Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review

References

• References preceded by an asterisk (*) were included in the systematic review.
   Google Scholar
• *Ashford, K., & Jackson, R. C. (2010). Priming as a means of preventing skill failure under pressure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32, 518–536. doi: 10.1123/jsep.32.4.518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Balk, Y. A., Adriaanse, M. A., De Ridder, D. T., & Evers, C. (2013). Coping under pressure: Employing emotion regulation strategies to enhance performance under pressure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 35, 408–418. doi: 10.1123/jsep.35.4.408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F. (1984). Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 610–620. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., & Showers, C. J. (1986). A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests. European Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 361–383. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420160405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty, G. F., Fawver, B., Hancock, G. M., & Janelle, C. M. (2014). Regulating emotions uniquely modifies reaction time, rate of force production, and accuracy of a goal-directed motor action. Human Movement Science, 33, 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2013.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Beckmann, J., Gröpel, P., & Ehrlenspiel, F. (2013). Preventing motor skill failure through hemisphere-specific priming: Cases from choking under pressure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 679–691. doi: 10.1037/a0029852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilock, S. L., Carr, T. H., MacMahon, C., & Starkes, J. L. (2002). When paying attention becomes counterproductive: Impact of divided versus skill-focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 6–16. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.8.1.6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilock, S. L., & Gray, R. (2007). Why do athletes choke under pressure? In G. Tenenbaum, & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 425–444). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• *Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2001). On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 701–725. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bell, J. J., Hardy, L., & Beattie, S. (2013). Enhancing mental toughness and performance under pressure in elite young cricketers: A 2-year longitudinal intervention. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2, 281–297. doi: 10.1037/a0033129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Beseler, B., Mesagno, C., Young, W., & Harvey, J. (2016). Igniting the pressure acclimatisation training debate: Contradictory pilot-study evidence from Australian football. Journal of Sport Behavior, 39, 22–38.
   Google Scholar
• *Bobrownicki, R., MacPherson, A. C., Coleman, S. G., Collins, D., & Sproule, J. (2015). Re-examining the effects of verbal instructional type on early stage motor learning. Human Movement Science, 44, 168–181. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombes, S. A., Higgins, T., Gamble, K. M., Cauraugh, J. H., & Janelle, C. M. (2009). Attentional control theory: Anxiety, emotion, and motor planning. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 1072–1079. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotterill, S. (2010). Pre-performance routines in sport: Current understanding and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 132–153. doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2010.488269
   Google Scholar
• Cross-Villasana, F., Gröpel, P., Doppelmayr, M., & Beckmann, J. (2015). Unilateral left-hand contractions produce widespread depression of cortical activity after their execution. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0145867. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCaro, M. S., Thomas, R. D., Albert, N. B., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Choking under pressure: Multiple routes to skill failure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 390–406. doi: 10.1037/a0023466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essl, A., & Jaussi, S. (2017). Choking under time pressure: The influence of deadline-dependent bonus and malus incentive schemes on performance. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 133, 127–137. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2016.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., & Calvo, M. G. (1992). Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 409–434. doi:10.1080/02699939208409696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336–353. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feikes, S., Hadding, H., Kremin, M., & Spieß, T. ( Producers). (2006). Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen [Film]. Köln: Little Shark Entertainment & WDR Mediagroup.
   Google Scholar
• Gayman, A. M., Fraser-Thomas, J., Dionigi, R. A., Horton, S., & Baker, J. (2016). Is sport good for older adults? A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes of older adults’ sport participation. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 164–185. doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2016.1199046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröpel, P. (2016). Self-focused attention and motor skill failure: The moderating role of action orientation. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5, 206–217. doi: 10.1037/spy0000059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröpel, P., & Beckmann, J. (2017b). Personality systems interaction in skilled motor performance: Implications for sport psychology. In N. Baumann, M. Kazén, M. Quirin, & S. Koole, (Eds.), Why people do the things they do: Building on Julius Kuhl’s contribution to motivation and volition psychology (pp. 323–341). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• *Gröpel, P., & Beckmann, J. (2017a). A pre-performance routine to optimize competition performance in artistic gymnastics. The Sport Psychologist, 31, 199–207. doi:10.1123/tsp.2016-0054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Gucciardi, D. F., & Dimmock, J. A. (2008). Choking under pressure in sensorimotor skills: Conscious processing or depleted attentional resources? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 45–59. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, L., Mullen, R., & Martin, N. (2001). Effect of task-relevant cues and state anxiety on motor performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92, 943–946. doi: 10.2466/pms.2001.92.3.943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hazell, J., Cotterill, S. T., & Hill, D. M. (2014). An exploration of pre-performance routines, self-efficacy, anxiety and performance in semi-professional soccer. European Journal of Sport Science, 14, 603–610. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.888484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, D. M., Hanton, S., Fleming, S., & Matthews, N. (2009). A re-examination of choking in sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 9, 203–212. doi:10.1080/17461390902818278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, D. M., Hanton, S., Matthews, N., & Fleming, S. (2010a). A qualitative exploration of choking in elite golf. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4, 221–240. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.4.3.221
   Google Scholar
• Hill, D. M., Hanton, S., Matthews, N., & Fleming, S. (2010b). Choking in sport: A review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 24–39. doi: 10.1080/17509840903301199
   Google Scholar
• Hill, D. M., & Shaw, G. (2013). A qualitative examination of choking under pressure in team sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 103–110. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossner, E.-J., & Ehrlenspiel, F. (2010). Time-referenced effects of an internal vs. external focus of attention on muscular activity and compensatory variability. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 230. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Jackson, R. C., Ashford, K. J., & Norsworthy, G. (2006). Attentional focus, dispositional reinvestment, and skilled motor performance under pressure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 28, 49–68. doi: 10.1123/jsep.28.1.49
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Land, W., & Tenenbaum, G. (2012). An outcome- and process-oriented examination of a golf-specific secondary task strategy to prevent choking under pressure. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24, 303–322. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2011.642458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Lautenbach, F., Laborde, S., Mesagno, C., Lobinger, B. H., Achtzehn, S., & Arimond, F. (2015). Nonautomated pre-performance routine in tennis: An intervention study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 27, 123–131. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2014.957364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Lewis, B. P., & Linder, D. E. (1997). Thinking about choking? Attentional processes and paradoxical performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 937–944. doi: 10.1177/0146167297239003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, C., & Masters, R. W. (2002). Self-focused attention and performance failure under psychological stress. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, 289–305. doi: 10.1123/jsep.24.3.289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Liao, C., & Masters, R. S. W. (2001). Analogy learning: A means to implicit motor learning. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, 307–319. doi: 10.1080/02640410152006081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705–717. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.57.9.705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, R. S. W. (2000). Theoretical aspects of implicit learning in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 530–541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Masters, R. S. W. (1992). Knowledge, knerves and know-how: The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 343–358. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02446.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, R. S. W., & Maxwell, J. (2008). The theory of reinvestment. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, 160–183. doi:10.1080/17509840802287218
   Google Scholar
• Mesagno, C., Geukes, K., & Larkin, P. (2015). Choking under pressure: A review of current debates, literature, and interventions. In S. Mellalieu, & S. Hanton (Eds.), Contemporary advances in sport psychology: A review (pp. 148–174). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mesagno, C., Harvey, J. T., & Janelle, C. M. (2011). Self-Presentation origins of choking: Evidence from separate pressure manipulations. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33, 441–459. doi: 10.1123/jsep.33.3.441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesagno, C., Harvey, J. T., & Janelle, C. M. (2012). Choking under pressure: The role of fear of negative evaluation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 60–68. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesagno, C., & Hill, D. M. (2013). Definition of choking in sport: Re-conceptualization and debate. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 44, 267–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesagno, C., Mornell, A., & Quinn, A. L. (2016). Choking under pressure in sport and music: Exploring the benefits of theory transfer across domains. In A. Mornell (Ed.), Art in motion III. Performing under pressure (pp. 23–57). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• *Mesagno, C., Hill, D. M., & Larkin, P. (2015). Examining the accuracy and in-game performance effects between pre- and post-performance routines: A mixed methods study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 19, 85–94. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mesagno, C., Marchant, D., & Morris, T. (2008). Using a pre-performance routine to alleviate choking under pressure in “choking-susceptible” athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 439–457. doi: 10.1123/tsp.22.4.439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mesagno, C., Marchant, D., & Morris, T. (2009). Alleviating choking: The sounds of distraction. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 131–147. doi: 10.1080/10413200902795091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mesagno, C., & Mullane-Grant, T. (2010). A comparison of different pre-performance routines as possible choking interventions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, 343–360. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2010.491780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Moore, L. J., Vine, S. J., Cooke, A., Ring, C., & Wilson, M. R. (2012). Quiet eye training expedites motor learning and aids performance under heightened anxiety: The roles of response programming and external attention. Psychophysiology, 49, 1005–1015. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01379.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, A. P. (1996). The psychology of concentration in sport performers: A cognitive analysis. London: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Mullen, R., Hardy, L., & Tattersall, A. (2005). State anxiety and motor performance: Testing the conscious processing hypothesis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 785–799. doi: 10.1080/026404100419847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mullen, R., Faull, A., Jones, E. S., & Kingston, K. (2015). Evidence for the effectiveness of holistic process goals for learning and performance under pressure. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 17, 40–44. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Nibbeling, N., Oudejans, R. R., & Daanen, H. A. (2012). Effects of anxiety, a cognitive secondary task, and expertise on gaze behavior and performance in a far aiming task. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 427–435. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nideffer, R. M. (1992). Psyched to win. Champaign, IL: Leisure Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R. R. (2012). Anxiety and perceptual-motor performance: Toward an integrated model of concepts, mechanisms, and processes. Psychological Research, 76, 747–759. doi: 10.1007/s00426-011-0384-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudejans, R. R., Kuijpers, W., Kooijman, C. C., & Bakker, F. C. (2011). Thoughts and attention of athletes under pressure: Skill-focus or performance worries? Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 24, 59–73. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2010.481331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Oudejans, R. R., & Pijpers, J. R. (2009). Training with anxiety has a positive effect on expert perceptual–motor performance under pressure. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1631–1647. doi: 10.1080/17470210802557702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Oudejans, R. R., & Pijpers, J. R. (2010). Training with mild anxiety may prevent choking under higher levels of anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 44–50. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluye, P., Robert, E., Cargo, M., Bartlett, G., O’Cathain, A., Griffiths, F., … Rousseau, M. C. (2011). Proposal: A mixed methods appraisal tool for systematic mixed studies reviews. Retrieved from http://mixedmethodsappraisaltoolpublic.pbworks.com
   Google Scholar
• *Reeves, J. L., Tenenbaum, G., & Lidor, R. (2007). Choking in front of the goal: The effects of self-consciousness training. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5, 240–254. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2007.9671834
   Google Scholar
• *Ring, C., Cooke, A., Kavussanu, M., McIntyre, D., & Masters, R. (2015). Investigating the efficacy of neurofeedback training for expediting expertise and excellence in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 118–127. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Schücker, L., Ebbing, L., & Hagemann, N. (2010). Learning by analogies: Implications for performance and attentional processes under pressure. Human Movement, 11, 191–199. doi: 10.2478/v10038-010-0025-z
   Google Scholar
• *Schücker, L., Hagemann, N., & Strauss, B. (2013). Analogy vs. Technical learning in a golf putting task: An analysis of performance outcomes and attentional processes under pressure. Human Movement, 14, 175–184. doi: 10.2478/humo-2013-0021
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, K. F., Chalmers, I., Hayes, R. J., & Altman, D. G. (1995). Empirical evidence of bias: Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. Journal of American Medical Association, 273, 408–412. doi: 10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, K. M., & Logan, G. D. (2013). Monitoring-induced disruption in skilled typewriting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39, 1409–1420. doi: 10.1037/a0031007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, A., & Lee, P. (2000). Publication bias in meta-analysis: Its causes and consequences. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53, 207–216. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00161-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers, J. N. (2007). Perception, cognition and decision training: The quiet eye in action. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• *Vine, S. J., Moore, L. J., Cooke, A., Ring, C., & Wilson, M. R. (2013). Quiet eye training: A means to implicit motor learning. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 44, 367–386. doi: 10.7352/IJSP2013.00.000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Vine, S. J., Moore, L. J., & Wilson, M. R. (2011). Quiet eye training facilitates competitive putting performance in elite golfers. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 1–9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Vine, S. J., & Wilson, M. R. (2010). Quiet eye training: Effects on learning and performance under pressure. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, 361–376. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2010.495106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Vine, S. J., & Wilson, M. R. (2011). The influence of quiet eye training and pressure on attention and visuomotor control. Acta Psychologica, 136, 340–346. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Wood, G., & Wilson, M. R. (2011). Quiet-eye training for soccer penalty kicks. Cognitive Processing, 12, 257–266. doi: 10.1007/s10339-011-0393-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Wood, G., & Wilson, M. R. (2012). Quiet-eye training, perceived control and performing under pressure. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 721–728. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Zhu, F. F., Poolton, J. M., Wilson, M. R., Maxwell, J. P., & Masters, R. S. W. (2011). Neural co-activation as a yardstick of implicit motor learning and the propensity for conscious control of movement. Biological Psychology, 87, 66–73. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar