Psychosocial outcomes of sport participation for middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

References

• Allender, S., Cowburn, G., & Foster, C. (2006). Understanding participation in sport and physical activity among children and adults: A review of qualitative studies. Health Education Research, 21(6), 826–835. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyl063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, M. H., Ottesen, L., & Thing, L. F. (2019). The social and psychological health outcomes of team sport participation in adults: An integrative review of research. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 47(8), 832–850. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818791405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethancourt, H. J., Rosenberg, D. E., Beatty, T., & Arterburn, D. E. (2014). Barriers to and facilitators of physical activity program use among older adults. Clinical Medicine & Research, 12(1–2), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2013.1171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bjerre, E. D., Brasso, K., Jørgensen, A. B., Petersen, T. H., Eriksen, A. R., Tolver, A., Christensen, J. F., Poulsen, M. H., Madsen, S. S., Østergren, P. B., Borre, M., Krustrup, P., Johansen, C., Rørth, M., & Midtgaard, J. (2019). Football compared with usual care in men with prostate cancer (FC prostate community trial): A pragmatic multicentre randomized controlled trial. Sports Medicine, 49(1), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-1031-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerre, E. D., Petersen, T. H., Jørgensen, A. B., Johansen, C., Krustrup, P., Langdahl, B., Poulsen, M. H., Madsen, S. S., Østergren, P. B., Borre, M., Rørth, M., Brasso, K., & Midtgaard, J. (2019). Community-based football in men with prostate cancer: 1-year follow-up on a pragmatic, multicentre randomised controlled trial. PLoS Medicine, 16(10), e1002936. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brysbaert, M. (2019). How many participants do we have to include in properly powered experiments? A tutorial of power analysis with reference tables. Journal of Cognition, 2(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2007). The moral worth of sport reconsidered: Contributions of recreational sport and competitive sport to life aspirations and psychological well-being. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(9), 1047–1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600959954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chekroud, S. R., Gueorguieva, R., Zheutlin, A. B., Paulus, M., Krumholz, H. M., Krystal, J. H., & Chekroud, A. M. (2018). Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1· 2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9), 739–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30227-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, M. W.-L. (2014). Modeling dependent effect sizes with three-level meta-analyses: A structural equation modeling approach. Psychological Methods, 19(2), 211–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, M. W.-L. (2015). metaSEM: An R package for meta-analysis using structural equation modeling. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1521. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, M. W.-L. (2019). A guide to conducting a meta-analysis with non-independent effect sizes. Neuropsychology Review, 29(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-019-09415-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, K. W., Chen, C.-Y., Stein, M. B., Klimentidis, Y. C., Wang, M.-J., Koenen, K. C., & Smoller, J. W. (2019). Assessment of bidirectional relationships between physical activity and depression among adults: A 2-sample mendelian randomization study. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahmen-Zimmer, K., & Jansen, P. (2017). Karate and dance training to improve balance and stabilize mood in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A feasibility study [original research]. Frontiers in Medicine, 4, 237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deary, I. J., Corley, J., Gow, A. J., Harris, S. E., Houlihan, L. M., Marioni, R. E., Penke, L., Rafnsson, S. B., & Starr, J. M. (2009). Age-associated cognitive decline. British Medical Bulletin, 92(1), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldp033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionigi, R. A., Baker, J., & Horton, S. (2011). Older athletes’ perceived benefits of competition. The International Journal of Sport and Society, 2(2), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/v02i02/53869
   Google Scholar
• Dionigi, R. A., & Gard, M. (2018). Sport for all ages? Weighing the evidence. In R. A. Dionigi & M. Gard (Eds.), Sport and physical activity across the lifespan: Critical perspectives (pp. 1–20). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• dos Santos, V. M., Stocco, M. R., Lourenco, M. R. A., Casonatto, J., & Teixeira, D. D. C. (2019). Comparison of the quality of life of elderly people practicing physical activities and competitive sports games. Manual Therapy, Posturology and Rehabilitation Journal, 17(679), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2019.17.679
   Google Scholar
• Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for adults: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejiri, M., Kawai, H., Fujiwara, Y., Ihara, K., Watanabe, Y., Hirano, H., Kim, H. K., Ishii, K., Oka, K., & Obuchi, S. (2019). Social participation reduces isolation among Japanese older people in urban area: A 3-year longitudinal study. PLoS One, 14(9), e0222887. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felfe, C., Lechner, M., & Steinmayr, A. (2016). Sports and child development. PLoS One, 11(5), e0151729. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gard, M., Dionigi, R. A., & Dionigi, C. (2018). From a lucky few to the reluctant many: Interrogating the politics of sport for all. In R. A. Dionigi & M. Gard (Eds.), Sport and physical activity across the lifespan: Critical perspectives (pp. 57–90). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gayman, A. M., Fraser-Thomas, J., Dionigi, R. A., Horton, S., & Baker, J. (2017). Is sport good for older adults? A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes of older adults’ sport participation. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 164–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1199046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geard, D., Rebar, A. L., Dionigi, R. A., Rathbone, E., & Reaburn, P. (2021). Effects of a 12-week cycling intervention on successful aging measures in mid-aged adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 92(1), 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2020.1724861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geard, D., Rebar, A. L., Dionigi, R. A., & Reaburn, P. R. J. (2021). Testing a model of successful aging on masters athletes and non-sporting adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 92(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1702146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grima, S., Grima, A., Thalassinos, E., Seychell, S., & Spiteri, J. V. (2017). Theoretical models for sport participation: Literature review. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 5(3), 94–116. https://doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/138
   Google Scholar
• Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., Schünemann, H. J., & Group, G. W. (2008). GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed), 336(7650), 924–926. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamer, M., Stamatakis, E., & Steptoe, A. (2009). Dose-response relationship between physical activity and mental health: The Scottish health survey. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(14), 1111–1114. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.046243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrer, M., Cuijpers, P., Furukawa, T., & Ebert, D. D. (2019). dmetar: Companion R package for the guide ‘doing meta-analysis in R’. R package version 0.0, 9000.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, A. L., Kyle, S. D., Bhandari, S., Chisholm, A., Griffiths, C. E., & Bundy, C. (2016). Measurement, classification and evaluation of sleep disturbance in psoriasis: A systematic review. PLoS One, 11(6), e0157843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo, J., Ryu, J., Yang, H., Kim, A. C. H., & Rhee, Y. (2018). Importance of playing pickleball for older adults’ subjective well-being: A serious leisure perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(1), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1374438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327(7414), 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, T. C., Glasziou, P. P., Boutron, I., Milne, R., Perera, R., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Barbour, V., Macdonald, H., Johnston, M., Lamb, S. E., Dixon-Woods, M., McCulloch, P., Wyatt, J. C., Chan, A.-W., & Michie, S. (2014). Better reporting of interventions: Template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ, 348(mar07 3), g1687. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, A.-M., Howat, P., & Alfonso, H. (2009). Evaluation of a recreational team game for seniors: Lifeball – a case study. ACHPER Australia Healthy Lifestyles Journal, 56(2), 17–21.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Ide, K., Tsuji, T., Kanamori, S., Jeong, S., Nagamine, Y., & Kondo, K. (2020). Social participation and functional decline: A comparative study of rural and urban older people, using Japan gerontological evaluation study longitudinal data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkin, C. R., Eime, R. M., Westerbeek, H., O’Sullivan, G., & Van Uffelen, J. G. (2017). Sport and ageing: A systematic review of the determinants and trends of participation in sport for older adults. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4970-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly, M. P., & Barker, M. (2016). Why is changing health-related behaviour so difficult? Public Health, 136, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L., & Lopez, S. J. (2009). Toward a science of mental health. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 89–95). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, K. M., Thompson, A. M., Blair, S. N., Sallis, J. F., Powell, K. E., Bull, F. C., & Bauman, A. E. (2012). Sport and exercise as contributors to the health of nations. The Lancet, 380(9836), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60865-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, A. C. H., Park, S. H., Kim, S., & Fontes-Comber, A. (2020). Psychological and social outcomes of sport participation for older adults: A systematic review. Ageing & Society, 40(7), 1529–1549. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X19000175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, A. C. H., Ryu, J., Lee, C., Kim, K. M., & Heo, J. (2021). Sport participation and happiness among older adults: A mediating role of social capital. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(4), 1623–1641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00288-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kmet, L., Lee, R., & Cook, L. (2004). Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (AHFMR), HTA Initiative #13.
   Google Scholar
• Krustrup, P., Aagaard, P., Nybo, L., Petersen, J., Mohr, M., & Bangsbo, J. (2010). Recreational football as a health promoting activity: A topical review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01108.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 863. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, K.-M., Chung, P.-K., & Hagger, M. S. (2020). The effects of light volleyball intervention programme in improving selected physical and psychological attributes of older adults in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2018.1462231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Luo, H., Newton, R. U., Ma’ayah, F., Galvão, D. A., & Taaffe, D. R. (2018). Recreational soccer as sport medicine for middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 4, e000336. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000336
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michie, S., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Lawton, R., Parker, D., & Walker, A. (2005). Making psychological theory useful for implementing evidence based practice: A consensus approach. BMJ Quality & Safety, 14(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2004.011155
   Google Scholar
• Milanović, Z., Pantelić, S., Čović, N., Sporiš, G., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2019). Broad-spectrum physical fitness benefits of recreational football: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(15), 926–939. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute on Aging. (n.d.). Understanding the dynamics of the aging process. https://www.nia.nih.gov/about/aging-strategic-directions-research/understanding-dynamics-aging
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, N. R. (2012). A review of social isolation: An important but under assessed condition in older adults. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 33(2-3), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-012-0271-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, G., Wikman, J. M., Jensen, C. J., Schmidt, J. F., Gliemann, L., & Andersen, T. R. (2014). Health promotion: The impact of beliefs of health benefits, social relations and enjoyment on exercise continuation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(S1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northey, J. M., Cherbuin, N., Pumpa, K. L., Smee, D. J., & Rattray, B. (2018). Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y. Y., Prestwich, A., Quested, E., Hancox, J. E., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Lonsdale, C., & Williams, G. C. (2020). A meta-analysis of self-determination theory-informed intervention studies in the health domain: Effects on motivation, health behavior, physical, and psychological health. Health Psychology Review, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2020.1718529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Quested, E., & Hancox, J. (2017). The effects of training group exercise class instructors to adopt a motivationally adaptive communication style. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(9), 1026–1034. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oja, P., Titze, S., Kokko, S., Kujala, U. M., Heinonen, A., Kelly, P., Koski, P., & Foster, C. (2015). Health benefits of different sport disciplines for adults: Systematic review of observational and intervention studies with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(7), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Östlund-Lagerström, L., Blomberg, K., Algilani, S., Schoultz, M., Kihlgren, A., Brummer, R. J., & Schoultz, I. (2015). Senior orienteering athletes as a model of healthy aging: A mixed-method approach. BMC Geriatrics, 15(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0072-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
   Google Scholar
• Paillard, T. (2015). Preventive effects of regular physical exercise against cognitive decline and the risk of dementia with age advancement. Sports Medicine Open, 1(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0016-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18(2), 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, D., Depp, C. A., Vahia, I. V., Reichstadt, J., Palmer, B. W., Kerr, J., Norman, G., & Jeste, D. V. (2010). Exergames for subsyndromal depression in older adults: A pilot study of a novel intervention. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(3), 221–226. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181c534b5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schardt, C., Adams, M. B., Owens, T., Keitz, S., & Fontelo, P. (2007). Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions. BMC Medican Informatics and Decision Making, 7(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-7-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutzer, K. A., & Graves, B. S. (2004). Barriers and motivations to exercise in older adults. Preventive Medicine, 39(5), 1056–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrank, W. H., Patrick, A. R., & Brookhart, M. A. (2011). Healthy user and related biases in observational studies of preventive interventions: A primer for physicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(5), 546–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1609-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014). P-curve: A key to the file-drawer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(2), 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Son, J., & Dionigi, R. A. (2020). The complexity of sport-as-leisure in later life. In S. Kono, K. Spracklen, A. Beniwal, & P. Sharma (Eds.), Positive sociology of leisure (pp. 109–124). Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Stenner, B. J., Buckley, J. D., & Mosewich, A. D. (2020). Reasons why older adults play sport: A systematic review. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(6), 530–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2019.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, M., Rees, T., Coffee, P., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., & Polman, R. (2020). Leading us to be active: A two-wave test of relationships between identity leadership, group identification, and attendance. Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology, 9(1), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, R. C., Rakhamilova, Z., Gage, W. H., & Baker, J. (2018). Curling for confidence: Psychophysical benefits of curling for older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 26(2), 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2016-0279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tayrose, G. A., Beutel, B. G., Cardone, D. A., & Sherman, O. H. (2015). The masters athlete: A review of current exercise and treatment recommendations. Sports Health, 7(3), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738114548999
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji, T., Kanamori, S., Miyaguni, Y., Hanazato, M., & Kondo, K. (2019). Community-level sports group participation and the risk of cognitive impairment. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(11), 2217–2223. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji, T., Miyaguni, Y., Kanamori, S., Hanazato, M., & Kondo, K. (2018). Community-level sports group participation and older individuals’ depressive symptoms. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50(6), 1199–1205. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyndall, A. V., Clark, C. M., Anderson, T. J., Hogan, D. B., Hill, M. D., Longman, R. S., & Poulin, M. J. (2018). Protective effects of exercise on cognition and brain health in older adults. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, 46(4), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir, P. (2010). Physical activity: What role does it play in achieving successful aging? In J. Baker, S. Horton, & P. Weir (Eds.), The masters athlete: Understanding the role of sport and exercise in optimizing aging (pp. 7–14). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Witte, K., Kropf, S., Darius, S., Emmermacher, P., & Böckelmann, I. (2016). Comparing the effectiveness of karate and fitness training on cognitive functioning in older adults – a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(4), 484–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (2019). Ageing and health. Retrieved March 12, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health
   Google Scholar
• Würth, S., Finkenzeller, T., Pötzelsberger, B., Müller, E., & Amesberger, G. (2015). Alpine skiing with total knee arthroplasty (ASWAP): Physical activity, knee function, pain, exertion, and well-being. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(S2), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young, B. W., de Jong, G. C., & Medic, N. (2015). Examining relationships between passion types, conflict, and negative outcomes in masters athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(2), 132–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2014.932822
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar