014466601164939
  • *Baker, C. W., Little, T. D., & Brownell, K. D. (2003). Predicting adolescent eating and activity behaviors: The role of social norms and personal agency. Health Psychology, 22(2), 189–198. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.22.2.189
  • Ball, K., Jeffery, R. W., Abbott, G., McNaughton, S. A., & Crawford, D. (2010). Is healthy behavior contagious: Associations of social norms with physical activity and healthy eating. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1), 86–95. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-7-86
  • *Barfield, J. P., & Hutchinson, J. (2012). Social-cognitive influences on students’ physical activity behavior across the first college year. Physical Educator, 69(2), 171–187.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
  • *Bellow-Riecken, K. H., Rhodes, R. E., & Moffert, K. M. (2008). Motives for lifestyle and exercise activities: A comparison using the theory of planned behaviour. European Journal of Sport Science, 8(5), 305–313. doi: 10.1080/17461390802195660
  • Bloemen, M. A., Backx, F. J., Takken, T., Wittink, H., Benner, J., Mollema, J., & de Groot, J. F. (2015). Factors associated with physical activity in children and adolescents with a physical disability: A systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 57(2), 137–148. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12624
  • Blue, C. L. (1995). The predictive capacity of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior in exercise research: An integrated literature review. Research in Nursing and Health, 18(2), 105–121. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770180205
  • *Blue, C. L., Wilbur, J., & Marston-Scott, M. V. (2001). Exercise among blue-collar workers: Application of the theory of planned behavior. Researching in Nursing and Health, 24(6), 481–493. doi: 10.1002/nur.10008
  • Bodde, A. E., & Seo, D. C. (2009). A review of social and environmental barriers to physical activity for adults with intellectual disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 2(2), 57–66. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2008.11.004
  • *Bryan, A. D., & Rocheleau, C. A. (2002). Predicting aerobic versus resistance exercise under the theory of planned behavior. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26(2), 83–94. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.26.2.1
  • *Burger, J. M., & Shelton, M. (2011). Changing everyday health behaviors through descriptive norm manipulations. Social Influence, 6(2), 69–77. doi: 10.1080/15534510.2010.542305
  • Burgoon, J. K., & Hale, J. L. (1988). Nonverbal expectancy violations: Model elaboration and application to immediacy behaviors. Communication Monographs, 55(1), 58–79. doi: 10.1080/03637758809376158
  • Cain, K. L., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Van Dyck, D., & Calhoon, L. (2013). Using accelerometers in youth physical activity studies: A review of methods. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(3), 437–450. doi: 10.1123/jpah.10.3.437
  • *Campo, S., Cameron, K. A., Brossard, D., & Frazer, M. S. (2004). Social norms and expectancy violation theories: Assessing the effectiveness of health communication campaigns. Communication Monographs, 71(4), 448–470. doi: 10.1080/0363452042000307498
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Division of nutrition, physical activity, and obesity: Physical activity and health. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/
  • Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015–1026. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015
  • Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In D. R. Gilbert & S. R. Fiske (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology, (Vols. 1–2, 4th ed., pp. 151–192). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Colley, R. C., Garriguet, D., Janssen, I., Craig, C. L., Clarke, J., & Tremblay, M. S. (2011). Physical activity of Canadian adults: Accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Reports, 22(1), 7–14.
  • *Conner, M., Rodgers, W., & Murray, T. (2007). Conscientiousness and the intention-behavior relationship: Predicting exercise behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(4), 518–533. doi: 10.1123/jsep.29.4.518
  • Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • *Courneya, K. S., & Bobick, T. M. (2000). Integrating the theory of planned behavior with the processes and stages of change in the exercise domain. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 1(1), 41–56. doi: 10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00006-6
  • *Courneya, K. S., Plotnikoff, R. C., Hotz, S. B., & Birkett, N. J. (2001). Predicting exercise stage transitions over two consecutive 6-month periods: A test of the theory of planned behavior in a population-based sample. British Journal of Health Psychology, 6(2), 135–150. doi: 10.1348/135910701169115
  • *Crozier, A. J., & Spink, K. S. (2017). Effect of manipulating descriptive norms and positive outcome expectations on physical activity of university students during exams. Health Communication, 32(6), 784–790. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1172295
  • *Dominick, G. M., Saunders, R. S., & Kelli, K. (2012). Developing scales to assess parental instrumental social support and influence on provision of social support for physical activity in children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9(5), 706–717. doi: 10.1123/jpah.9.5.706
  • Donaldson, A. I., Graham, J. W., & Hansen, W. B. (1994). Testing the generalizability of intervening mechanism theories: Understanding the effects of adolescent drug use prevention interventions. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(2), 195–216. doi: 10.1007/BF01858105
  • *Dzewaltowski, D. A., Noble, J. M., & Shaw, J. M. (1990). Physical activity participation: Social cognitive theory versus the theories or reasoned action and planned behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(4), 388–405. doi:10.1123/jsep.12.4.388.
  • Eisenberg, M. E., & Forster, J. L. (2003). Adolescent smoking behavior: Measures of social norms. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25(2), 122–128. doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00116-8
  • *Ellis, R., Kosma, M., & Symons Downs, D. S. (2013). Moderators of youth exercise intention and behavior. Health Education and Behavior, 40(3), 305–310. doi: 10.1177/1090198112441000
  • *Emmons, K. M., Barbeau, E. M., Gutheil, C., Stryker, J. E., & Stoddard, A. M. (2007). Social influence, social context, and health behaviors among working-class, multi-ethnic adults. Health Education and Behavior, 34(2), 315–334.
  • Epton, T., Norman, P., Harris, P., Webb, T., Snowsill, F. A., & Sheeran, P. (2015). Development of theory-based health messages: Three-phase programme of formative research. Health Promotion International, 30(3), 756–768. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dau005
  • *Fortier, M. S., Kowal, J., Lemyre, L., & Orpana, H. M. (2009). Intentions and actual physical activity behavior change in a community-based sample of middle-aged women: Contributions from the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 46–67. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671892
  • Gabriele, M. S., Walker, M. S., Gill, D. L., Harber, K. D., & Fisher, E. B. (2005). Differentiated roles of social encouragement and social constraint on physical activity behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 29(3), 210–215. doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm2903_7
  • Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87–98. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87
  • Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10(3), 141–146.
  • Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R. B., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(3), 472–482. doi: 10.1086/586910
  • *Groshong, L., Stanis, S. A. W., Kaczynski, A. T., Hipp, J. A., & Besenyi, G. M. (2017). Exploring attitudes, perceived norms, and personal agency: Insights into theory-based messages to encourage park-based physical activity in low-income urban neighborhoods. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 14(2), 108–116. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0069
  • Guthold, R., Ono, T., Strong, K. L., Chatterji, S., & Morabia, A. (2008). Worldwide variability in physical inactivity: A 51-country survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(6), 486–494. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.02.013
  • Hagger, M. S. (2012). Psychosocial influence. In E. O. Acevedo (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of exercise psychology, (pp. 224–240). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195394313.013.0012
  • Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N., & Biddle, S. J. (2001). The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(9), 711–725. doi: 10.1080/02640410152475847
  • Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N., & Biddle, S. J. (2002). A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: Predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(1), 3–32. doi: 10.1123/jsep.24.1.3
  • Hardeman, W., Johnston, M., Johnston, D., Bonetti, D., Wareham, N., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2002). Application of the theory of planned behavior in behavior change interventions: A systematic review. Psychology and Health, 17(2), 123–158. doi: 10.1080/08870440290013644a
  • Haskell, W. L., Lee, I. M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., Franklin, B. A., … Bauman, A. (2007). Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 1169(9), 1081–1093. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATION.107.185649
  • *Heinrich, K. M., Jokura, Y., & Maddock, J. E. (2008). Exercise self-efficacy and social norms as psychological predictors of exercise behavior. Athletic Insight, 10(2). Retrieved from: http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol10Iss2/ExerciseBehavior.htm
  • Kelly, P., Fitzsimons, C., & Baker, G. (2016). Should we reframe how we think about physical activity and sedentary behavior measurement? Validity and reliability considered. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition, 13(1), 32–41. doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0351-4
  • Kim, H., & Karpova, E. (2010). Consumer attitudes toward fashion counterfeits: Application of the theory of planned behavior. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 28(2), 79–94. doi: 10.1177/0887302X09332513
  • *King, A. C., Hekler, E. B., Grieco, L. A., Winter, S. J., Sheates, J. L., Buman, M. P., … Cirimele, J. (2013). Harnessing different motivational frames via mobile phones to promote daily physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in aging adults. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e62613. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062613
  • *Latimer, A. E., & Martin Ginis, K. A. (2005). The importance of subjective norms for people who care what others think of them. Psychology and Health, 20(1), 53–62. doi: 10.1080/08870440412331300002
  • Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(1), 1–9. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
  • Lewis, M. A., & Neighbors, C. (2006). Social norms approaches using descriptive norms education: A review of the research on personalized normative feedback. Journal of American College Health, 54(4), 213–218. doi: 10.3200/JACH.54.4.213-218
  • *Martin, J. J., Oliver, K., & McCaughtry, N. (2007). The theory of planned behavior: Predicting physical activity in Mexican American children. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(2), 225–238. doi: 10.1123/jsep.29.2.225
  • *McCormack, G. R., Friedenreich, C. M., Giles-Corti, B., Doyle-Baker, P. K., & Shiell, A. (2013). Do motivation-related cognitions explain the relationship between perceptions of urban form and neighborhood walking? Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(7), 961–973. doi: 10.1123/jpah.10.7.961
  • McNeill, L. H., Kreuter, M. W., & Subramanian, S. V. (2006). Social environment and physical activity: A review of concepts and evidence. Social Science and Medicine, 63(4), 1011–1022. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.012
  • Mendonça, G., Cheng, L. A., Mélo, E. N., & Farias Júnior, J. D. (2014). Physical activity and social support in adolescents: A systematic review. Health Education Research, 29(5), 822–839. doi: 10.1093/her/cyu017
  • Miniard, P. W., & Cohen, J. B. (1981). An examination of the Fishbein-Ajzen behavioral-intentions model’s concepts and measures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17(3), 309–339. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(81)90031-7
  • *Motl, R. W., Dishman, R. K., Saunders, R. P., Dowda, M., & Pate, R. R. (2004). Measuring social provisions for physical activity among adolescent black and white girls. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(4), 682–706. doi: 10.1177/0013164404263880
  • *Murnaghan, D. A., Blanchard, C. M., Rodgers, W. M., LaRosa, J. N., MacQuarrie, C. R., MacLellan, D. K., & Gray, B. J. (2010). Predictors of physical activity, healthy eating and being smoke-free in teens: A theory of planned behavior approach. Psychology and Health, 25(8), 925–941. doi: 10.1080/08870440902866894
  • *Nguyen, M. N., Potvin, L., & Otis, J. (1997). Regular exercise in 30- to 60-year-old men: Combining the stages-of-change model and the theory of planned behavior to identify determinants for targeting heart health interventions. Journal of Community Health, 22(4), 233–246. doi: 10.1023/A:1025196218566
  • *Nigg, C. R., Lippke, S., & Maddock, J. E. (2009). Factorial invariance of the theory of planned behavior applied to physical activity across gender, age, and ethnic groups. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(2), 219–225. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.09.005
  • *Okun, M. A., Karoly, P., & Lutz, R. (2002). Clarifying the contribution of subjective norm to predicting leisure-time exercise. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26(4), 296–305. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.26.4.6
  • *Okun, M. A., Ruehlman, L., Karoly, P., Lutz, R., Fairholme, C., & Schaub, R. (2003). Social support and social norms: Do both contribute to predicting leisure-time exercise? American Journal of Health Behavior, 27(5), 493–507. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.27.5.2
  • Ostrom, E. (2014). Collective action and the evolution of social norms. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 6(4), 235–252. doi: 10.1080/19390459.2014.935173
  • Palmer, C. A., Baucom, D. H., & McBride, C. M. (2000). Couple approaches to smoking cessation. In K. B. Schmaling & T. G. Sher (Eds.), The psychology of couples and illness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 311–336). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Peters, M. D. J., Godfrey, C. M., Khalil, H., Mclnerney, P., Parker, D., & Soares, C. B. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3), 141–146. doi: 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050
  • *Priebe, C. S., & Spink, K. S. (2011). When in Rome: Descriptive norms and physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(2), 93–98. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.09.001
  • *Priebe, C. S., & Spink, K. S. (2012). Using messages promoting descriptive norms to increase physical activity. Health Communication, 27(3), 284–291. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2011.585448
  • *Priebe, C. S., & Spink, K. S. (2015). Less sitting and more moving in the office: Using descriptive norm messages to decrease sedentary behavior and increase light physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 19, 76–84. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.008
  • Prince, S. A., Adamo, K. B., Hamel, M. E., Hardt, J., Gorber, S. C., & Tremblay, M. (2008). A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(1), 56–80. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-56
  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982). Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 19(3), 276–288. doi: 10.1037/h0088437
  • *Ranby, K. W., & Aiken, L. S. (2016). Incorporating husband influences into a model of physical activity among older women. British Journal of Health Psychology, 21(3), 677–693. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12195
  • Rashottes, L. S. (2007). Social influence. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology, (Vol. 9, pp. 4426–4429). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Rhodes, R. E. (2015). Will the new theories (and theoreticians!) please stand up? A commentary on Sniehotta, Presseau and Araújo-Soares. Health Psychology Review, 9(2), 156–159. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2014.882739
  • *Rhodes, R. E., Blanchard, C. M., & Matheson, D. H. (2006). A multicomponent model of the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(1), 119–137. doi: 10.1348/135910705X52633
  • *Rhodes, R. E., & Courneya, K. S. (2003). Investigating multiple components of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control: An examination of the TPB in the exercise domain. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 129–146. doi: 10.1348/014466603763276162
  • *Rhodes, R. E., Courneya, K. S., & Hayduk, L. A. (2002). Does personality moderate the theory of planned behavior in the exercise domain? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 120–132. doi: 10.1123/jsep.24.2.120
  • *Rhodes, R. E., Courneya, K. S., & Jones, L. W. (2005). The theory of planned behavior and lower-order personality traits: Interaction effects in the exercise domain. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(2), 251–265. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.04.005
  • *Rhodes, R. E., Jones, L. W., & Courneya, K. S. (2002). Extending the theory of planned behavior in the exercise domain: A comparison of social support and subjective norm. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(2), 193–199. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2002.10609008
  • Rhodes, R. E., & Mark, R. (2012). Social cognitive models. In E. O. Acevedo (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of exercise psychology (pp. 273–294). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195394313.013.0015
  • Rhodes, R. E., & Nigg, C. R. (2011). Advancing physical activity theory: A review and future directions. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 39(3), 113–119. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e31821b94c8
  • Rimal, R. N., & Real, K. (2005). How behaviors are influenced by perceived norms. Communication Research, 32(3), 389–414. doi: 10.1177/0093650205275385
  • Rivis, A., & Sheeran, P. (2003). Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Current Psychology, 22(3), 218–233. doi: 10.1007/s12144-003-1018-2
  • *Scott, F., Rhodes, R. E., & Downs, D. S. (2009). Does physical activity intensity moderate social cognition and behavior relationships? Journal of American College Health, 58(3), 213–222. doi: 10.1080/07448480903295326
  • Shanock, L. R., Baran, B. E., Gentry, W. A., Pattison, S. C., & Heggestad, E. D. (2010). Polynomial regression with response surface analysis: A powerful approach for examining moderation and overcoming limitations of difference scores. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(4), 543–554. doi: 10.1007/s10869-010-9183-4
  • Shephard, R. J. (2003). Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(3), 197–206. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.37.3.197
  • Shepherd, G. J., & O’Keefe, D. J. (1984). Separability of attitudinal and normative influences on behavioral intentions in the Fishbein-Ajzen model. The Journal of Social Psychology, 122(2), 287–288. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1984.9713496
  • Shultz, W. (1999). Changing behavior with normative feedback interventions: A field experiment on curbside recycling. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21(1), 25–36. doi: 10.1207/s15324834basp2101_3
  • Smith, J. R., & Louis, W. R. (2008). Do as we say and as we do: The interplay of descriptive and injunctive group norms in the attitude–behavior relationship. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(4), 647–666. doi: 10.1348/014466607X269748
  • Sniehotta, F. F., Presseau, J., & Araújo-Soares, V. (2014). Time to retire the theory of planned behaviour. Health Psychology Review, 8(1), 1–7. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2013.869710
  • Symons Downs, D., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2005). Elicitation studies and the theory of planned behavior: A systematic review of exercise beliefs. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6(1), 1–31. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2003.08.001
  • Tarkiainen, A., & Sundqvist, S. (2005). Subjective norms, attitudes and intentions of Finnish consumers in buying organic food. British Food Journal, 107(11), 808–822. doi: 10.1108/00070700510629760
  • *Tavares, L. S., Plotnikoff, R. C., & Loucaides, C. (2009). Social-cognitive theories for predicting physical activity behaviors of employed women with and without young children. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 14(2), 129–142. doi: 10.1080/13548500802270356
  • *Taylor, S. M., Ward, P., Zabriskie, R., Hill, B., & Hanson, C. (2012). Influences on active family leisure and a healthy lifestyle among adolescents. Leisure Sciences, 34(4), 332–349. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2012.687643
  • Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1996). Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(8), 776–793. doi: 10.1177/0146167296228002
  • *Wally, C. M., & Cameron, L. D. (2017). A randomized-controlled trial of social norm interventions to increase physical activity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/s12160-017-9887-z
  • Wing, R. R., & Jeffery, R. W. (1999). Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 132–138. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.1.132
  • Yun, D., & Silk, K. J. (2011). Social norms, self-identity, and attention to social comparison information in the context of exercise and healthy diet behavior. Health Communication, 26(3), 275–285. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2010.549814

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.