Use of calcium channel blockers in dermatology: a narrative review

References

• Dolphin AC. Voltage-gated calcium channels: their discovery, function and importance as drug targets. Brain Neurosci Adv. 2018;2: 2398212818794805.
   Google Scholar
• Striessnig J, Pinggera A, Kaur G, et al. L-type Ca2+ channels in heart and brain. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Membr Transp Signal. 2014;3(2):15–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrari R. Major differences among the three classes of calcium antagonists. Eur Heart J. 1997;18(Suppl):A:A56–70.
   Google Scholar
• Baccino D, Merlo G, Cozzani E, et al. Cutaneous effects of antihypertensive drugs. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2020;155(2):202–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis S, Raju AR, Thomas E, et al. Efonidipine-induced exanthematic drug eruption and literature review. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2019;73(6):394–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuchinda P, Kulthanan K, Khankham S, et al. Cutaneous adverse reactions to calcium channel blockers. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2014;32(3):246–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioulios P, Charalampos M, Efrossini T. The spectrum of cutaneous reactions associated with calcium antagonists: a review of the literature and the possible etiopathogenic mechanisms. Dermatol Online J. 2020;82(2):6.
   Google Scholar
• Young L, Shehade SA, Chalmers RJ. Cutaneous reactions to diltiazem. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1990;15(6):467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamaras I, Kyriakis K. Calcium antagonists in dermatology: a review of the evidence and research-based studies. Dermatol Online J. 2010;125(3):8.
   Google Scholar
• Purcell SM, Hayes TJ. Nifedipine treatment of idiopathic atrophie blanche. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14(5 Pt 1):851–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker CR, Duncan WC. Antiplatelet therapy in atrophie blanche and livedo vasculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;7(3):359–363.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dima A, Balanescu P, Baicus C. Pharmacological treatment in calcinosis cutis associated with connective-tissue diseases. Rom J Intern Med. 2014;52(2):55–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Traineau H, Aggarwal R, Monfort JB, et al. Treatment of calcinosis cutis in systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis: a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(2):317–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmieri GM, Sebes JI, Aelion JA, et al. Treatment of calcinosis with diltiazem. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(11):1646–1654.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz A. Molecular studies of the calcium antagonist binding site on calcium channels. Am J Cardiol. 1994;73(6):12B–14B.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron M, Pope J, Robinson D, et al. Calcinosis is associated with digital ischaemia in systemic sclerosis—a longitudinal study. Rheumatology. 2016;55(12):2148–2155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vayssairat M, Hidouche D, Abdoucheli-Baudot N, et al. Clinical significance of subcutaneous calcinosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. Does diltiazem induce its regression? Ann Rheum Dis. 1998;57(4):252–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balin SJ, Wetter DA, Andersen LK, et al. Calcinosis cutis occurring in association with autoimmune connective tissue disease: the Mayo Clinic experience with 78 patients, 1996–2009. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(4):455–462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shahi V, Wetter DA, Cappel JA, et al. Vasospasm is a consistent finding in pernio (Chilblains) and a possible clue to pathogenesis. Dermatology. 2015;231(3):274–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedrich CM, Fiebig B, Hauck FH, et al. Chilblain lupus erythematosus–a review of literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27(8):949–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milliner BHA, Brant-Zawadzki G, McIntosh SE. Effect of calcium-channel blockade on the cold-induced vasodilation response. Wilderness Environ Med. 2020;31(3):312–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carceller A, González Torcal JP, Viscor G. Topical nifedipine administration for secondary prevention in frostbitten patients. Front Physiol. 2020;11:695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyssen A, Benhadou F, Magnée M, et al. Chilblains. Vasa. 2020;49(2):133–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasan EK, Zhao J, Poteet J, et al. Development of a UV-stabilized topical formulation of nifedipine for the treatment of raynaud phenomenon and Chilblains. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(11):594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souwer IH, Bor JH, Smits P, et al. Nifedipine vs placebo for treatment of chronic Chilblains: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Fam Med. 2016;14(5):453–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons CP, Read NW. Anal hypertonia in fissures: cause or effect? Br J Surg. 1986;73(6):443–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farouk R, Duthie GS, MacGregor AB, et al. Sustained internal sphincter hypertonia in patients with chronic anal fissure. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37(5):424–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, et al. Ischaemic nature of anal fissure. Br J Surg. 1996;83(1):63–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj R, Vaizey CJ, Boulos PB, et al. Neuromyogenic properties of the internal anal sphincter: therapeutic rationale for anal fissures. Gut. 2000;46(6):861–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas M, Neal KR, Abercrombie JF, et al. A randomized trial of oral vs. topical diltiazem for chronic anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44(8):1074–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson RL, Manuel D, Gumienny C, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatment of anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol. 2017;21(8):605–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha SK, Thapa PB, Maharjan DK, et al. Effectiveness of 0.2% glyceryl trinitrate and 0.5% nifedipine in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2017;56(205):149–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ala S, Saeedi M, Hadianamrei R, et al. Topical diltiazem vs. topical glyceril trinitrate in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2012;75(4):438–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrò G, De Vita V, Patalano A, et al. Confirmed efficacy of topical nifedipine in the treatment of facial wrinkles. J Dermatolog Treat. 2014;25(4):319–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young JR, Sternbach S, Willinger M, et al. The etiology, evaluation, and management of plantar fibromatosis. Orthop Res Rev. 2018;11:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggio RF, Freitas VM, Cassiola FM, et al. Effect of a calcium-channel blocker (verapamil) on the morphology, cytoskeleton and collagenase activity of human skin fibroblasts. Burns. 2011;37(4):616–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch WP 3rd, Easterling WJ, Talbert RL, et al. ORIGINAL RESEARCH—PEYRONIE’S DISEASE: topical verapamil HCl, topical trifluoperazine, and topical magnesium sulfate for the treatment of peyronie’s Disease— a placebo-controlled pilot study. J Sex Med. 2007;4(2):477–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman J, Benet A, Melman A. Use of intralesional verapamil to dissolve Peyronie’s disease plaque: a long-term single-blind study. Urology. 1998;51(4):620–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidari M, Nejadi JR, Ghate A, et al. Evaluation of intralesional injection of verapamil in treatment of Peyronie’s disease. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60(4):291–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirazi M, Haghpanah AR, Badiee M, et al. Effect of intralesional verapamil for treatment of Peyronie’s disease: a randomized single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int Urol Nephrol. 2009;41(3):467–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soh J, Kawauchi A, Kanemitsu N, et al. Nicardipine vs. saline injection as treatment for Peyronie’s disease: a prospective, randomized, single blind trial. J Sex Med. 2010;7(11):3743–3749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin DJ, Badwan K, Parker M, et al. Transdermal application of verapamil gel to the penile shaft fails to infiltrate the tunica albuginea. J Urol. 2002;168(6):2483–2485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth M, Eickelberg O, Kohler E, et al. Ca2+ channel blockers modulate metabolism of collagens within the extracellular matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93(11):5478–5482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman B, Maderal A, Raphael B. Keloids and hypertrophic scars: pathophysiology, classification, and treatment. Dermatol Surg. 2017;43(Suppl 1):S3–S18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boggio RF, Boggio LF, Galvão BL, et al. Topical verapamil as a scar modulator. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2014;38(5):968–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Jin Z. Comparative effect and safety of verapamil in keloid and hypertrophic scar treatment: a meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016;12:1635–1641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattab FM, Nasr M, Khashaba SA, et al. Combination of pulsed dye laser and verapamil in comparison with verapamil alone in the treatment of keloid. J Dermatolog Treat. 2020;31(2):186–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza JVP, Murase LS, Caleffi-Ferracioli KR, et al. Isoniazid and verapamil modulatory activity and efflux pump gene expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020;24(6):591–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vianna JS, Machado D, Ramis IB, et al. The contribution of Efflux Pumps in mycobacterium abscessus complex resistance to clarithromycin. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019;8(3):153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JA. Therapy for painful cutaneous leiomyomas. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13(5 Pt 2):865–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo B, Radotra BD, Kaur I, et al. Zosteriform pilar leiomyoma. J Dermatol. 2001;28(12):759–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudligi C, Khaitan BK, Bhagwat PV, et al. Unilateral multi-segmental leiomyomas: a report of rare case. Indian J Dermatol. 2013;58(2):160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Archer CB, Greaves MW. Assessment of treatment for painful cutaneous leiomyomas. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;17(1):141–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrick AL. Pathogenesis of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(5):587–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matucci-Cerinic C, Nagaraja V, Prignano F, et al. The role of the dermatologist in Raynaud’s phenomenon: a clinical challenge. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(7):1120–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rirash F, Tingey PC, Harding SE, et al. Calcium channel blockers for primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;12(12):CD000467.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson AE, Pope JE. Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(2):145–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AE, Shea B, Welch V, et al. Calcium-channel blockers for Raynaud’s phenomenon in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(8):1841–1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigley FM, Flavahan NA. Raynaud’s phenomenon. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(6):556–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowal-Bielecka O, Fransen J, Avouac J, et al. Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(8):1327–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin AL, Pehr K. Coexistence of erythromelalgia and Raynaud’s phenomenon. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50(3):456–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slutsker GE. Coexistence of Raynaud’s syndrome and erythromelalgia. Lancet. 1990;335(8693):853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunahara JF, Gora-Harper ML, Nash KS. Possible erythromelalgia-like syndrome associated with nifedipine in a patient with Raynaud’s phenomenon. Ann Pharmacother. 1996;30(5):484–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann N, King T, Murphy R. Review of primary and secondary erythromelalgia. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2019;44(5):477–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tham SW, Giles M. Current pain management strategies for patients with erythromelalgia: a critical review. J Pain Res. 2018;11:1689–1698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein RK. Angioedematous urticaria in a diabetic patient successfully treated with nifedipine. Diabetes Care. 1985;8(2):197–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueiredo A, Tellechea O. Calcium channel blocking agents in the treatment of urticaria. Diabetes Care. 1986;9(2):215–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanizaki Y, Akagi K, Lee KN, et al. Inhibitory effect of nifedipine and cromolyn sodium on skin reactions and 45Ca uptake and histamine release in rat mast cells induced by various stimulating agents. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1983;72(2):102–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bressler RB, Sowell K, Huston DP. Therapy of chronic idiopathic urticaria with nifedipine: demonstration of beneficial effect in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;83(4):756–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozkul Y. Influence of calcium channel blocker drugs in neuromuscular transmission. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(9):2005–2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ally MS, Tang JY, Lindgren J, et al. Effect of calcium channel blockade on vismodegib-induced muscle cramps. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(10):1132–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton AM, Drummond C. Current concepts in vulvodynia with a focus on pathogenesis and pain mechanisms. Australas J Dermatol. 2016;57(4):253–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesselmann U, Bonham A, Vulvodynia FD. Current state of the biological science. Pain. 2014;155(9):1696–1701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook TA, Brading AF, Mortensen NJ. Effects of nifedipine on anorectal smooth muscle in vitro. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42(6):782–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein J, Tuma R, Farajun Y, et al. Topical nifedipine for the treatment of localized provoked vulvodynia: a placebo-controlled study. J Pain. 2010;11(12):1403–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmati AA, Mojiri Forushani H, Mohammad Asgari H. Wound healing potential of topical amlodipine in full thickness wound of rabbit. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2014;9(3):e15638.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhaskar HN, Udupa SL, Udupa AL. Effect of nifedipine and amlodipine on dead space wound healing in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2005;43(3):294–296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zolfagharnezhad H, Khalili H, Mohammadi M, et al. Topical nifedipine for the treatment of pressure ulcer: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Ther. 2021;28(1):e41–e51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinker B, Fink BF, Barry NG, et al. The effect of calcium channel blockers on smoking-induced skin flap necrosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125(3):866–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes RC, Wittel JB, Paez PS, et al. Topical diltiazem for ulceration of striae distensae associated with bevacizumab therapy. Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(1):e12750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranugha PSS, Betkerur JB. Antihypertensives in dermatology Part II - Cutaneous adverse reactions to antihypertensives. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2018;84(2):137–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles S, Gupta AK, Shear NH. The spectrum of cutaneous reactions associated with diltiazem: three cases and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(2 Pt 1):201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha A, Rizzo V. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis secondary to nifedipine. S D Med. 2016;118(9):199–201.
   Google Scholar
• García MSDSM, Noguerado-Mellado B, Rojas Pérez-Ezquerra P, et al. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis due to diltiazem: investigation of cross-reactivity with other calcium channel blockers. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(4):765–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalo Garijo MA, Pérez Calderón R, De Argila Fernández-durán D, et al. Cutaneous reactions due to diltiazem and cross reactivity with other calcium channel blockers. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2005;33(4):238–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desai N, Alexis AF, DeLeo VA. Facial hyperpigmentation caused by diltiazem hydrochloride.. Cutis. 2010;86(2):82–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seggev JS, Lagstein Z. Photosensitivity skin reactions to calcium channel blockers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97(3):852–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbagci Z. Amlodipine associated hyperpigmentation. Saudi Med J. 1999;42(6):103–105.
   Google Scholar
• Joly P, Benoit-Corven C, Baricault S, et al. Chronic eczematous eruptions of the elderly are associated with chronic exposure to calcium channel blockers: results from a case-control study. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127(12):2766–2771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruen AB, Zhou J, Morton KA, et al. Photodegraded nifedipine stimulates uptake and retention of iron in human epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116(5):774–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trautmann A, Altznauer F, Akdis M, et al. The differential fate of cadherins during T-cell-induced keratinocyte apoptosis leads to spongiosis in eczematous dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117(4):927–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers EM, Bingham CS, Dahle KW, et al. Chronic eczematous eruptions in the aging: further support for an association with exposure to calcium channel blockers. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(7):814–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauro T, Dixon DB, Komuves L, et al. Keratinocyte K+ channels mediate Ca2+-induced differentiation. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;108(6):864–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resing KA, Al-alawi N, Blomquist C, et al. Independent regulation of two cytoplasmic processing stages of the intermediate filament-associated protein filaggrin and role of Ca2+ in the second stage. J Biol Chem. 1993;268(33):25139–25145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinnerthaler M, Richter K. The influence of calcium on the skin pH and epidermal barrier during aging. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2018;54:79–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Triveni MG, Rudrakshi C, Mehta DS. Amlodipine-induced gingival overgrowth. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2009;13(3):160–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• López-Pintor RM, Hernández G, De Arriba L, et al. Amlodipine and nifedipine used with cyclosporine induce different effects on gingival enlargement. Transplant Proc. 2009;41(6):2351–2353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyska A, Shemesh M, Tal H, et al. Gingival hyperplasia induced by calcium channel blockers: mode of action. Med Hypotheses. 1994;43(2):115–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warszawik-Hendzel O, Olszewska M, Rakowska A, et al. Cardiovascular drug use and risk of actinic keratosis: a case-control study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020;10(4):735–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su KA, Habel LA, Achacoso NS, et al. Photosensitizing antihypertensive drug use and risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(5):1088–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birx DL, Berger M, Fleisher TA. The interference of T cell activation by calcium channel blocking agents. J Immunol. 1984;133(6):2904–2909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright B, Zeidman I, Greig R, et al. Inhibition of macrophage activation by calcium channel blockers and calmodulin antagonists. Cell Immunol. 1985;95(1):46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumori A, Nishio R, Nose Y. Calcium channel blockers differentially modulate cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Circ J. 2010;74(3):567–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandini S, Palli D, Spadola G, et al. Anti-hypertensive drugs and skin cancer risk: a review of the literature and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018;122:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang H, Fu S, Zhai S, et al. Use of antihypertensive drugs and risk of keratinocyte carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27(3):279–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura K, Kanasashi M, Suga C, et al. Cutaneous reactions induced by calcium channel blocker: high frequency of psoriasiform eruptions. J Dermatol. 1993;20(5):279–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen AD, Kagen M, Friger M, et al. Calcium channel blockers intake and psoriasis: a case-control study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001;81(5):347–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzouz B, Laugier-Castellan D, Sanchez-Pena P, et al. Calcium channel blocker exposure and psoriasis risk: pharmacovigilance investigation and literature data. Therapie. 2021;76(1):5-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtis B, Larson MJ, Hoang MP, et al. Case report: verapamil-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Drugs Dermatol. 2005;4(4):506–508.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meer M, Kaufmann R. Annular leukocytoclastic vasculitis after the administration of an amlodipine generic. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(2):238–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magro CM, Daniels BH, Crowson AN. Drug induced pseudolymphoma. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2018;35(4):247–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar