Management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and spondyloarthritis

References

• Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel J-F, et al. Crohn’s disease. Lancet. 2017;389:1741–1755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungaro R, Mehandru S, Allen PB, et al. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 2017;389:1756–1770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbord M, Annese V, Vavricka SR, et al. The first European evidence-based consensus on extra-intestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2016;10:239–254.
   Google Scholar
• Gionchetti P, Rizzello F. IBD: IBD and spondyloarthritis: joint management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13:9–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivieri I, Cantini F, Castiglione F, et al. Italian Expert Panel on the management of patients with coexisting spondyloarthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:822–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonen A, Linden SMVD. The burden of ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2006;78:4–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michelsen B, Fiane R, Diamantopoulos AP, et al. A comparison of disease burden in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santiago MG, Marques A, Kool M, et al. Invalidation in patients with rheumatic diseases: clinical and psychological framework. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(4):512–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieper J, Hu X, Black CM, et al. Systematic review of clinical, humanistic, and economic outcome comparisons between radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;46:746–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Praet L, Van den Bosch FE, Jacques P, et al. Microscopic gut inflammation in axial spondyloarthritis: a multiparametric predictive model. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:414–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vos M, Mielants H, Cuvelier C, et al. Long-term evolution of gut inflammation in patients with spondyloarthropathy. Gastroenterology. 1996;110:1696–1703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palazzi C, D’Angelo S, Gilio M, et al. Pharmacological therapy of spondyloarthritis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16:1495–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouillon L, Bossuyt P, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Considerations, challenges and future of anti-TNF therapy in treating inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2016;16:1277–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Gasink C, et al. Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1946–1960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanaugh A, Puig L, Gottlieb AB, et al. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in psoriatic arthritis patients with peripheral arthritis and physician-reported spondylitis: post-hoc analyses from two phase III, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (PSUMMIT-1/PSUMMIT-2). Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:1984–1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karreman MC, Luime JJ, Hazes JMW, et al. The prevalence and incidence of axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2016;11:631–642.
   Google Scholar
• de Vlam K, Mielants H, Cuvelier C, et al. Spondyloarthropathy is underestimated in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and HLA association. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:2860–2865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters H, Cruyssen BV, Mielants H, et al. Clinical and genetic factors associated with sacroiliitis in Crohn’s disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;23(1):132–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Queiro R, Maiz O, Intxausti J, et al. Subclinical sacroiliitis in inflammatory bowel disease: a clinical and follow-up study. Clin Rheumatol. 2000;19:445–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conigliaro P, Chimenti MS, Ascolani M, et al. Impact of a multidisciplinary approach in enteropathic spondyloarthritis patients. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15:184–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovisco J, Duarte C, Batticcioto A, et al. Hidden musculoskeletal involvement in inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter ultrasound study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and for spondyloarthritis in general. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:25–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, et al. The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:777–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepriano A, Landew R, van der Heijde D, et al. Predictive validity of the ASAS classification criteria for axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis after follow-up in the ASAS cohort: a final analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:1034–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvarani C, Fries W. Clinical features and epidemiology of spondyloarthritides associated with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:2449–2455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandl P, Navarro-Compán V, Terslev L, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in the diagnosis and management of spondyloarthritis in clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1327–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taurog JD, Chhabra A, Colbert RA. Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2563–2574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclerc-Jacob S, Lux G, Rat AC, et al. The prevalence of inflammatory sacroiliitis assessed on magnetic resonance imaging of inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective study performed on 186 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39:957–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert RGW, Bakker PAC, van der Heijde D, et al. Defining active sacroiliitis on MRI for classification of axial spondyloarthritis: update by the ASAS MRI working group. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:1958–1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steer S, Jones H, Hibbert J, et al. Low back pain, sacroiliitis, and the relationship with HLA-B27 in Crohn’s disease. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:518–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orchard TR, Holt H, Bradbury L, et al. The prevalence, clinical features and association of HLA-B27 in sacroiliitis associated with established Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvikar SL, Fisher MC. Inflammatory bowel disease associated arthropathy. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2011;4:123–131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stolwijk C, Pierik M, Landewé R, et al. Prevalence of self-reported spondyloarthritis features in a cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Can J Gastroenterol. 2013;27:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibn Yacoub Y, Amine B, Laatiris A, et al. Relationship between diagnosis delay and disease features in Moroccan patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:357–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramaniam K, Tymms K, Shadbolt B, et al. Spondyloarthropathy in inflammatory bowel disease patients on TNF inhibitors. Intern Med J. 2015;45:1154–1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomollon F, Dignass A, Annese V, et al. 3rd European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease 2016: part 1: diagnosis and medical management. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2017;11:3–25.
   Google Scholar
• Magro F, Gionchetti P, Eliakim R, et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. part 1: definitions, diagnosis, extra-intestinal manifestations, pregnancy, cancer surveillance, surgery, and ileo-anal pouch disorders. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2017;11:649–670.
   Google Scholar
• Van Praet L, Jans L, Carron P, et al. Degree of bone marrow oedema in sacroiliac joints of patients with axial spondyloarthritis is linked to gut inflammation and male sex: results from the GIANT cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1186–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Billioud V, D’Haens G, et al. Development of the Paris definition of early Crohn’s disease for disease-modification trials: results of an international expert opinion process. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:1770–1776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cypers H, Varkas G, Beeckman S, et al. Elevated calprotectin levels reveal bowel inflammation in spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:1357–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Sandborn W, Sands BE, et al. Selecting therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel disease (STRIDE): determining therapeutic goals for treat-to-target. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:1324–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baert F, Moortgat L, Van Assche G, et al. Mucosal healing predicts sustained clinical remission in patients with early-stage Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:463–8; quiz e10–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel J-F, Rutgeerts PJ, Sandborn WJ, et al. Adalimumab induces deep remission in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:414–22.e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Rutgeerts P, Reinisch W, et al. Early mucosal healing with infliximab is associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1194–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laharie D, Filippi J, Roblin X, et al. Impact of mucosal healing on long-term outcomes in ulcerative colitis treated with infliximab: a multicenter experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37:998–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyoshi J, Matsuoka K, Inoue N, et al. Mucosal healing with oral tacrolimus is associated with favorable medium- and long-term prognosis in steroid-refractory/dependent ulcerative colitis patients. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2013;7:e609–e614.
   Google Scholar
• Ardizzone S, Cassinotti A, Duca P, et al. Mucosal healing predicts late outcomes after the first course of corticosteroids for newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:483–489.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen PB, Olivera P, Emery P, et al. Review article: moving towards common therapeutic goals in Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45:1058–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuitton L, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Colombel JF, et al. Defining endoscopic response and remission in ulcerative colitis clinical trials: an international consensus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45:801–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuitton L, Marteau P, Sandborn WJ, et al. IOIBD technical review on endoscopic indices for Crohn’s disease clinical trials. Gut. 2016;65:1447–1455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Panaccione R, Bossuyt P, et al. Superior endoscopic and deep remission outcomes in adults with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease managed with treat to target approach versus clinical symptoms: data from calm. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:S155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterman MT, Aberra FN, Cross R, et al. Mesalamine dose escalation reduces fecal calprotectin in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:1887–1893.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schipper LG, Vermeer M, Kuper HH, et al. A tight control treatment strategy aiming for remission in early rheumatoid arthritis is more effective than usual care treatment in daily clinical practice: a study of two cohorts in the Dutch rheumatoid arthritis monitoring registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:845–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope JE, Haraoui B, Rampakakis E, et al. Treating to a target in established active rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor: results from a real-world cluster-randomized adalimumab trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65:1401–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei -Chung CJ . Treat-to-target in spondyloarthritis: implications for clinical trial designs. Drugs. 2014;74(10):1091–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Ramiro S, Landewé R, et al. 2016 update of the ASAS-EULAR management recommendations for axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:978–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poddubnyy D, Protopopov M, Haibel H, et al. High disease activity according to the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score is associated with accelerated radiographic spinal progression in patients with early axial spondyloarthritis: results from the GErman SPondyloarthritis Inception Cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:2114–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baraliakos X, Braun J. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy with infliximab in spondyloarthritides. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2010;6:9–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolen JS, Braun J, Dougados M, et al. Treating spondyloarthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, to target: recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:6–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeten D, Sieper J, Braun J, et al. Secukinumab, an interleukin-17A inhibitor, in ankylosing spondylitis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2534–2548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AC, Kane SV, Khan KJ, et al. Efficacy of 5-aminosalicylates in Crohn’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:617–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim W-C, Wang Y, MacDonald JK, et al. Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7:CD008870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AC, Achkar J-P, Khan KJ, et al. Efficacy of 5-aminosalicylates in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:601–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Parker CE, Bhanji T, et al. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD000543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Parker CE, Feagan BG, et al. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;5:CD000544.
   Google Scholar
• Harbord M, Eliakim R, Bettenworth D, et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. part 2: current management. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2017;1–24. DOI:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx009
   Google Scholar
• Braun J, Zochling J, Baraliakos X, et al. Efficacy of sulfasalazine in patients with inflammatory back pain due to undifferentiated spondyloarthritis and early ankylosing spondylitis: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:1147–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Lin S, Liu C. Sulfasalazine for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;11:CD004800.
   Google Scholar
• Ward MM, Deodhar A, Akl EA, et al. American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network 2015 recommendations for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:282–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallinson C, Thorne P, Rahman DD, et al. 2014 update of the Canadian Rheumatology Association/Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada treatment recommendations for the management of spondyloarthritis. Part II: specific management recommendations. J Rheumatol. 2015;4242:665–681.
   Google Scholar
• Summers RW, Switz DM, Sessions JT, et al. National Cooperative Crohn’s Disease Study: results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology. 1979;77:847–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malchow H, Ewe K, Brandes JW, et al. European Cooperative Crohn’s Disease Study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology. 1984;86:249–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Bosworth B, Zakko S, et al. Budesonide foam induces remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative proctitis and ulcerative proctosigmoiditis. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:740–750.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH, et al. Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:103–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haibel H, Fendler C, Listing J, et al. Efficacy of oral prednisolone in active ankylosing spondylitis: results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled short-term trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:243–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieper J, Poddubnyy D. New evidence on the management of spondyloarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12:282–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chande N, Townsend CM, Parker CE, et al. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10:CD000545.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ardizzone S, Maconi G, Russo A, et al. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylic acid for treatment of steroid dependent ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2006;55:47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chebli LA, Chaves LDDM, Pimentel FF, et al. Azathioprine maintains long-term steroid-free remission through 3 years in patients with steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16:613–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chande N, Patton PH, Tsoulis DJ, et al. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;10:CD000067.
   Google Scholar
• Timmer A, Patton PH, Chande N, et al. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;5:CD000478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1383–1395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Middleton S, et al. Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:392–400.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Rochon J, Fedorak RN, et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. The North American Crohn’s Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:292–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald JW, Wang Y, Tsoulis DJ, et al. Methotrexate for induction of remission in refractory Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;8:CD003459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, McDonald JWD, Panaccione R, et al. Methotrexate in combination with infliximab is no more effective than infliximab alone in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:681–688.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonnel F, Colombel JF, Filippi J, et al. Methotrexate is not superior to placebo for inducing steroid-free remission, but induces steroid-free clinical remission in a larger proportion of patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:380–388.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, MacDonald JK, Vandermeer B, et al. Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;8:CD007560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haibel H, Brandt HC, Song IH, et al. No efficacy of subcutaneous methotrexate in active ankylosing spondylitis: a 16-week open-label trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:419–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ash Z, Gaujoux-Viala C, Gossec L, et al. A systematic literature review of drug therapies for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: current evidence and meta-analysis informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:319–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazlewood GS, Barnabe C, Tomlinson G, et al. Methotrexate monotherapy and methotrexate combination therapy with traditional and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;8:CD010227.
   Google Scholar
• Singh S, Garg SK, Pardi DS, et al. Comparative efficacy of biologic therapy in biologic-naïve patients with Crohn disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89:1621–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stidham RW, Lee TCH, Higgins PDR, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: the efficacy of anti-TNF agents for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39:1349–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazlewood GS, Rezaie A, Borman M, et al. Comparative effectiveness of immunosuppressants and biologics for inducing and maintaining remission in Crohn’s disease: a network meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:344–54.e5; quiz e14–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese S, Fiorino G, Peyrin-Biroulet L, et al. Biological agents for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:704–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1398–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, et al. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:876–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel J-F, Schwartz DA, Sandborn WJ, et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2009;58:940–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewint P, Hansen BE, Verhey E, et al. Adalimumab combined with ciprofloxacin is superior to adalimumab monotherapy in perianal fistula closure in Crohn’s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial (ADAFI). Gut. 2014;63:292–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callhoff J, Sieper J, Weiß A, et al. Efficacy of TNFα blockers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1241–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh D, Kavanaugh A. Psoriatic arthritis: current therapy and future directions. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013;14:1755–1764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paramarta JE, De Rycke L, Heijda TF, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab for the treatment of peripheral arthritis in spondyloarthritis patients without ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:1793–1799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mease P, Sieper J, Van Den Bosch F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of adalimumab in patients with nonpsoriatic peripheral spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:914–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löfberg R, Louis EV, Reinisch W, et al. Adalimumab produces clinical remission and reduces extraintestinal manifestations in Crohn’s disease: results from CARE. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:711–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:699–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweighoffer T, Tanaka Y, Tidswell M, et al. Selective expression of integrin alpha 4 beta 7 on a subset of human CD4+ memory T cells with hallmarks of gut-trophism. J Immunol. 1993;151:717–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyant T, Leach T, Sankoh S, et al. Vedolizumab affects antibody responses to immunisation selectively in the gastrointestinal tract: randomised controlled trial results. Gut. 2015;64:77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elewaut D, Keyser FD, Van Den Bosch F, et al. Enrichment of T cells carrying beta7 integrins in inflamed synovial tissue from patients with early spondyloarthropathy, compared to rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:1932–1937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varkas G, Thevissen K, De Brabanter G, et al. An induction or flare of arthritis and/or sacroiliitis by vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease: a case series. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:878–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadbiri S, Grimaud JC, Peyrin-Biroulet L, et al. Efficacy of vedolizumab on extraintestinal manifestation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a post-hoc analysis of the OBSERV-IBD cohort from the GETAID. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2017;11:S42.
   Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, et al. Effect of vedolizumab treatment on extraintestinal manifestations in patients with Crohn’s disease: a gemini 2 post hoc analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:S597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlando A, Orlando R, Ciccia F, et al. Clinical benefit of vedolizumab on articular manifestations in patients with active spondyloarthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:e31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Ustekinumab Induction and Maintenance Therapy in Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis (UNIFI). [cited 2017 Jun 21]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02407236
   Google Scholar
• Poddubnyy D, Hermann K-GA, Callhoff J, et al. Ustekinumab for the treatment of patients with active ankylosing spondylitis: results of a 28-week, prospective, open-label, proof-of-concept study (TOPAS). Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:817–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ustekinumab in the Treatment of Anti-TNFα Naive Participants With Active Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis. [cited 2017 Jun 21]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02437162
   Google Scholar
• An efficacy and safety study of ustekinumab in participants with active nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis. [cited 2017 Jun 21]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02407223
   Google Scholar
• Olivera P, Danese S, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Next generation of small molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2017;66:199–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivera P, Danese S, Peyrin-Biroulet L. JAK inhibition in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(7):693–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Ghosh S, Panes J, et al. A phase 2 study of tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:1485–93.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panés J, Sandborn WJ, Schreiber S, et al. Tofacitinib for induction and maintenance therapy of Crohn’s disease: results of two phase IIb randomised placebo-controlled trials. Gut. 2017;66:1049–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE, et al. Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1723–1736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeire S, Schreiber S, Petryka R, et al. Clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease treated with filgotinib (the FITZROY study): results from a phase 2, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389:266–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Panes J, et al. Safety and efficacy of ABT-494 (upadacitinib), an oral Jak1 inhibitor, as induction therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease: results from celest. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:S1308–1309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries LCS, Wildenberg ME, De Jonge WJ, et al. The future of Janus kinase inhibitors in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2017;11:885–893.
   Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Deodhar A, Wei JC, et al. Tofacitinib in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a phase II, 16-week, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(8):1340–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armuzzi A, Felice C, Lubrano E, et al. Multidisciplinary management of patients with coexisting inflammatory bowel disease and spondyloarthritis: a Delphi consensus among Italian experts. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;S1590-S8658(17):30934–30939.
   Google Scholar
• Moon W, Loftus EV. Review article: recent advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics for safe and effective thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43:863–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macaluso FS, Renna S, Maida M, et al. Tolerability profile of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective experience. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2017;1–7. DOI:10.1080/00365521.2017.1333626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy SJ, Wang L, Anderson LA, et al. Withdrawal of corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease patients after dependency periods ranging from 2 to 45 years: a proposed method. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30:1078–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorino G, Danese S, Pariente B, et al. Paradoxical immune-mediated inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease patients receiving anti-TNF-α agents. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:15–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiebault H, Boyard-Lasselin P, Guignant C, et al. Paradoxical articular manifestations in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases treated with infliximab. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;28:876–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingenstein G, Levy RN, Kornbluth A, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease related osteonecrosis: report of a large series with a review of the literature. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:243–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanai H, Shuster D, Calabrese E, et al. The incidence and predictors of lupus-like reaction in patients with IBD treated with anti-TNF therapies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:2778–2786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest K, Symmons D, Foster P. Systematic review: is ingestion of paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs associated with exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:1035–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi K, Smale S, Premchand P, et al. Prevalence and mechanism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced clinical relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:196–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miedany YE, Youssef S, Ahmed I, et al. The gastrointestinal safety and effect on disease activity of etoricoxib, a selective Cox-2 inhibitor in inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:311–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Stenson WF, Brynskov J, et al. Safety of celecoxib in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:203–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonner GF, Fakhri A, Vennamaneni SR. A long-term cohort study of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and disease activity in outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:751–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthel D, Ganser G, Kuester R-M, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients treated with biologics. J Rheumatol. 2015;42:2160–2165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieber A, Fawaz A, Novofastovski I, et al. Antitumor necrosis factor-α therapy associated with inflammatory bowel disease: three cases and a systematic literature review. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(7):1088–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Van Assche G, Gomez-Ulloa D, et al. Systematic review of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:25–36.e27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccia F, Guggino G, Rizzo A, et al. Type 3 innate lymphoid cells producing IL-17 and IL-22 are expanded in the gut, in the peripheral blood, synovial fluid and bone marrow of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1739–1747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van De Wiele T, Van Praet JT, Marzorati M, et al. How the microbiota shapes rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12:398–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar