The relationship between self-talk and affective processes in sports: a scoping review

References

• An asterix (*) indicates articles that are included in the review.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. F. (2017). The theory of constructed emotion: An active inference account of interoception and categorization. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(11), 1833. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty, G. F., & Janelle, C. M. (2020). Emotion regulation and motor performance: An integrated review and proposal of the temporal influence model of emotion regulation (TIMER). International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 266–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2019.1695140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beedie, C. J., Terry, P., & Lane, A. (2005). Distinctions between emotion and mood. Cognition & Emotion, 19(6), 847–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930541000057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bernier, M., Trottier, C., Thienot, E., & Fournier, J. (2016). An investigation of attentional foci and their temporal patterns: A naturalistic study in expert figure skaters. The Sport Psychologist, 30(3), 256–266. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, A., Sutton, A., & Papaioannou, D. (2016). Systematic approaches to a successful literature review. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• *Boudreault, V., Trottier, C., & Provencher, M. D. (2018). Investigation of the self-talk of elite junior tennis players in a competitive setting. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 49(5), 386–406. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP.2018.49.386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Boudreault, V., Trottier, C., & Provencher, M. D. (2019). A case study of junior elite tennis players’ and their parent's self-talk. Qualitative Report, 24(7), 1658–1680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Burton, D., Gillham, A., & Glenn, S. (2013). The forgotten self-talk attribute: Examining perceived effectiveness profiles and patterns of elite female junior soccer players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 8(2), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.2.357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review, 97(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cheng, W.-N. K., & Hardy, L. (2016). Three-dimensional model of performance anxiety: Tests of the adaptive potential of the regulatory dimension of anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christoff, K. (2012). Undirected thought: Neural determinants and correlates. Brain Research, 1428, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Conroy, D. E. (2004). The unique psychological meanings of multidimensional fears of failing. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(3), 484–491. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.3.484
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Conroy, D. E., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2007). Coaching behaviors associated with changes in fear of failure: Changes in self-talk and need satisfaction as potential mechanisms. Journal of Personality, 75(2), 383–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00443.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Conroy, D. E., & Metzler, J. N. (2004). Patterns of self-talk associated with different forms of competitive anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.1.69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cotterill, S. T., Sanders, R., & Collins, D. (2010). Developing effective pre-performance routines in golf: Why don't we ask the golfer? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903403216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Coulter, T., Mallett, C., & Gucciardi, D. (2010). Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(7), 699–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003734085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2013). Flow: The psychology of happiness. Ebury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• *De Muynck, G.-J., Soenens, B., Delrue, J., Comoutos, N., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2020). Strengthening the assessment of self-talk in sports through a multi-method approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(3), 602–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Devonport, T. J. (2006). Perceptions of the contribution of psychology to success in elite kickboxing. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5(CSSI), 99–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ekkekakis, P. (2013). The measurement of affect, mood, and emotion: A guide for health-behavioral research. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, A. (1957). Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. Journal of Individual Psychology, 13, 38–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, A. (2003). Early theories and practices of rational emotive behavior therapy and how they have been augmented and revised during the last three decades. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 21(3/4), 219–243. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025890112319
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Fletcher, D., & Hanton, S. (2001). The relationship between psychological skills usage and competitive anxiety responses. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2(2), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00014-5
   Google Scholar
• *Freitas, S. P., Dias, C. S., & Fonseca, A. M. (2013). Elite Portuguese soccer players’ use of psychological techniques: Where, when and why. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 8(3), 847–860. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2013.83.10
   Google Scholar
• *Fritsch, J., Jekauc, D., Elsborg, P., Latinjak, A. T., Reichert, M., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2020). Self-talk and emotions in tennis players during competitive matches. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1821406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
   Google Scholar
• Gunnell, K., Poitras, V. J., & Tod, D. (2020). Questions and answers about conducting systematic reviews in sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2019.1695141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanin, Y. L. (2007). Emotions in sport: Current issues and perspectives. In G. Tenenbaum, & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 31–58). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• *Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D., & Hall, R. (2004). Self-confidence and anxiety interpretation: A qualitative investigation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(4), 477–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(03)00040-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hanton, S., Wadey, R., & Connaughton, D. (2005). Debilitative interpretations of competitive anxiety: A qualitative examination of elite performers. European Journal of Sport Science, 5(3), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390500238499
   Google Scholar
• Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, J., Comoutos, N., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2018). Reflections on the maturing research literature of self-talk in sport: Contextualizing the special issue. The Sport Psychologist, 32(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C. (2001). A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 15(3), 306–318. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.3.306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hardy, J., Hall, C. R., & Alexander, M. R. (2001). Exploring self-talk and affective states in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(7), 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101750238926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, J., Oliver, E., & Tod, D. A. (2009). A framework for the study and application of self-talk within sport. In S. D. Mellalieu, & S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in Applied Sport Psychology: A review (pp. 37–74). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• *Hardy, J., Roberts, R., & Hardy, L. (2009). Awareness and motivation to change negative self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 23(4), 435–450. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.4.435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2008). Negative self-talk during sport performance: Relationships with pre-competition anxiety and goal-performance discrepancies. Journal of Sport Behavior, 31(3), 237–253.
   Google Scholar
• Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Galanis, E. (2017). Self-talk effectiveness and attention. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2007). The moderating effects of self-talk content on self-talk functions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(2), 240–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200701230621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-Talk and sports performance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(4), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611413136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the self-talk–performance relationship: The effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hopewell, S., Clarke, M. J., Lefebvre, C., & Scherer, R. W. (2010). Handsearching versus electronic searching to identify reports of randomized trials. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, MR000001. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000001.pub2.
   Google Scholar
• Hopewell, S., McDonald, S., Clarke, M. J., & Egger, M. (2007). Grey literature in meta-analyses of randomized trials of health care interventions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, MR000010. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000010.pub3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlburt, R. T., & Akhter, S. A. (2006). The descriptive experience sampling method. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 5(3-4), 271–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-006-9024-0
   Google Scholar
• Jones, M. V., Lane, A. M., Bray, S. R., Uphill, M., & Catlin, J. (2005). Development and validation of the sport emotion questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(4), 407–431. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.27.4.407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordana, A., Turner, M. J., Torregrossa, M., & Ramis, Y. (2020). A systematic mapping review on the use of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) with athletes. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2020.1836673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• *Kanniyan, A. (2015). Competitive state anxiety: Impact of positive self-talk training on junior level football players. Sport Mont Journal, 13(43-44-45), 42–49.
   Google Scholar
• Karamitrou, A., Galanis, E., Theodorakis, Y., & Comoutos, N. (2020). Organic self-talk antecedents: An interpretative review and implications for practice. In A. Latinjak, & A. Hatzigeorgiadis (Eds.), Self-talk in sport (pp. 77–90). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kinrade, N. P., Jackson, R. C., & Ashford, K. J. (2015). Reinvestment, task complexity and decision making under pressure in basketball. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 20, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kröhler, A., & Berti, S. (2019). Taking action or thinking about it? State orientation and rumination are correlated in athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 576. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latinjak, A. T., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2021). The knowledge map of sport and exercise psychology: An integrative perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 661824. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Latinjak, A. T., Corbalan-Frigola, J., Alcoy-Fabregas, P. A. U., & Barker, J. B. (2020). Spontaneous self-talk: An insight into the cognitive component of emotions in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 51(1), 28–46. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP.2020.51.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Latinjak, A. T., Font-Lladó, R., Zourbanos, N., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2016). Goal-directed self-talk interventions: A single-case study with an elite athlete. The Sport Psychologist, 30(2), 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Latinjak, A. T., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Zourbanos, N. (2017). Goal-directed and spontaneous self-talk in anger- and anxiety-eliciting sport-situations. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(2), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1213330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latinjak, A. T., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Comoutos, N., & Hardy, J. (2019). Speaking clearly . . . 10 years on: The case for an integrative perspective of self-talk in sport.. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 8(4), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Latinjak, A. T., Hernando-Gimeno, C., Lorido-Méndez, L., & Hardy, J. (2019). Endorsement and constructive criticism of an innovative online reflexive self-talk intervention. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1819. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Latinjak, A. T., Viladrich, C., Alcaraz, S., & Torregrosa, M. (2016). Spanish adaptation and validation of the automatic self-talk Questionnaire for sports. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(4), 402–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2015.1055287
   Google Scholar
• *Latinjak, A. T., Zourbanos, N., López-Ros, V., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2014). Goal-directed and undirected self-talk: Exploring a new perspective for the study of athletes’ self-talk. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(5), 548–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lindquist, K. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2012). A functional architecture of the human brain: Emerging insights from the science of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(11), 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Marshall, D. V. J., Hanrahan, S. J., & Comoutos, N. (2016). The effects of self-talk cues on the Putting Performance of Golfers susceptible to detrimental Putting Performances under high pressure settings. International Journal of Golf Science, 5(2), 116–134. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijgs.2016-0001
   Google Scholar
• *Martinent, G., Ledos, S., Ferrand, C., Campo, M., & Nicolas, M. (2015). Athletes’ regulation of emotions experienced during competition: A naturalistic video-assisted study. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4(3), 188–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, R., & Maxwell, J. (2008). The theory of reinvestment. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(2), 160–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840802287218
   Google Scholar
• Melnikoff, D. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2018). The mythical number two. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(4), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Miles, A., & Neil, R. (2013). The use of self-talk during elite cricket batting performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(6), 874–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Miles, A., Neil, R., & Barker, J. (2016). Preparing to take the field: A temporal exploration of stress, emotion, and coping in elite cricket. The Sport Psychologist, 30(2), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Neil, R., Bowles, H. C. R., Fleming, S., & Hanton, S. (2016). The experience of competition stress and emotions in cricket. The Sport Psychologist, 30(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Neil, R., Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D., & Fletcher, D. (2011). Competition stress and emotions in sport performers: The role of further appraisals. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 460–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noetel, M., Ciarrochi, J., Van Zanden, B., & Lonsdale, C. (2019). Mindfulness and acceptance approaches to sporting performance enhancement: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(1), 139–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1387803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rejeski, W. J., & Brawley, L. R. (1988). Defining the boundaries of sport psychology. The Sport Psychologist, 2(3), 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2.3.231
   Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A. (2009). Emotion, core affect, and psychological construction. Cognition & Emotion, 23(7), 1259–1283. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902809375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 805–819. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ryska, T. A. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral strategies and precompetitive anxiety among recreational athletes. The Psychological Record, 48(4), 697–708. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandelowski, M., Voils, C. I., & Barroso, J. (2006). Defining and designing mixed research synthesis studies. Research in the Schools, 13(1), 29–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scherer, K. R. (2009). The dynamic architecture of emotion: Evidence for the component process model. Cognition & Emotion, 23(7), 1307–1351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902928969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 108–131. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220–247. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahtinen, R., McDougall, M., Feddersen, N., Tikkanen, O., Morris, R., & Ronkainen, N. J. (2020). Me, myself, and my thoughts: The influence of brooding and reflective rumination on depressive symptoms in athletes in the United Kingdom. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 14(3), 285–304. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2019-0039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenenbaum, G., Hatfield, B. D., Eklund, R. C., Land, W. M., Calmeiro, L., Razon, S., & Schack, T. (2009). A conceptual framework for studying emotions-cognitions-performance linkage under conditions that vary in perceived pressure. Progress in Brain Research, 174, 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(09)01314-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Thelwell, R. C., & Greenlees, I. A. (2003). Developing competitive endurance performance using mental skills training. The Sport Psychologist, 17(3), 318–337. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.17.3.318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodorakis, Y., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Chroni, S. (2008). Self-talk: It works, but how? Development and preliminary validation of the functions of self-talk questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 12(1), 10–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10913670701715158
   Google Scholar
• Theodorakis, Y., Weinberg, R., Natsis, P., Douma, I., & Kazakas, P. (2000). The effects of motivational versus instructional self-talk on improving motor performance. The Sport Psychologist, 14(3), 253–271. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.3.253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tod, D., Hardy, J., & Oliver, E. (2011). Effects of self-talk: A systematic review. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(5), 666–687. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.5.666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., … Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Raalte, J. L., Brewer, B. W., Rivera, P. M., & Petitpas, A. J. (1994). The relationship between observable self-talk and competitive junior tennis players’ match performances. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(4), 400–415. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.16.4.400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Raalte, J. L., Cornelius, A. E., Copeskey, M. K., & Brewer, B. W. (2014). Say what? An analysis of spontaneous self-talk categorization. The Sport Psychologist, 28(4), 390–393. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Raalte, J. L., Morrey, R. B., Cornelius, A. E., & Brewer, B. W. (2015). Self-talk of marathon runners. The Sport Psychologist, 29(3), 258–260. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Raalte, J. L., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Wadey, R., & Hanton, S. (2008). Basic psychological skills usage and competitive anxiety responses. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(3), 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2008.10599500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Walter, N., Nikoleizig, L., & Alfermann, D. (2019). Effects of self-talk training on competitive anxiety, self-efficacy, volitional skills, and performance: An intervention study with junior sub-elite athletes. Sports, 7(6), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7060148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Wood, A. G., Turner, M. J., Barker, J. B., & Higgins, S. J. (2017). Investigating the effects of irrational and rational self-statements on motor-skill and hazard-perception performance. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 6(4), 384–400. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Woodcock, C., Cumming, J., Duda, J. L., & Sharp, L. A. (2012). Working within an individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF) framework: Consultant practice and athlete reflections on refining emotion regulation skills. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(3), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G. (2013). Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 77–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2012.723728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Zervas, Y., Stavrou, N. A., & Psychountaki, M. (2007). Development and validation of the Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ) for sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(2), 142–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200601185156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Zourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Chroni, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Papaioannou, A. (2009). Automatic Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports (ASTQS): Development and preliminary validation of a measure identifying the structure of athletes’ self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 23(2), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.2.233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar