391
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Can we win the war on obesity with pharmacotherapy?

&
Pages 1289-1297 | Received 23 Jun 2016, Accepted 31 Aug 2016, Published online: 13 Sep 2016

References

  • Lyon DM, Dunlop DM. The treatment of obesity: a comparison of the effects of diet and of thyroid extract. QJM. 1932;1(2):331–352.
  • Love IN. Thyroid extract in juvenile obesity: a clinical note. JAMA. 1900;XXXIV(16):975–976.
  • Ree MJ. Thyroid-induced myxoedema. Br Med J. 1962;2(5297):97–99.
  • Winkler AW, Lavietes PH, Robbins CL, et al. Tolerance to oral thyroid and reaction to intravenous thyroxine in subjects without myxedema. J Clin Invest. 1943;22(4):535–544.
  • Ramage S, Farmer A, Eccles KA, et al. Healthy strategies for successful weight loss and weight maintenance: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014;39(1):1–20.
  • Wadden TA, West DS, Delahanty L, et al. The Look AHEAD study: a description of the lifestyle intervention and the evidence supporting it. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14(5):737–752.
  • Wadden TA, Neiberg RH, Wing RR, et al. Four-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with long-term success. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(10):1987–1998.
  • Lenoir L, Maillot M, Guilbot A, et al. Primary care weight loss maintenance with behavioral nutrition: an observational study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(9):1771–1777.
  • Thomas JG, Bond DS, Phelan S, et al. Weight-loss maintenance for 10 years in the National Weight Control Registry. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46(1):17–23.
  • Fontana MA, Wohlgemuth SD. The surgical treatment of metabolic disease and morbid obesity. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2010;39(1):125–133.
  • Casagrande DS, Rosa DD, Umpierre D, et al. Incidence of cancer following bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2014;24(9):1499–1509.
  • Largent JA, Vasey J, Bessonova L, et al. Reduction in Framingham risk of cardiovascular disease in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Adv Ther. 2013;30(7):684–696.
  • Arterburn D, Bogart A, Coleman KJ, et al. Comparative effectiveness of bariatric surgery vs. nonsurgical treatment of type 2 diabetes among severely obese adults. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2013;7(4):e258–268.
  • Courcoulas AP, Belle SH, Neiberg RH, et al. Three-year outcomes of bariatric surgery vs lifestyle intervention for Type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2015;150(10):931–940.
  • Dorman RB, Miller CJ, Leslie DB, et al. Risk for hospital readmission following bariatric surgery. PLoS One. 2016;7(3):e32506.
  • Ostlund MP, Backman O, Marsk R, et al. Increased admission for alcohol dependence after gastric bypass surgery compared with restrictive bariatric surgery. JAMA Surg. 2013;148(4):374–377.
  • Peterhansel C, Petroff D, Klinitzke G, et al. Risk of completed suicide after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2013;14(5):369–382.
  • Tindle HA, Omalu B, Courcoulas A, et al. Risk of suicide after long-term follow-up from bariatric surgery. Am J Med. 2010;123(11):1036–1042.
  • Bhatti JA, Nathens AB, Thiruchelvam D, et al. Self-harm emergencies after bariatric surgery: a population-based cohort study. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(3):226–232.
  • FDA. Guidance for industry developing products for weight management. 7533dft, 2007 Jan 31; 2007. p. 1–16
  • Fujioka K. Current and emerging medications for overweight or obesity in people with comorbidities. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17(11):1021–1032.
  • MacDaniels JS, Schwartz TL. Effectiveness, tolerability and practical application of the newer generation anti-obesity medications. Drugs Context. 2016;5:212291.
  • Genentech I. Xenical: prescribing information. Package Insert. San Francisco (CA); 2015.
  • Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, et al. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. Bmj. 2007;335(7631):1194–1199.
  • Davidson MH, Hauptman J, DiGirolamo M, et al. Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1999;281(3):235–242.
  • Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, et al. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):155–161.
  • FDA. Questions and Answers: Orlistat and Severe Liver Injury; 2010. Available from: www.fda.gov
  • Morris M, Lane P, Lee K, et al. An integrated analysis of liver safety data from orlistat clinical trials. Obesity Facts. 2012;5(4):485–494.
  • Humayun Y, Ball KC, Lewin JR, et al. Acute oxalate nephropathy associated with orlistat. J Nephropathol. 2016;5(2):79–83.
  • Bentley D, Young AM, Rowell L, et al. Evidence of a drug-drug interaction linked to inhibition of ester hydrolysis by orlistat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012;60(4):390–396.
  • Li Z, Hong K, Yip I, et al. Body weight loss with phentermine alone versus phentermine and fenfluramine with very-low-calorie diet in an outpatient obesity management program: a retrospective study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2003;64(7):447–460.
  • Li Z, Maglione M, Tu W, et al. Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(7):532–546.
  • Kim HO, Lee JA, Suh HW, et al. Postmarketing surveillance study of the efficacy and safety of phentermine in patients with obesity. Korean J Fam Med. 2013;34(5):298–306.
  • Hendricks EJ, Rothman RB. Phentermine therapy for obesity does not elevate blood pressure. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13(10):963–964.
  • Rothman RB, Hendricks EJ. Phentermine cardiovascular safety. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27(8):1010–1013.
  • Hendricks EJ, Greenway FL, Westman EC, et al. Blood pressure and heart rate effects, weight loss and maintenance during long-term phentermine pharmacotherapy for obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(12):2351–2360.
  • Thomas EA, McNair B, Bechtell JL, et al. Greater hunger and less restraint predict weight loss success with phentermine treatment. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(1):37–43.
  • VIVUS. VIVUS announces issuance of two key U.S. Patents for Qsymia; Patent Coverage for Qsymia Extended to 2029. Press Release 2013 Nov 13.
  • FDA. Risk of oral clefts in children born to mothers taking Topamax (topiramate). FDA Drug Saf Commun. 2011 Mar 4.
  • FDA. NDA 22580 VI-0521 (Qnexa) Briefing Document; 2012 Feb 22.
  • Davidson MH, Tonstad S, Oparil S, et al. Changes in cardiovascular risk associated with phentermine and topiramate extended-release in participants with comorbidities and a body mass index >/=27 kg/m(2). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(8):1131–1138.
  • James WP, Caterson ID, Coutinho W, et al. Effect of sibutramine on cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(10):905–917.
  • FDA. Drug details - Belviq. In: FDA approved drug products. 2012.
  • Arena Pharmaceuticals IEI. Arena Pharmaceuticals Issued Additional Patent Covering BELVIQ® (lorcaserin HCl) by United States Patent and Trademark Office. Press Release 2015 Oct 27.
  • Smith SR, Weissman NJ, Anderson CM, et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):245–256.
  • Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Raether B, et al. A one-year randomized trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3067–3077.
  • Bello NT, Liang NC. The use of serotonergic drugs to treat obesity–is there any hope? Drug Des Devel Ther. 2011;5:95–109.
  • Weissman NJ, Sanchez M, Koch GG, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac valvular regurgitation with lorcaserin from analysis of 3 phase 3 clinical trials. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(4):560–567.
  • Gotthardt JD, Bello NT. Efficacy and safety of lorcaserin-antiobesity effects with benefits. J Symptoms Signs. 2014;3(5):352–357.
  • Arena Pharmaceuticals IEI. U.S.FDA approves Belviq XR, a once-daily formulation of lorcaserin for chronic weight management. Press Release 2016 Jul 19.
  • FDA. FDA approves weight-management drug Contrave. Press Release 2014 Sep 10.
  • Orexigen Therapeutics I. Orexigen(R) Therapeutics Issued a Key U.S. Patent Covering Composition of Contrave(R) into 2025. Press Release 2008 May 27.
  • Verpeut JL, Bello NT. Drug safety evaluation of naltrexone/bupropion for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13(6):831–841.
  • Takeda Pharmaceuticals I. CONTRAVVE (naltrexone HCl and bupropion HCl) extended-release tablets prescribing information. Deerfield (IL): Orexigen Therapeutics, I; 2014.
  • Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Plodkowski RA, et al. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9741):595–605.
  • Apovian CM, Aronne L, Rubino D, et al. A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II). Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(5):935–943.
  • Wadden TA, Foreyt JP, Foster GD, et al. Weight loss with naltrexone SR/bupropion SR combination therapy as an adjunct to behavior modification: the COR-BMOD trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(1):110–120.
  • Hollander P, Gupta AK, Plodkowski R, et al. Effects of naltrexone sustained-release/bupropion sustained-release combination therapy on body weight and glycemic parameters in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):4022–4029.
  • Nissen SE, Wolski KE, Prcela L, et al. Effect of naltrexone-bupropion on major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight and obese patients with cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315(10):990–1004.
  • Wadden TA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE maintenance randomized study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37(11):1443–1451.
  • Saxenda (liraglutide injection). Prescribing Information. Plainsboro (NJ): Novo Nordisk, I; 2014.
  • Victoza (liraglutide injection). Prescribing Information. Plainsboro (NJ): Novo Nordisk, I; 2014.
  • Overgaard RV, Petri KC, Jacobsen LV, et al. Liraglutide 3.0 mg for weight management: a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016 May 19. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11–22.
  • Davies MJ, Bergenstal R, Bode B, et al. Efficacy of Liraglutide for weight loss among patients with Type 2 diabetes: the SCALE diabetes randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2015;314(7):687–699.
  • Madsen LW, Knauf JA, Gotfredsen C, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists and the thyroid: C-cell effects in mice are mediated via the GLP-1 receptor and not associated with RET activation. Endocrinology. 2012;153(3):1538–1547.
  • Boess F, Bertinetti-Lapatki C, Zoffmann S, et al. Effect of GLP1R agonists taspoglutide and liraglutide on primary thyroid C-cells from rodent and man. J Mol Endocrinol. 2013;50(3):325–336.
  • Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in Type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311–322.
  • Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, et al. Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. Jama. 2016;315(21):2284–2291.
  • Khera R, Murad MH, Chandar AK, et al. Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama. 2016;315(22):2424–2434.
  • Nguyen NT, Vu S, Kim E, et al. Trends in utilization of bariatric surgery, 2009-2012. Surg Endosc. 2016;30(7):2723–2727.
  • Philippidis A. Eisai Axing 200+ U.S. Employees in Restructuring. GEN News Highlights, 2015 Apr 10.
  • Osborne S Arena - Q1 sales will make for interesting Q1 conference call. Seeking Alpha, 2016 May 9.
  • Osborne S. Arena: Belviq sales going bust. Seeking Alpha, 2016 Apr 8.
  • BCC Research. Obesity drugs and therapies: technologies and global markets. 2016.
  • Bray GA. A concise review on the therapeutics of obesity. Nutrition. 2000;16(10):953–960.
  • Garattini S, Mennini T, Samanin R. From fenfluramine racemate to d-fenfluramine. Specificity and potency of the effects on the serotoninergic system and food intake. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;499:156–166.
  • Connolly HM, Crary JL, McGoon MD, et al. Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(9):581–588.
  • Teramae CY, Connolly HM, Grogan M, et al. Diet drug-related cardiac valve disease: the Mayo Clinic echocardiographic laboratory experience. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75(5):456–461.
  • Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Brenot F, et al. Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. International Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(9):609–616.
  • Weintraub M, Sundaresan PR, Madan M, et al. Long-term weight control study. I (weeks 0 to 34). The enhancement of behavior modification, caloric restriction, and exercise by fenfluramine plus phentermine versus placebo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;51(5):586–594.
  • Weintraub M, Sundaresan PR, Schuster B, et al. Long-term weight control study. IV (weeks 156 to 190). The second double-blind phase. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;51(5):608–614.
  • Weintraub M, Sundaresan PR, Schuster B, et al. Long-term weight control study. II (weeks 34 to 104). An open-label study of continuous fenfluramine plus phentermine versus targeted intermittent medication as adjuncts to behavior modification, caloric restriction, and exercise. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;51(5):595–601.
  • Weintraub M, Sundaresan PR, Schuster B, et al. Long-term weight control study. III (weeks 104 to 156). An open-label study of dose adjustment of fenfluramine and phentermine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;51(5):602–607.
  • FDA. FDA announces withdrawal fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine (Fen-Phen). FDA; 1997 Sep 15.
  • FDA. Meridia (sibutramine): market withdrawal due to risk of serious cardiovascular events. FDA; 2010 Oct 8.
  • FDA. Risk of oral clefts in children born to mothers taking Topamax (topiramate). FDA Drug Saf Commun. 2011 Mar 4.
  • Leggatt-Cook C, Chamberlain K. Blogging for weight loss: personal accountability, writing selves, and the weight-loss blogosphere. Sociol Health Illn. 2012;34(7):963–977.
  • AMA. American medical association response to “Guidance for Industry: Qualified Health Claims in the Labeling of Coventional Foods and Dietary Supplements [Docket No. 02N-0515]” dockets management branch (HFA-305) FDA. 2003.
  • Pillitteri JL, Shiffman S, Rohay JM, et al. Use of dietary supplements for weight loss in the United States: results of a national survey. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(4):790–796.
  • Marketdata Enterprises. $65 Billion U.S. weight loss market is in transition. Press Release 2015 Apr 21.
  • Smith S, Seeholzer EL, Gullett H, et al. Primary care residents’ knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and perceived professional norms regarding obesity, nutrition, and physical activity counseling. J Grad Med Educ. 2015;7(3):388–394.
  • Prasad SB, Fahrtash F, Malaiapan Y, et al. Prevalence, detection, and management of the metabolic syndrome in patients with acute myocardial infarction: role of an obesity-centric definition. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010; July 27;2010:1–7.
  • Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA. 2003;289(1):76–79.
  • Foundation RWJ. The State of Obesity: Medicare and Medicaid Obesity Coverage; 2015. Available from: http://stateofobesity.org/policy/quality-affordable-healthcare-and-obesity/medicare-and-medicaid-obesity-coverage

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.