Does choice of antiretroviral drugs matter for inflammation?

References

• Marcus JL, Chao CR, Leyden WA, et al. Narrowing the gap in life expectancy between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals with access to care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;73:39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European AIDS Clinical Society. Guidelines. Version 9.0. Brussels, Belgium: European AIDS Clinical Society; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Washington (DC): Department of Health and Human Services USA; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Guaraldi G, Orlando G, Zona S, et al. Premature age-related comorbidities among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:1120–1126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr A, Cooper DA. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet. 2000;356:1423–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi AI, Li Y, Deeks SG, et al. Association between kidney function and albuminuria with cardiovascular events in HIV-infected persons. Circulation. 2010;121:651–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocroft A, Kirk O, Reiss P, et al. Estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease and antiretroviral drug use in HIV positive patients. AIDS. 2010;24:1667–1678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComsey GA, Kitch D, Daar ES, et al. Bone mineral density and fractures in antiretroviral-naive persons randomized to receive abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine along with efavirenz or atazanavir-ritonavir: aids Clinical Trials Group A5224s, a substudy of ACTG A5202. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:1791–1801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi AI, Vittinghoff E, Deeks SG, et al. Cardiovascular risks associated with abacavir and tenofovir exposure in HIV-infected persons. AIDS. 2011;25:1289–1298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baril JG, Angel JB, Gill MJ, et al. Dual therapy treatment strategies for the Management of Patients Infected with HIV: a systematic review of current evidence in ARV-naive or ARV-experienced, Virologically suppressed patients. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0148231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achhra AC, Mwasakifwa G, Amin J, et al. Efficacy and safety of contemporary dual-drug antiretroviral regimens as first-line treatment or as a simplification strategy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet HIV. 2016;3:e351–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin C, Llibre JM, Gallien S, et al. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-reducing strategies in HIV treatment: assessing the evidence. HIV Med. 2018;19:18–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathis S, Khanlari B, Pulido F, et al. Effectiveness of protease inhibitor monotherapy versus combination antiretroviral maintenance therapy: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011;6:e22003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeansyah E, Malone DF, Anthony DD, et al. Soluble biomarkers of HIV transmission, disease progression and comorbidities. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2013;8:117–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederman MM, Funderburg NT, Sekaly RP, et al. Residual immune dysregulation syndrome in treated HIV infection. Adv Immunol. 2013;119:51–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhaus J, Jacobs DR Jr, Baker JV, et al. Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1788–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederman MM, Calabrese L, Funderburg NT, et al. Immunologic failure despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is related to activation and turnover of memory CD4 cells. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:1217–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks SG. HIV infection, inflammation, immunosenescence, and aging. Annu Rev Med. 2011;62:141–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavigner M, Delobel P, Cazabat M, et al. HIV-1 residual viremia correlates with persistent T-cell activation in poor immunological responders to combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One. 2009;4(10):e7658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeger DM, Martin JN, Sinclair E, et al. Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrara MR, Cattelan AM, Zanchetta M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus load and immune activation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. J Clin Virol. 2012;53(3):195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shmagel KV, Saidakova EV, Shmagel NG, et al. Systemic inflammation and liver damage in HIV/HCV co-infection. HIV Med. 2016;17(8):581–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael AJ, Borrow P, Tomaras GD, et al. The immune response during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for vaccine development. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:11–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat Med. 2006;12:1365–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slim J, Saling CF. A Review of Management of Inflammation in the HIV Population. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:3420638.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giralt M, Domingo P, Villarroya F. Adipose tissue biology and HIV-infection. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Meta. 2011;25(3):487–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnson Y, Shoenfeld Y, Amita H. Effects of tobacco smoke on immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2010;34(3):J258–J265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulló M, Casas-Agustench P, Amigó-Correig P, et al. Inflammation, obesity and comorbidities: the role of diet. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(10A):1164–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(9):607–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor M-F, Irwin MR. Links between behavioral factors and inflammation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87(4):479–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraga S, Marques-Vidal P, Vollenweider P, et al. Association of socioeconomic status with inflammatory markers: a two cohort comparison. Prev Med. 2015;71:12–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComsey GA, Kitch D, Sax PE, et al. Associations of inflammatory markers with AIDS and non-AIDS clinical events after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: AIDS clinical trials group A5224s, a substudy of ACTG A5202. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;65:167–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French MA, Cozzi-Lepri A, Arduino RC, et al. Plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines and the risk of mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a case-control analysis nested in a large clinical trial. AIDS. 2015;29:847–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, et al. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med. 2008;5(10):e203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duprez DA, Neuhaus J, Kuller LH, et al. Inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(9):e44454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker JV, Sharma S, Grund B, et al. Systemic inflammation, coagulation, and clinical risk in the START trial. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(4):ofx262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo-Mancilla JR, Brown TT, Erlandson KM, et al. Suboptimal adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with higher levels of inflammation despite HIV suppression. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:1661–1667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hileman CO, Kinley B, Scharen-Guivel V, et al. Differential reduction in monocyte activation and vascular inflammation with integrase inhibitor-based initial antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected individuals. J Infect Dis. 2015;212:345–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelesidis T, Tran TT, Stein JH, et al. Changes in inflammation and immune activation with atazanavir-, raltegravir-, darunavir-based initial antiviral therapy: ACTG 5260s. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(4):651–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TT, McComsey GA, King MS, et al. Loss of bone mineral density after antiretroviral therapy initiation, independent of antiretroviral regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(5):554–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar P, DeJesus E, Huhn G, et al. Evaluation of cardiovascular biomarkers in a randomized trial of fosamprenavir/ritonavir vs. efavirenz with abacavir/lamivudine in underrepresented, antiretroviral-naive, HIV-infected patients (SUPPORT): 96-week results. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComsey GA, Kitch D, Daar ES, et al. Inflammation markers after randomization to abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with efavirenz or atazanavir/ritonavir. AIDS. 2012;26(11):1371–1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calza L, Magistrelli E, Danese I, et al. Changes in serum markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in HIV-infected antiretroviral naive patients starting a treatment with abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir-emtricitabine plus efavirenz. Curr HIV Res. 2016;14(1):61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funderburg NT, McComsey GA, Kulkarni M, et al. Equivalent decline in inflammation markers with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs. tenofovir alafenamide. EBioMedicine. 2016;13:321–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hileman CO, Funderburg NT. Inflammation, immune activation, and antiretroviral therapy in HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2017;14:93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez E, D‘Albuquerque PM, Llibre JM, et al. Changes in cardiovascular biomarkers in HIV-infected patients switching from ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors to raltegravir. AIDS. 2012;26:2315–2326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva EF, Charreau I, Gourmel B, et al. Decreases in inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers levels in HIV-infected patients switching from enfuvirtide to raltegravir: ANRS 138 substudy. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(6):892–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake J, McComsey G, Hulgan T, et al. Switch to raltegravir decreases soluble CD14 in virologically suppressed overweight women: the women, integrase and fat accumulation trial. HIV Med. 2014;15(7):431–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake J, Currier J, Koteff J, et al. Cardiovascular Biomarkers After Switching to ABC/DTG/3TC: the STRIIVING Study. 23rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2016 Feb 22-25; Boston, MA. P 660.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez E, Assoumou L, Moyle G, et al. 48-week changes in biomarkers in subjects with high cardiovascular risk switching from ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors to dolutegravir: the NEAT022 study. HIV Drug Therapy Glasgow; 2018 Oct 28-31; Glasgow, UK. Abstract O113.
   Google Scholar
• Masia M, Padilla S, Barber X, et al. comparative impact of suppressive antiretroviral regimens on the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio: a Cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e3108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedimo RJ, Drechsler H, Jain M, et al. The RADAR study: week 48 safety and efficacy of raltegravir combined with boosted DARunavir compared to tenofovir/emtricitabine combined with boosted darunavir in antiretroviral-naive patients. Impact on bone health. PLoS One. 2014;9:e106221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffi F, Babiker AG, Richert L, et al. Ritonavir-boosted darunavir combined with raltegravir or tenofovir–emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults infected with HIV-1: 96 week results from the NEAT001/ANRS143 randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2014;384:1942–1951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardino JI, Mocroft A, Mallon PW, et al. Bone mineral density and inflammatory and bone biomarkers after darunavir-ritonavir combined with either raltegravir or tenofovir-emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1: a substudy of the NEAT001/ANRS143 randomised trial. Lancet HIV. 2015;2:e464–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggiolo F, Di Filippo E, Valenti D, et al. NRTI sparing therapy in virologically controlled HIV-1 infected subjects: results of a controlled, randomized trial (Probe). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72:46–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin C, Llibre JM, Kahl L, et al. Renal, inflammatory and bone biomarkers following switch to the DTG + RPV 2-drug regimen: the SWORD-1 & SWORD-2 studies. 16th European AIDS Conference; 2017 Oct 25-27; Milan, Italy. BPD2/10.
   Google Scholar
• Aboud M, Orkin C, Podzamczer D, et al. Durable suppression 2 years after switch to dolutegravir + rilpivirine 2-drug regimen: SWORD-1 and SWORD-2 studies. 22nd International AIDS Conference; 2018 Jul 23-27; Amsterdam, the Netherlands. THPEB047.
   Google Scholar
• Di Giambenedetto S, Fabbiani M, Quiros Roldan E, et al. Treatment simplification to atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine versus maintenance of atazanavir/ritonavir + two NRTIs in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected patients: 48 week results from a randomized trial (ATLAS-M). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:1163–1171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmonti S, Lombardi F, Quiros-Roldan E, et al. Systemic inflammation markers after simplification to atazanavir/ritonavir plus lamivudine in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected patients: ATLAS-M substudy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:1949–1954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussini C, Lorenzini P, Cozzi-Lepri A, et al. Switching to dual/monotherapy determines an increase in CD8+ in HIV-infected individuals: an observational cohort study. BMC Med. 2018;16:79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiros-Roldan E, Magro P, Raffetti E, et al. Biochemical and inflammatory modifications after switching to dual antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients in Italy: a multicenter retrospective cohort study from 2007 to 2015. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Sánchez MC, Álvarez-Ríos AI, Bernal-Morell E, et al. Maintenance of virologic efficacy and decrease in levels of b2-microglobulin, soluble CD40L and soluble CD14 after switching previously treated HIV-infected patients to an NRTI-sparing dual therapy. Antivir Res. 2014;111:26–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molano M, Monsalvo M, Hernandez F, et al. Soluble activation and inflammation markers in HIV dual therapy in the setting of virological suppression: the Trilobithe study. HIV Drug Therapy Glasgow; 2018 Oct 28-31; Glasgow, UK. P113.
   Google Scholar
• Casado J, Montejano R, Negredo E, et al. Switching to a dual regimen with the combination of boosted darunavir plus raltegravir in severely experienced patients: a multicentre, retrospective analysis. HIV Drug Therapy Glasgow; 2018 Oct 28-31; Glasgow, UK. P110.
   Google Scholar
• Maggiolo F, Comi L, Gulminetti R, et al. Dolutegravir + lamivudine dual therapy in patients with suppressed HIV-RNA: long-term virological and immunological results of a multicentre cohort. HIV Drug Therapy Glasgow; 2018 Oct 28-31; Glasgow, UK. P104.
   Google Scholar
• Lombardi F, Belmonti S, Borghetti A, et al. Soluble CD14 levels decrease after switching from a dual regimen with 3TC+PI/r to 3TC+DTG in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients. HIV Drug Therapy Glasgow; 2018 Oct 28-31; Glasgow, UK. P103.
   Google Scholar
• Savès M, Raffi F, Capeau J, et al. Factors related to lipodystrophy and metabolic alterations in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:1396–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo P, Gutierrez MDM, Gallego-Escuredo JM, et al. A 48-week study of fat molecular alterations in HIV naive patients starting tenofovir/emtricitabine with lopinavir/ritonavir or efavirenz. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66:457–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mencarelli A, Cipriani S, Francisci D, et al. Highly specific blockade of CCR5 inhibits leukocyte trafficking and reduces mucosal inflammation in murine colitis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D‘Antoni ML, Mitchell BI, McCurdy S, et al. Cenicriviroc inhibits trans-endothelial passage of monocytes and is associated with impaired E-selectin expression. J Leukoc Biol. 2018;104:1241–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper DA, Heera J, Goodrich J, et al. Maraviroc versus efavirenz, both in combination with zidovudine-lamivudine, for the treatment of antiretroviral-naive subjects with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:803–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzón MJ, Massanella M, Llibre JM, et al. HIV-1 replication and immune dynamics are affected by raltegravir intensification of HAART-suppressed subjects. Nat Med. 2010;16:460–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Molina JA, Rubio R, Rivero A, et al. Dual treatment with atazanavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine versus triple treatment with atazanavir-ritonavir plus two nucleos(t)ides in virologically stable patients with HIV-1 (SALT): 48-week results from a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:775–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arribas JR, Girard PM, Landman R, et al. Dual treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine versus triple treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine or emtricitabine and a second nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for maintenance of HIV-1 viral suppression (OLE): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:785–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulido F, Ribera E, Lagarde M, et al. Dual therapy with darunavir and ritonavir plus lamivudine vs triple therapy with darunavir and ritonavir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine or abacavir and lamivudine for maintenance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral suppression: randomized, open-label, noninferiority DUAL-GESIDA 8014-RIS-EST45 trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:2112–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahn P, Andrade-Villanueva J, Arribas JR, et al. Dual therapy with lopinavir and ritonavir plus lamivudine versus triple therapy with lopinavir and ritonavir plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in antiretroviral-therapy-naive adults with HIV-1 infection: 48 week results of the randomised, open label, non-inferiority GARDEL trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:572–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahn P, Madero JS, Arribas JR, et al. Dolutegravir plus lamivudine versus dolutegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (GEMINI-1 and GEMINI-2): week 48 results from two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2019;393(10167):143–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar