Hippocampal volume, function, and related molecular activity in anorexia nervosa: A scoping review

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington (VA): APA Publishing; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• King JA, Korb FM, Vettermann R, et al. Cognitive overcontrol as a trait marker in anorexia nervosa? Aberrant task-and response-set switching in remitted patients. J Abnorm Psychol. 2019;128(8):806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treasure J, Schmidt U. The cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model of anorexia nervosa revisited: A summary of the evidence for cognitive, socio-emotional and interpersonal predisposing and perpetuating factors. J Eat Disord. 2013;1(1):13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zakzanis KK, Campbell Z, Polsinelli A. Quantitative evidence for distinct cognitive impairment in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. J Neuropsychol. 2010 Mar;4(Pt 1):89–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weider S, Indredavik MS, Lydersen S, et al. Neuropsychological function in patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2015 May;48(4):397–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012 Aug;14(4):406–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoving RK, Andries A, Brixen K, et al. Gender differences in outcome of eating disorders: A retrospective cohort study. Psychiatry Res. 2011 Apr 30;186(2–3):362–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy KT, Tabri N, Thomas JJ, et al. Recovery from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa at 22-year follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(2):184–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalsa SS, Portnoff LC, McCurdy-McKinnon D, et al. What happens after treatment? A systematic review of relapse, remission, and recovery in anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord. 2017;5(1):20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, et al. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(7):724–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treasure J, Stein D, Maguire S. Has the time come for a staging model to map the course of eating disorders from high risk to severe enduring illness? An examination of the evidence. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;9(3):173–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmerich H, Hotopf M, Shetty H, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity as a risk factor for mortality in people with anorexia nervosa. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019 Apr;269(3):351–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne S, Wade T, Hay P, et al. A randomised controlled trial of three psychological treatments for anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med. 2017;47(16):16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treasure JDT, Schmidt U. Eating disorders. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):899–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson HJ, Yilmaz Z, Thornton LM, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa. Nat Genet. 2019 Aug;51(8):1207–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubel C, Marzi SJ, Breen G, et al. Epigenetics in eating disorders: A systematic review. Mol Psychiatry. 2019 Jun;24(6):901–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duriez P, Ramoz N, Gorwood P, et al. A Metabolic Perspective on Reward Abnormalities in Anorexia Nervosa. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Dec;30(12):915–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King JA, Frank GKW, Thompson PM, et al. Structural Neuroimaging of Anorexia Nervosa: future Directions in the Quest for Mechanisms Underlying Dynamic Alterations. Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Feb 1;83(3):224–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin Monzon B, Henderson LA, Madden S, et al. Grey matter volume in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and associated eating disorder symptoms. Eur J Neurosci. 2017 Oct;46(7):2297–2307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonville L, Giampietro V, Williams SC, et al. Alterations in brain structure in adults with anorexia nervosa and the impact of illness duration. Psychol Med. 2014 Jul;44(9):1965–1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempermann G, Gage FH, Aigner L, et al. Human Adult Neurogenesis: Evidence and remaining questions. Cell Stem Cell. 2018 Jul 5;23(1):25–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbarich-Marsteller NC, Fornal CA, Takase LF, et al. Activity-based anorexia is associated with reduced hippocampal cell proliferation in adolescent female rats. Behav Brain Res. 2013 Jan 1;236(1):251–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staples MC, Fannon MJ, Mysore KK, et al. Dietary restriction reduces hippocampal neurogenesis and granule cell neuron density without affecting the density of mossy fibers. Brain Res. 2017 May ;15(1663):59–65.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson RJ, Francis HM. The hippocampus and the regulation of human food intake. Psychol Bull. 2017 Oct;143(10):1011–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AR, Kim JH, Cho E, et al. Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus Differentiate in Functional Pathways and Differentially Associate with Neurological Disease-Related Genes during Postnatal Development. Front Mol Neurosci. 2017;10:331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird CM, Burgess N. The hippocampus and memory: Insights from spatial processing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Mar;9(3):182–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheirbek MA, Drew LJ, Burghardt NS, et al. Differential control of learning and anxiety along the dorsoventral axis of the dentate gyrus. Neuron. 2013 Mar 6;77(5):955–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anacker C, Luna VM, Stevens GS, et al. Hippocampal neurogenesis confers stress resilience by inhibiting the ventral dentate gyrus. Nature. 2018 Jul;559(7712):98–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix-Ortiz AC, Tye KM, Amygdala inputs to the ventral hippocampus bidirectionally modulate social behavior. J Neurosci. 2014 Jan 8;34(2):586–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anacker C, Hen R. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive flexibility - linking memory and mood. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 Jun;18(6):335–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanti A, Westphal WP, Girault V, et al. Region-dependent and stage-specific effects of stress, environmental enrichment, and antidepressant treatment on hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus. 2013 Sep;23(9):797–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan SM, Nolan YM. Neuroinflammation negatively affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition: can exercise compensate? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Feb;61:121–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton B, Bartholdy S, Robinson L, et al. A meta-analysis of cytokine concentrations in eating disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2018 Aug;103:252–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtblau N, Schmidt FM, Schumann R, et al. Cytokines as biomarkers in depressive disorder: Current standing and prospects. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;25(5):592–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton B, Campbell IC, Chung R, et al. Inflammatory Markers in Anorexia Nervosa: An exploratory study. Nutrients. 2018 Oct 24;10(11):11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng S, Li W, Lv L, et al. BDNF as a biomarker in diagnosis and evaluation of treatment for schizophrenia and depression. Discov Med. 2018;26(143):127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munhoz CD, Garcia-Bueno B, Madrigal JLM, et al. Stress-induced neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and new pharmacological targets. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2008;41(12):1037–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecei A, van Winkel R. Hippocampal pattern separation of emotional information determining risk or resilience in individuals exposed to childhood trauma: Linking exposure to neurodevelopmental alterations and threat anticipation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020 Jan;108:160–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W, Ge T, Leng Y, et al. The Role of Neural Plasticity in Depression: From hippocampus to prefrontal cortex. Neural Plast. 2017;2017:6871089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmaca M, Yildirim H, Ozdemir H, et al. Hippocampus and amygdalar volumes in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Jul 1;32(5):1283–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin LM, Rauch SL, Pitman RK. Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Jul;1071(1):67–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chami R, Monteleone AM, Treasure J, et al. Stress hormones and eating disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019 Nov ;1(497):110349.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs BL, Van Praag H, Gage FH. Adult brain neurogenesis and psychiatry: A novel theory of depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5(3):262–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malberg JE, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, et al. Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2000;20(24):9104–9110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels BA, Anacker C, Hu A, et al. 5-HT1A receptors on mature dentate gyrus granule cells are critical for the antidepressant response. Nat Neurosci. 2015 Nov;18(11):1606–1616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SC. Neurogenesis and antidepressant action. Cell Tissue Res. 2019 Jul;377(1):95–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCarolis NA, Eisch AJ. Hippocampal neurogenesis as a target for the treatment of mental illness: A critical evaluation. Neuropharmacology. 2010;58(6):6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang E, Wen Z, Song H, et al. Adult Neurogenesis and Psychiatric Disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2016 Sep 1;8(9):9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada J, Jinno S. Potential link between antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and promotion of adult neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus of mice. Neuropharmacology. 2019 Nov ;1(158):107710.
   Google Scholar
• Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, et al. Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine in Depressed Patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47(4):351–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aan Het Rot M, Zarate CA, Charney DS, et al. Ketamine for depression: Where do we go from here? Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Oct 1;72(7):537–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWilde KE, Levitch CF, Murrough JW, et al. The promise of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression: Current evidence and future directions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015 May;1345(1):47–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feder A, Parides MK, Murrough JW, et al. Efficacy of intravenous ketamine for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;71(6):681–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills IH, Park GR, Manara AR, et al. Treatment of compulsive behaviour in eating disorders with intermittent ketamine infusions. QJM. 1998;91(7):493–503.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sala M, Perez J, Soloff P, et al. Stress and hippocampal abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004 Oct;14(5):393–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childress JE, McDowell EJ, Dalai VVK, et al. Hippocampal volumes in patients with chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;25(1):12–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell S, Marriott M, Nahmias C, et al. Lower Hippocampal Volume in Patients Suffering From Depression: A meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(4):598–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frodl T, O’Keane V. How does the brain deal with cumulative stress? A review with focus on developmental stress, HPA axis function and hippocampal structure in humans. Neurobiol Dis. 2013 Apr;52:24–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant MJ, Booth A. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Info Libr J. 2009 Jun;26(2):91–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, et al. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018 Nov 19;18(1):143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters M, Godfrey C, McInerney P, et al. The Joanna Briggs Institute reviewers’ manual 2015: Methodology for JBI scoping reviews. Adelaide (Australia): The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2015
   Google Scholar
• Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Oct 2;169(7):467–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breithaupt L, Chunga-Iturry N, Lyall AE, et al. Developmental stage-dependent relationships between ghrelin levels and hippocampal white matter connections in low-weight anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020 Sep;119:104722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SJ, Barker GJ, O’Daly OG, et al. Restraint of appetite and reduced regional brain volumes in anorexia nervosa: A voxel-based morphometric study. BMC Psychiatr. 2011;11(1):179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burkert NT, Koschutnig K, Ebner F, et al. Structural hippocampal alterations, perceived stress, and coping deficiencies in patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2015 Sep;48(6):670–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chui HT, Christensen BK, Zipursky RB, et al. Cognitive function and brain structure in females with a history of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):426–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connan F, Murphy F, Connor SE, et al. Hippocampal volume and cognitive function in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 2006 Mar 31;146(2):117–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank GK, Shott ME, Hagman JO, et al. Localized brain volume and white matter integrity alterations in adolescent anorexia nervosa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;52(10):1066–1075 e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano GD, Renzetti P, Parodi RC, et al. Volume measurement with magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampus-amygdala formation in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001;24(7):510–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King JA, Geisler D, Ritschel F, et al. Global cortical thinning in acute anorexia nervosa normalizes following long-term weight restoration. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(7):624–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles AE, Voineskos AN, French L, et al. Subcortical volume and cortical surface architecture in women with acute and remitted anorexia nervosa: An exploratory neuroimaging study. J Psychiatr Res. 2018 Jul;102:179–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrvang AD, Vangberg TR, Stedal K, et al. Hippocampal subfields in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2018 Dec ;30(282):24–30.
   Google Scholar
• Nickel K, Joos A, Tebartz van Elst L, et al. Recovery of cortical volume and thickness after remission from acute anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2018 Sep;51(9):1056–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amianto F, Caroppo P, D’Agata F, et al. Brain volumetric abnormalities in patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa: A voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Sep 30;213(3):210–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardoni F, King JA, Geisler D, et al. Weight restoration therapy rapidly reverses cortical thinning in anorexia nervosa: A longitudinal study. Neuroimage. 2016 Apr ;15(130):214–222.
   Google Scholar
• Kazlouski D, Rollin MD, Tregellas J, et al. Altered fimbria-fornix white matter integrity in anorexia nervosa predicts harm avoidance. Psychiatry Res. 2011 May 31;192(2):109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Via E, Zalesky A, Sanchez I, et al. Disruption of brain white matter microstructure in women with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2014 Nov;39(6):367–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beadle JN, Paradiso S, Brumm M, et al. Larger hippocampus size in women with anorexia nervosa who exercise excessively than healthy women. Psychiatry Res. 2015 May 30;232(2):193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainz V, Schulte-Rüther M, Fink GR, et al. Structural brain abnormalities in adolescent anorexia nervosa before and after weight recovery and associated hormonal changes. Psychosom Med. 2012;74(6):574–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang L, Ro O, Endestad T. Amygdala alterations during an emotional conflict task in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2016 Feb ;28(248):126–133.
   Google Scholar
• Holsen LM, Lawson EA, Blum J, et al. Food motivation circuitry hypoactivation related to hedonic and nonhedonic aspects of hunger and satiety in women with active anorexia nervosa and weight-restored women with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2012 Sep;37(5):322–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders N, Smeets PA, van Elburg AA, et al. Altered food-cue processing in chronically ill and recovered women with anorexia nervosa. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel M, Borchardt V, Geisler D, et al. Abnormal Spontaneous Regional Brain Activity in Young Patients With Anorexia Nervosa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019 Nov;58(11):1104–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson EA, Holsen LM, Desanti R, et al. Increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal drive is associated with decreased appetite and hypoactivation of food-motivation neurocircuitry in anorexia nervosa. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013 Nov;169(5):639–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson EA, Holsen LM, Santin M, et al. Oxytocin secretion is associated with severity of disordered eating psychopathology and insular cortex hypoactivation in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Oct;97(10):E1898–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SJ, O’Daly O, Uher R, et al. Thinking about eating food activates visual cortex with reduced bilateral cerebellar activation in females with anorexia nervosa: An fMRI study. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e34000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziv A, O’Donnell JM, Ofei-Tenkorang N, et al. Correlation of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response to Visual Food Stimuli With Clinical Measures in Adolescents With Restrictive Eating Disorders. J Adolesc Health. 2020 Aug;67(2):209–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison Z, Foong J, Howard R, et al. Functional anatomy of calorie fear in anorexia nervosa. Lancet. 1998;352(9135):1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato Y, Saito N, Utsumi A, et al. Neural basis of impaired cognitive flexibility in patients with anorexia nervosa. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e61108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai J, Xu T, Zhang H, et al. Fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation in drug-naive first-episode patients with anorexia nervosa: A resting-state fMRI study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Feb;99(9):e19300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takano A, Shiga T, Kitagawa N, et al. Abnormal neuronal network in anorexia nervosa studied with I-123-IMP SPECT. Psychiatry Res Neuroim. 2001;107(1):45–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seed JA, Dixon RA, McCluskey SE, et al. Basal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cognitive function in anorexia nervosa. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;250(1):11–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley ADEH, Nimmo-Smith I. The Doors and People Test: A test of visual and verbal recall and recognition. Bury-St-Edmunds (UK): Thames Valley Test Company; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence AD, Dowson J, Foxall GL, et al. Impaired visual discrimination learning in anorexia nervosa. Appetite. 2003;40(1):85–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foerde K, Steinglass JE. Decreased feedback learning in anorexia nervosa persists after weight restoration. Int J Eat Disord. 2017 Apr;50(4):415–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant DA, Berg EA. behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem. J Exp Psychol. 1948;38(4):404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Skibinska M, Slopien A, et al. Serum neurotrophin concentrations in polish adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychobiology. 2013;67(1):25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank GK, Kaye WH, Meltzer CC, et al. Reduced 5-HT2A receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(9):896–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshizawa M, Tashiro M, Fukudo S, et al. Increased brain histamine H1 receptor binding in patients with anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Feb 15;65(4):329–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton E, Hibar D, Yilmaz Z, et al. Exploration of Shared Genetic Architecture Between Subcortical Brain Volumes and Anorexia Nervosa. Mol Neurobiol. 2019 Jul;56(7):5146–5156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang HW, Li DY, Zhao J, et al. Metabolic imaging of deep brain stimulation in anorexia nervosa: A 18F-FDG PET/CT study. Clin Nucl Med. 2013;38(12):942–948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien JT, Lloyd A, McKeith I, et al. A longitudinal study of hippocampal volume, cortisol levels, and cognition in older depressed subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(11):2081–2090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone AM, Patriciello G, Ruzzi V, et al. Deranged emotional and cortisol responses to a psychosocial stressor in anorexia nervosa women with childhood trauma exposure: evidence for a “maltreated ecophenotype”? J Psychiatr Res. 2018;104:39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone AM, Monteleone P, Serino I, et al. Childhood trauma and cortisol awakening response in symptomatic patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2015;48(6):615–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmerich H, Schönknecht P, Heitmann S, et al. Laboratory parameters and appetite regulators in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Prac. 2010;16(2):82–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leppanen J, Cardi V, Ng KW, et al. The effects of intranasal oxytocin on smoothie intake, cortisol and attentional bias in anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017 May;79:167–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirtz R, Hinney A. Genetic and epigenetic findings in anorexia nervosa. Med Genet. 2020;31(1):25–29.
   Google Scholar
• Coyle CM, Laws KR. The use of ketamine as an antidepressant: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2015 May;30(3):152–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollaahmetoglu OM, Walsh J, Rootman S, et al. Ketamine for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders: A comprehensive systematic review. In preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Hermens DF, Simcock G, Dutton M, et al. Anorexia nervosa, zinc deficiency and the glutamate system: The ketamine option. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2020 Jul ;13(101):109921.
   Google Scholar
• Wicking M, Nees F, Steiger F. Neuropsychological measures of hippocampal function. In: Szabo K, Hennerici MG, editors. The hippocampus in clinical neuroscience. Vol. 34. Basel: Karger Publishers; 2014. p. 66–70.
   Google Scholar
• Yassa MA, Stark CE. Pattern separation in the hippocampus. Trends Neurosci. 2011;34(10):515–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemps E, Tiggemann M, Wade T, et al. Selective working memory deficits in anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2006;14(2):97–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchanturia K, Anderluh MB, Morris RG, et al. Cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10(4):513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013 Nov ;26(4):863.
   Google Scholar
• Bezeau S, Graves R. Statistical power and effect sizes of clinical neuropsychology research. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001 Jun;23(3):399–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner BO, Paul EJ, Miller MB, et al. Small sample sizes reduce the replicability of task-based fMRI studies. Commun Biol. 2018;1(1):62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frank GKW, Favaro A, Marsh R, et al. Toward valid and reliable brain imaging results in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2018 Mar;51(3):250–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien LM, Ziegler DA, Deutsch CK, et al. Statistical adjustments for brain size in volumetric neuroimaging studies: some practical implications in methods. Psychiatry Res. 2011 Aug 30;193(2):113–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu PZ, Nusslock R. Exercise-Mediated Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus via BDNF. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreutzmann JC, Havekes R, Abel T, et al. Sleep deprivation and hippocampal vulnerability: changes in neuronal plasticity, neurogenesis and cognitive function. Neuroscience. 2015 Nov ;19(309):173–190.
   Google Scholar
• Allison KC, Spaeth A, Hopkins CM. Sleep and Eating Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016 Oct;18(10):92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow N, Hwang KS, Hurtz S, et al. Comparing 3T and 1.5T MRI for mapping hippocampal atrophy in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 Apr;36(4):653–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm O, Pohlack S, Cacciaglia R, et al. Amygdalar and hippocampal volume: A comparison between manual segmentation, Freesurfer and VBM. J Neurosci Methods. 2015 Sep ;30(253):254–261.
   Google Scholar
• Nunn K, Frampton I, Gordon I, et al. The fault is not in her parents but in her insula–a neurobiological hypothesis of anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2008 Sep;16(5):355–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riva G, Gaudio S. Allocentric lock in anorexia nervosa: new evidences from neuroimaging studies. Med Hypotheses. 2012 Jul;79(1):113–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassab R, Alexandre F. Integration of exteroceptive and interoceptive information within the hippocampus: A computational study. Front Syst Neurosci. 2015;9:87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkinson PM, Taylor L, Laws KR. Self-reported interoceptive deficits in eating disorders: A meta-analysis of studies using the eating disorder inventory. J Psychosom Res. 2018 Jul;110:38–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman LA, Shapiro ML, Nalbantoglu J. A novel, rapidly acquired and persistent spatial memory task that induces immediate early gene expression. Behav Brain Functions. 2010;6(1):1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Metzler-Baddeley C, Jones DK, Belaroussi B, et al. Frontotemporal connections in episodic memory and aging: A diffusion MRI tractography study. J Neurosci. 2011 Sep 14;31(37):13236–13245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne B, Dodek AB. Disrupted patterns of consummatory behavior in rats with fornix transections. Behav Neural Biol. 1986;45(2):212–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keating C. Theoretical perspective on anorexia nervosa: the conflict of reward. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010 Jan;34(1):73–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar KJ, de la Cruz F, Berger S, et al. Structural and functional differences in the cingulate cortex relate to disease severity in anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015 Jul;40(4):269–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardoni F, King JA, Geisler D, et al. Nutritional Status Affects Cortical Folding: Lessons learned from anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Nov 1;84(9):692–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catlow BJ, Song S, Paredes DA, et al. Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning. Exp Brain Res. 2013 Aug;228(4):481–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoveT Why Psychedelics Could be the Future of Anorexia Treatment [Webpage].California; 2019 [ cited 2020 Jul18]. Available from: https://elemental.medium.com/psychedelics-for-anorexia-b7f6b2bc59fa
   Google Scholar
• Clinicaltrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 Feb 29. Identified NCT04052568, Effects of Psilocybin in Anorexia Nervosa; 2019 Aug 12 [cited 2020 Jul 20]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04052568.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hare R Imperial launches world’s first Centre for Psychedelics Research Webpage: Imperial college london news 2019 [ cited 2020 Jul18]. Available from: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/190994/imperial-launches-worlds-first-centre-psychedelics/
   Google Scholar
• Idell RD, Florova G, Komissarov AA, et al. The fibrinolytic system: A new target for treatment of depression with psychedelics. Med Hypotheses. 2017 Mar;100:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patsalos O, Mavrogiannidis T, Dalton B, et al. Phosphatidylcholine Containing Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A treatment adjunct for patients with anorexia nervosa? Psychiatr danub. Spring. 2020;32(1):55–59.
   Google Scholar
• Borsini A, Stangl D, Jeffries AR, et al. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in preventing glucocorticoid-induced reduction in human hippocampal neurogenesis and increase in apoptosis. Transl Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 7;10(1):219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yau SY, Lau BW, So KF. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: A possible way how physical exercise counteracts stress. Cell Transplant. 2011;20(1):99–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro-Sanchis C, Brock O, Winsky-Sommerer R, et al. Modulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Sleep: Impact on mental health. Front Neural Circuits. 2017;11:74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luders E, Toga AW, Lepore N, et al. The underlying anatomical correlates of long-term meditation: Larger hippocampal and frontal volumes of gray matter. Neuroimage. 2009 Apr 15;45(3):672–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar