Pharmacologic treatment options for type 1 diabetes: what’s new?

References

• Brange J, Owens DR, Kang S, et al. Monomeric insulins and their experimental and clinical implications. Diabetes Care. 1990;13(9):923–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luijf YM, Van Bon AC, Hoekstra JB, et al. Premeal injection of rapid-acting insulin reduces postprandial glycemic excursions in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2152–2155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens DR, Bolli GB. Beyond the era of NPH insulin—long-acting insulin analogs: chemistry, comparative pharmacology, and clinical application. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008;10(5):333–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogma RPLM, Hammond PJ, Gomis R, et al. Comparison of the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and NPH-based multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) on glycaemic control and quality of life: results of the 5-nations trial. Diabet Med. 2006;23(2):141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch IB, Bode BW, Garg S, et al. Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) of insulin aspart versus multiple daily injection of insulin aspart/insulin glargine in type 1 diabetic patients previously treated with CSII. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(3):533–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cengiz E, Weinzimer SA, Sherr JL, et al. Faster in and faster out: accelerating insulin absorption and action by insulin infusion site warming. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heise T, Nosek L, Rønn BB, et al. Lower within-subject variability of insulin detemir in comparison to NPH insulin and insulin glargine in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53(6):1614–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourgari E, Wilhelm EE, Hassanzadeh H, et al. A comprehensive review of the FDA-approved labels of diabetes drugs: indications, safety, and emerging cardiovascular safety data. J Diabetes Complications. 2017;31(12):1719–1727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquot N, Scheen AJ. [Faster aspart insulin (FIASP)]. Rev Med Liege. 2018;73(4):211–215.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heise T, Pieber TR, Danne T, et al. A pooled analysis of clinical pharmacology trials investigating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of fast-acting insulin aspart in adults with type 1 diabetes. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56(5):551–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu C, Bode BW, Franek E, et al. Efficacy and safety of fast-acting insulin aspart in comparison with insulin aspart in type 1 diabetes (onset 1): A 52-week, randomized, treat-to-target, phase III trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(5):1148–1155.
   Google Scholar
• Heise T, Hövelmann U, Zijlstra E, et al. A comparison of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties between faster-acting insulin aspart and insulin aspart in elderly subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Drugs Aging. 2017;34(1):29–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu A, Pieber TR, Hansen AK, et al. Greater early postprandial suppression of endogenous glucose production and higher initial glucose disappearance is achieved with fast-acting insulin aspart compared with insulin aspart. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(7):1615–1622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plum-Moerschel L, Loehr J, Liu R, et al. Ultra-Rapid Lispro (URLi) reduces postprandial glucose excursions vs. humalog in patients with T1D at multiple meal-to-dose timing intervals. Abstract 1010-P. Presented at 78th American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions; June 22–26, Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Pfizer. Exubera (insulin human [rDNA origin] inhalation powder) and Exubera Inhaler prescribing information. 2006. [cited 2019 Mar 16]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021868lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Quattrin T, Bélanger A, Bohannon NJV, et al. Efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin (Exubera) compared with subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes: results of a 6-month, randomized, comparative trial. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(11):2622–2627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oleck J, Kassam S, Goldman JD. Commentary: why was inhaled insulin a failure in the market? Diabetes Spectr. 2016;29(3):180–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfizer. NDA 21-868 Exubera (insulin human [rDNA origin]) Inhalation Powder Proposed risk evaluation and mitigation strategy. 2008.[Cited 2019 Mar 16]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/021868s016s017lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• MannKind. Afrezza (insulin human) Inhalation Powder. 2014. [cited 2019 Mar 16]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/022472lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Fala L. Afrezza (Insulin Human) inhalation powder approved for the treatment of patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Am Heal Drug Benefits. 2015;8:40–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfützner A, Mann AE, Steiner SS. Technosphere insulin—a new approach for effective delivery of human insulin via the pulmonary route. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2002;4(5):589–594.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lian H, Steiner SS, Sofia RD, et al. A self‐complementary, self‐assembling microsphere system: application for intravenous delivery of the antiepileptic and neuroprotectant compound felbamate. J Pharm Sci. 2000;89(7):867–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfützner A, Flacke F, Pohl R, et al. Pilot study with technosphere/PTH(1-34)–a new approach for effective pulmonary delivery of parathyroid hormone (1-34). Horm Metab Res. 2003;35(5):319–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode BW, McGill JB, Lorber DL, et al. Inhaled technosphere insulin compared with injected prandial insulin in type 1 diabetes: a randomized 24-week trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(12):2266–2273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanofi. Lantus (insulin glargine [rDNA origin] injection) prescribing information. 2009. [Cited 2019 Mar 16]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/021081s034lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NovoNordisk. Levemir (insulin detemir [rDNA origin] injection) prescribing information. 2012. Cited 2019 Mar 16. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/021536s037lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sanofi. Toujeo (insulin glargine injection) prescribing information. 2015. [cited 2019 Mar 16]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/206538lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Becker RHA, Dahmen R, Bergmann K, et al. New insulin glargine 300 units/ml provides a more even activity profile and prolonged glycemic control at steady state compared with insulin glargine 100 units/mL. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(4):637–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcellati F, Lucidi P, Candeloro P, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and modulation of hepatic glucose production with insulin glargine u-300 and glargine u-100 at steady state with individualized clinical doses in type 1 diabetes this study characterized the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharm. Clin Trial Reg No EudraCT. 2018;42(January):2015–2135.
   Google Scholar
• NovoNordisk. Tresiba (insulin degludec injection) prescribing information. 2015. [cited 2019 Mar 16]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/203314lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nasrallah SN, Raymond Reynolds L. Insulin degludec, the new generation basal insulin or just another basal insulin? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2012;5:31–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wakil A, Atkin SL. Efficacy and safety of ultra-long-acting insulin degludec. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2012;3(2):55–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korsatko S, Deller S, Mader JK, et al. Ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties of insulin degludec are comparable in elderly subjects and younger adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(1):47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korsatko S, Deller S, Koehler G, et al. A comparison of the steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of 100 and 200 U/mL formulations of ultra-long-acting insulin degludec. Clin Drug Investig. 2013;33(7):515–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehouse F, Kruger DF, Fineman M, et al. A randomized study and open-label extension evaluating the long-term efficacy of pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(4):724–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratner RE, Dickey R, Fineman M, et al. Amylin replacement with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycaemic and weight control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year, randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2004;21(11):1204–1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinzimer SA, Sherr JL, Cengiz E, et al. Effect of pramlintide on prandial glycemic excursions during closed-loop control in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(10):1994–1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galderisi A, Sherr J, VanName M, et al. Pramlintide but not liraglutide suppresses meal-stimulated glucagon responses in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(3):1088–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr JL, Patel NS, Michaud CI, et al. Mitigating meal-related glycemic excursions in an insulin-sparing manner during closed-loop insulin delivery: the beneficial effects of adjunctive pramlintide and liraglutide. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:1127–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle MC, Nahra R, Han J, et al. Control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes by 24-hour fixed-dose coadministration of pramlintide and regular human insulin: a randomized, two-way crossover study. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(11):2346–2352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squibb B-M. Glucophage (metformin hydrochloride) prescribing information. 2018. [cited 2019 Mar 16]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021332s007_S016.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Vella S, Buetow L, Royle P, et al. The use of metformin in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review of efficacy. Diabetologia. 2010;53(5):809–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie JR, Chaturvedi N, Ford I, et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of metformin in patients with type 1 diabetes (REMOVAL): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(8):597–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libman IM, Miller KM, DiMeglio LA, et al. Effect of metformin added to insulin on glycemic control among overweight/obese adolescents with type 1 diabetes a randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2015;314(21):2241–2250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(4):1409–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck MA, Niedereichholz U, Ettler R, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of gastric emptying outweighs its insulinotropic effects in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Metab. 1997;273(5):E981–E988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agersø H, Jensen LB, Elbrønd B, et al. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of NN2211, a new long-acting GLP-1 derivative, in healthy men. Diabetologia. 2002;45(2):195–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frandsen CS, Dejgaard TF, Holst JJ, et al. Twelve-week treatment with liraglutide as add-on to insulin in normal-weight patients with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind parallel study. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(12):2250–2257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu C, Zinman B, Hemmingsson JU, et al. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide added to insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes: the adjunct one treat-to-target randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(10):1702–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo H, Fang C, Huang Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of DPP4 inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;121:184–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul-Ghani M, DeFronzo R. Inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption: a novel strategy for achieving glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2008;14(6):782–790.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chao EC, Henry RR. SGLT2 inhibition-A novel strategy for diabetes treatment. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(7):551–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. Safety alerts for human medical products - SGLT2(Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2) inhibitors for diabetes: drug safety communication - regarding rare occurrences of a serious infection of the genital area. 2018.[cited 2019 Mar 16]. Available at https://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/safetyinformation/safetyalertsforhumanmedicalproducts/ucm618908.html.
   Google Scholar
• Chen J, Fan F, Wang JY, et al. The efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors for adjunctive treatment of type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):44128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamada T, Shojima N, Noma H, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors as add-on therapy to insulin for type 1 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(7):1755–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel NS, Van Name MA, Cengiz E, et al. Altered patterns of early metabolic decompensation in type 1 diabetes during treatment with a SGLT2 Inhibitor: an insulin pump suspension study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017;19(11):618–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spatola L, Finazzi S, Angelini C, et al. SGLT1 and SGLT1 inhibitors: a role to be assessed in the current clinical practice. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(1):427–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Garg SK, Rosenstock J, et al. Sotagliflozin in combination with optimized insulin therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes: the North American inTandem1 study. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(9):1970–1980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg SK, Henry RR, Banks P, et al. Effects of sotagliflozin added to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(24):2337–2348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agiostratidou G, Anhalt H, Ball D, et al. Standardizing clinically meaningful outcome measures beyond HbA1c for type 1 diabetes: a consensus report of the American association of clinical endocrinologists, the american association of diabetes educators, the American diabetes association, the endo. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(12):1622–1630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NovoNordisk. Fiasp insulin aspart injection prescribing information. 2018. [cited 2019 Mar 17]. Available at https://www.novo-pi.com/fiasp.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• AstraZeneca. Symlin (pramlintide acetate). 2014. [cited 2019 Mar 16]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021332s007_S016.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• NovoNordisk. Victoza (Liraglutide) prescribing information. 2017. [cited 2019 Mar 17]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/022341s027lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Garg SK, Peters AL, Buse JB, et al. Strategy for mitigating DKA risk in patients with type 1 diabetes on adjunctive treatment with SGLT Inhibitors: A STICH protocol. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2018;20(9):571–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Invokana (canagliflozin) prescribing information. 2013. [cited 2019 Mar 17]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/204042s000lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar