498
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Recent advances and future perspectives in the pharmacological treatment of Candida auris infections

, , , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 1205-1220 | Received 11 Apr 2021, Accepted 25 Jun 2021, Published online: 15 Jul 2021

References

  • Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, et al. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital. Microbiol Immunol. 2009 Jan;53(1):41–44.
  • Short B, Brown J, Delaney C, et al. Candida auris exhibits resilient biofilm characteristics in vitro: implications for environmental persistence. J Hosp Infect. 2019 Sep;103(1):92–96.
  • Osei Sekyere J. Candida auris: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current updates on an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen. Microbiologyopen 2019 Aug;8(8):e00901.
  • Ong CW, Chen SC-A, Clark JE, et al. Diagnosis, management and prevention of Candida auris in hospitals: position statement of the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases. Intern Med J. 2019 Oct;49(10):1229–1243.
  • Kenters N, Kiernan M, Chowdhary A, et al. Control of Candida auris in healthcare institutions: outcome of an International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy expert meeting. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019 Oct;54(4):400–406.
  • Garcia-Bustos V, Salavert M, Ruiz-Gaitán AC, et al. A clinical predictive model of candidaemia by Candida auris in previously colonized critically ill patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Nov;26(11):1507–1513.
  • Shastri PS, Shankarnarayan SA, Oberoi J, et al. Candida auris candidaemia in an intensive care unit - Prospective observational study to evaluate epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome. J Crit Care. 2020 Jun;57:42–48.
  • Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 15;62(4):e1–50.
  • Jallow S, Govender NP. Ibrexafungerp: a First-in-Class Oral Triterpenoid Glucan Synthase Inhibitor. J Fungi. 2021 Mar;7(3):163.
  • PubChem. Ibrexafungerp [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 5]. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/46871657
  • Ghannoum M, Arendrup MC, Chaturvedi VP, et al. Ibrexafungerp: a Novel Oral Triterpenoid Antifungal in Development for the Treatment of Candida auris Infections. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Aug 25;9(9):539.
  • SCYNEXIS Announces Advancement of Ibrexafungerp’s Intravenous Formulation to Clinical Stage and Provides Further Updates on its Clinical Studies in Patients with Life-Threatening Fungal Infections : SCYNEXIS, Inc. (SCYX) [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 10]. Available from: https://www.scynexis.com/news-media/press-releases/detail/226/scynexis-announces-advancement-of-ibrexafungerps
  • Jiménez-Ortigosa C, Perez WB, Angulo D, et al. De Novo Acquisition of Resistance to SCY-078 in Candida glabrata Involves FKS Mutations That both Overlap and Are Distinct from Those Conferring Echinocandin Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Aug 24;61(9):e00833-17.
  • Davis MR, Donnelley MA, Thompson GR. Ibrexafungerp: a novel oral glucan synthase inhibitor. Med Mycol. 2020 Jul 1;58(5):579–592.
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Rhomberg PR, et al. Differential Activity of the Oral Glucan Synthase Inhibitor SCY-078 against Wild-Type and Echinocandin-Resistant Strains of Candida Species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jul 25;61(8):e00161-17.
  • Wiederhold NP, Najvar LK, Jaramillo R, et al. Oral glucan synthase inhibitor SCY-078 is effective in an experimental murine model of invasive candidiasis caused by WT and echinocandin-resistant Candida glabrata. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Feb 1;73(2):448–451.
  • Wring S, Murphy G, Atiee G, et al. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Coadministered SCY-078, an Oral Fungicidal Glucan Synthase Inhibitor, and Tacrolimus. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2019 Jan;8(1):60–69.
  • Wring S, Murphy G, Atiee G, et al. Lack of Impact by SCY-078, a First-in-Class Oral Fungicidal Glucan Synthase Inhibitor, on the Pharmacokinetics of Rosiglitazone, a Substrate for CYP450 2C8, Supports the Low Risk for Clinically Relevant Metabolic Drug-Drug Interactions. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Oct;58(10):1305–1313.
  • Marcos-Zambrano LJ, Gómez-Perosanz M, Escribano P, et al. The novel oral glucan synthase inhibitor SCY-078 shows in vitro activity against sessile and planktonic Candida spp. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Jul 1;72(7):1969–1976.
  • Larkin E, Hager C, Chandra J, et al. The Emerging Pathogen Candida auris: growth Phenotype, Virulence Factors, Activity of Antifungals, and Effect of SCY-078, a Novel Glucan Synthesis Inhibitor, on Growth Morphology and Biofilm Formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 May 61;(5): e02396–16.
  • Zhu YC, Barat SA, Borroto-Esoda K, et al. Candida auris isolates from the outbreak in New York are susceptible to ibrexafungerp (a glucan synthase inhibitor). Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Apr;55(4):105922.
  • Arendrup MC, Jørgensen KM, Hare RK, et al. In Vitro Activity of Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) against Candida auris Isolates as Determined by EUCAST Methodology and Comparison with Activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata and with the Activities of Six Comparator Agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Feb 21;64(3):e02136-19.
  • Berkow EL, Angulo D, Lockhart SR. In Vitro Activity of a Novel Glucan Synthase Inhibitor, SCY-078, against Clinical Isolates of Candida auris. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jun 27;61(7):e00435-17.
  • Ghannoum M, Isham N, Angulo D, et al. Efficacy of Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) against Candida auris in an In Vivo Guinea Pig Cutaneous Infection Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Sep 21;64(10):e00854-20.
  • Wiederhold NP, Najvar LK, Olivo M, et al. Ibrexafungerp Demonstrates in vitro Activity against Fluconazole-Resistant Candida auris and in vivo Efficacy with Delayed Initiation of Therapy in an Experimental Model of Invasive Candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 May 18;65(6):e02694-20.
  • A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) vs. Placebo in Subjects With Acute Vulvovaginal Candidiasis [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 18]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03734991
  • Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) vs. Placebo in Subjects With Acute Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (Vanish 306) [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 21]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03987620
  • Phase 3 Study of Oral Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) Vs. Placebo in Subjects With Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) (CANDLE) [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 21]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04029116
  • Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SCY-078 (Ibrexafungerp) in Patients With Fungal Diseases That Are Refractory to or Intolerant of Standard Antifungal Treatment (FURI) [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 18]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03059992
  • A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Coadministration of SCY-078 With Voriconazole in Patients With Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 18]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03672292
  • Juneja D, Singh O, Tarai B, et al. L0028 Successful Treatment of Two Patients with Candida auris Candidemia with the Investigational Agent, Oral Ibrexafungerp (formerly SCY-078) from the CARES Study. In Amsterdam, Netherlands; 2019. . [cited 2021 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.escmid.org/guidelines_publications/escmid_elibrary/material/?mid=66635
  • SCYNEXIS Announces Positive Results from Interim Analyses of Ongoing Phase 3 Studies (FURI and CARES), Demonstrating Oral Ibrexafungerp’s Ability to Treat Severe Fungal Infections in the Hospital Setting [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/03/02/2185158/0/en/SCYNEXIS-Announces-Positive-Results-from-Interim-Analyses-of-Ongoing-Phase-3-Studies-FURI-and-CARES-Demonstrating-Oral-Ibrexafungerp-s-Ability-to-Treat-Severe-Fungal-Infections-in-.html
  • Garcia-Effron G. Rezafungin-Mechanisms of Action, Susceptibility and Resistance: similarities and Differences with the Other Echinocandins. J Fungi (Basel). 2020 Nov 1;6(4):262.
  • Krishnan BR, James KD, Polowy K, et al. CD101, a novel echinocandin with exceptional stability properties and enhanced aqueous solubility. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2017 Feb;70(2):130–135.
  • Sandison T, Ong V, Lee J, et al. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of CD101 IV, a Novel Echinocandin, in Healthy Adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jan 24;61(2):e01627-16.
  • Tóth Z, Forgács L, Locke JB, et al. In vitro activity of rezafungin against common and rare Candida species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019 Dec 1;74(12):3505–3510.
  • Antifungal Susceptibility Testing and Interpretation | candida auris | fungal Diseases | CDC [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/c-auris-antifungal.html
  • Berkow EL, Lockhart SR. Activity of CD101, a long-acting echinocandin, against clinical isolates of Candida auris. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018 Mar;90(3):196–197.
  • Helleberg M, Jørgensen KM, Hare RK, et al. Rezafungin In Vitro Activity against Contemporary Nordic Clinical Candida Isolates and Candida auris Determined by the EUCAST Reference Method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Mar 24;64(4):e02438-19.
  • Chaabane F, Graf A, Jequier L, et al. Review on Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms in the Emerging Pathogen Candida auris. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2788.
  • Marcos-Zambrano LJ, Escribano P, Sánchez-Carrillo C, et al. Frequency of the Paradoxical Effect Measured Using the EUCAST Procedure with Micafungin, Anidulafungin, and Caspofungin against Candida Species Isolates Causing Candidemia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Dec 27;61(1):e01584-16.
  • Kordalewska M, Lee A, Park S, et al. Understanding Echinocandin Resistance in the Emerging Pathogen Candida auris. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 May 25;62(6):e00238-18.
  • Tóth Z, Forgács L, Kardos T, et al. Relative Frequency of Paradoxical Growth and Trailing Effect with Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin, and the Novel Echinocandin Rezafungin against Candida Species. J Fungi (Basel). 2020 Aug 17;6(3):136.
  • Rueda C, Puig-Asensio M, Guinea J, et al. Evaluation of the possible influence of trailing and paradoxical effects on the clinical outcome of patients with candidemia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Jan;23(1):49.e1–49.e8.
  • Lepak AJ, Zhao M, Andes DR. Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Rezafungin (CD101) against Candida auris in the Neutropenic Mouse Invasive Candidiasis Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Oct 24;62(11):e01572-18.
  • Hager CL, Larkin EL, Long LA, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of rezafungin, a novel echinocandin, in the treatment of disseminated Candida auris infection using an immunocompromised mouse model. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Aug 1;73(8):2085–2088.
  • Thompson GR, Soriano A, Skoutelis A, et al. Rezafungin versus Caspofungin in a Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind Study for the Treatment of Candidemia and Invasive Candidiasis- The STRIVE Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1380.
  • Nyirjesy P, Alessio C, Jandourek A, et al. CD101 Topical Compared With Oral Fluconazole for Acute Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2019 Jul;23(3):226–229.
  • A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Rezafungin for Injection vs. Intravenous Caspofungin Followed by Oral Fluconazole Step Down in the Treatment of Subjects With Candidemia and/or Invasive Candidiasis [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 18]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03667690
  • A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Rezafungin for Injection Versus the Standard Antimicrobial Regimen to Prevent Invasive Fungal Diseases in Adults Undergoing Allogeneic Blood and Marrow Transplantation (The ReSPECT Study) [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 18]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368559
  • Schell WA, Jones AM, Garvey EP, et al. Fungal CYP51 Inhibitors VT-1161 and VT-1129 Exhibit Strong In Vitro Activity against Candida glabrata and C. krusei Isolates Clinically Resistant to Azole and Echinocandin Antifungal Compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Feb 23;61(3):e01817-16.
  • Brand SR, Degenhardt TP, Person K, et al. A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of orally administered VT-1161 in the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jun;218(6):624.e1–624.e9.
  • Brand SR, Sobel JD, Nyirjesy P, et al. Randomized Phase 2 Study of VT-1161 for the Treatment of Acute Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1204.
  • A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of VT-1161 Oral Capsules in the Treatment of Subjects With Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 8]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03562156
  • A Study of Oral VT-1161 for the Treatment of Acute Vaginal Candidiasis (Yeast Infection) in Patients With Recurrent Vaginal Candidiasis (ultraVIOLET) - NCT03840616. [cited 2021 Apr 4]; Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03840616
  • Elewski B, Brand S, Degenhardt T, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of VT-1161 oral tablets in the treatment of patients with distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis of the toenail. Br J Dermatol. 2021 Feb;184(2):270–280.
  • A Phase 2a, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose Ranging Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of VT-1161 Oral Tablets in the Treatment of Patients With Moderate to Severe Interdigital Tinea Pedis [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 8]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01891305
  • Watanabe N-A, Miyazaki M, Horii T, et al. E1210 a new broad-spectrum antifungal, suppresses Candida albicans hyphal growth through inhibition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Feb;56(2):960–971.
  • Shaw KJ, Ibrahim AS. Fosmanogepix: a Review of the First-in-Class Broad Spectrum Agent for the Treatment of Invasive Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel). 2020 Oct 22;6(4):239.
  • Hodges MR, Ople E, Shaw KJ, et al. Phase 1 Study to Assess Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Oral Doses of APX001 and to Investigate the Effect of Food on APX001 Bioavailability. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017 Oct;1;4(suppl_1):S534–S534.
  • Hodges MR, Ople E, Shaw KJ, et al. First-in-Human Study to Assess Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of APX001 Administered by Intravenous Infusion to Healthy Subjects. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017 Oct;1;4(suppl_1):S526–S526.
  • Hager CL, Larkin EL, Long L, et al. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of APX001A/APX001 against Candida auris. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Feb 23;62(3):e02319-17.
  • Arendrup MC, Chowdhary A, Jørgensen KM, et al. APX001A) In Vitro Activity against Candida auris: head-to-Head Comparison of EUCAST and CLSI MICs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Sep 21;64(10):e00656-20.
  • Pfaller MA, Huband MD, Flamm RK, et al. In Vitro Activity of APX001A (Manogepix) and Comparator Agents against 1,706 Fungal Isolates Collected during an International Surveillance Program in 2017. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Jul 25;63(8):e00840-19.
  • Berkow EL, Lockhart SR. Activity of novel antifungal compound APX001A against a large collection of Candida auris. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Nov 1;73(11):3060–3062.
  • Zhao M, Lepak AJ, VanScoy B, et al. In Vivo Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of APX001 against Candida spp. in a Neutropenic Disseminated Candidiasis Mouse Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018 Mar 27;62(4):e02542-17.
  • Zhu Y, Kilburn S, Kapoor M, et al. In Vitro Activity of Manogepix against Multidrug-Resistant and Panresistant Candida auris from the New York Outbreak. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Oct 20;64(11):e01124-20.
  • Wiederhold NP, Najvar LK, Shaw KJ, et al. Efficacy of Delayed Therapy with Fosmanogepix (APX001) in a Murine Model of Candida auris Invasive Candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019Oct 22;63(11):e01120-19.
  • Amplyx Announces Positive Top-line Data in Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Novel Antifungal Fosmanogepix | amplyx [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 21]. Available from: https://amplyx.com/amplyx-announces-positive-top-line-data-in-phase-2-clinical-trial-of-novel-antifungal-fosmanogepix/
  • A Phase 2, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of APX001 in the Treatment of Patients With Invasive Mold Infections Caused by Aspergillus Species or Rare Molds [Internet]. 2021 Feb [cited 2021 Mar 18]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04240886
  • An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of APX001 in Patients With Candidemia and/or Invasive Candidiasis Caused by Candida Auris [Internet]. 2021 Mar [cited 2021 Mar 22]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04148287
  • Skipper CP, Atukunda M, Stadelman A, et al. Phase I EnACT Trial of the Safety and Tolerability of a Novel Oral Formulation of Amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Sep 21;64(10):e00838-20.
  • Aigner M, Encochleated Amphotericin Encochleated Amphotericin B: is the Oral Availability of Amphotericin B Finally Reached? J Fungi (Basel). 2020 May 18;6(2):66.
  • Rauseo AM, Coler-Reilly A, Larson L, et al. Hope on the Horizon: novel Fungal Treatments in Development. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Feb;7(2):ofaa016.
  • A Multi-Center Randomized Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Oral Encochleated Amphotericin B (CAMB/MAT2203) Compared With Oral Fluconazole in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2018 Oct [cited 2021 Mar 21]. Report No.: NCT02971007. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02971007
  • A Prospective Cohort to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Encochleated Amphotericin B (CAMB/MAT2203) for the Treatment of Cryptococcal Infection [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 21]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03196921
  • A Phase 2a Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, and PK Study of Encochleated Amphotericin B (CAMB/MAT2203) in Patients With Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Who Are Refractory or Intolerant to Standard Non-Intravenous Therapies [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 21]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02629419
  • Wiederhold NP, Lockhart SR, Najvar LK, et al. The Fungal Cyp51-Specific Inhibitor VT-1598 Demonstrates In Vitro and In Vivo Activity against Candida auris. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Feb 26;63(3):e02233-18.
  • A Phase 1, First-In-Human, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single Oral Doses of VT-1598 in Healthy Adult Subjects [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 8]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04208321
  • Wiederhold NP, Xu X, Wang A, et al. In Vivo Efficacy of VT-1129 against Experimental Cryptococcal Meningitis with the Use of a Loading Dose-Maintenance Dose Administration Strategy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Oct 24;62(11):e01315-18.
  • Lockhart SR, Fothergill AW, Iqbal N, et al. The Investigational Fungal Cyp51 Inhibitor VT-1129 Demonstrates Potent In Vitro Activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Apr;60(4):2528–2531.
  • Kirsten N, Vedula P, Smith KD, et al. 4. Activity of VT-1129 against Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates with high fluconazole MICs. Med Mycol. 2017 Jun 1;55(4):453–456.
  • Warrilow AGS, Parker JE, Price CL, et al. The Investigational Drug VT-1129 Is a Highly Potent Inhibitor of Cryptococcus Species CYP51 but Only Weakly Inhibits the Human Enzyme. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Aug;60(8):4530–4538.
  • Dong J, Liang G, Zheng H, et al. In Vitro activity of ravuconazole against Candida auris and vaginal candida isolates. Mycoses 2021 Jun;64(6):651-655.
  • Batoni G, Maisetta G, Brancatisano FL, et al. Use of antimicrobial peptides against microbial biofilms: advantages and limits. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(2):256–279.
  • Puri S, Edgerton M. How does it kill?: understanding the candidacidal mechanism of salivary histatin 5. Eukaryot Cell. 2014 Aug;13(8):958–964.
  • Pathirana RU, Friedman J, Norris HL, et al. Fluconazole-Resistant Candida auris Is Susceptible to Salivary Histatin 5 Killing and to Intrinsic Host Defenses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Jan 25;62(2):e01872-17.
  • Basso V, Garcia A, Tran DQ, et al. Fungicidal Potency and Mechanisms of θ-Defensins against Multidrug-Resistant Candida Species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 May 25;62(6):e00111-18.
  • López-Abarrategui C, McBeth C, Mandal SM, et al. Cm-p5: an antifungal hydrophilic peptide derived from the coastal mollusk Cenchritis muricatus (Gastropoda: littorinidae). FASEB J. 2015 Aug;29(8):3315–3325.
  • Kubiczek D, Flaig C, Raber H, et al. A Cerberus-Inspired Anti-Infective Multicomponent Gatekeeper Hydrogel against Infections with the Emerging “Superbug” Yeast Candida auris. Macromol Biosci. 2020 Apr;20(4):e2000005.
  • Kubiczek D, Raber H, Gonzalez-García M, et al. Derivatives of the Antifungal Peptide Cm-p5 Inhibit Development of Candida auris Biofilms In Vitro. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Jun 27;9(7):363.
  • Vicente FEM, González-Garcia M, Diaz Pico E, et al. Design of a Helical-Stabilized, Cyclic, and Nontoxic Analogue of the Peptide Cm-p5 with Improved Antifungal Activity. ACS Omega. 2019 Nov 19;4(21):19081–19095.
  • Rank LA, Walsh NM, Lim FY, et al. Peptide-Like Nylon-3 Polymers with Activity against Phylogenetically Diverse, Intrinsically Drug-Resistant Pathogenic Fungi. mSphere 2018 May 23;3(3):e00223-18.
  • Kovács R, Nagy F, Tóth Z, et al. The Neosartorya fischeri Antifungal Protein 2 (NFAP2): a New Potential Weapon against Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan 14;22(2):771.
  • Dal Mas C, Rossato L, Shimizu T, et al. Effects of the Natural Peptide Crotamine from a South American Rattlesnake on Candida auris, an Emergent Multidrug Antifungal Resistant Human Pathogen. Biomolecules 2019 May 28;9(6):205.
  • Gupta A, Briffa SM, Swingler S, et al. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Curcumin-Cyclodextrins Loaded into Bacterial Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Wound Dressing Applications. Biomacromolecules. 2020 May 11;21(5):1802–1811.
  • Vazquez-Munoz R, Lopez FD, Lopez-Ribot JL. Bismuth Nanoantibiotics Display Anticandidal Activity and Disrupt the Biofilm and Cell Morphology of the Emergent Pathogenic Yeast Candida auris. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Jul 29;9(8):461.
  • Dennis EK, Kim JH, Parkin S, et al. Distorted Gold(I)-Phosphine Complexes as Antifungal Agents. J Med Chem. 2020 Mar 12; 63(5):2455–2469.
  • Kunyeit L, Kurrey NK, Anu-Appaiah KA, et al. Probiotic Yeasts Inhibit Virulence of Non -albicans Candida Species. mBio. 2019 Oct 15;10(5):e02307-19.
  • Junker K, Bravo Ruiz G, Lorenz A, et al. The mycoparasitic yeast Saccharomycopsis schoenii predates and kills multi-drug resistant Candida auris. Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 8; 8(1):14959.
  • Rossoni RD, de Barros PP, Mendonça IDC, et al. The Postbiotic Activity of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 Against Candida auris. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:397.
  • Piccione D, Mirabelli S, Minto N, et al. Difficult but Not Impossible: in Search of an Anti-Candida Vaccine. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2019 Jun 1; 6(2):42–49.
  • Edwards JE, Schwartz MM, Schmidt CS, et al. A Fungal Immunotherapeutic Vaccine (NDV-3A) for Treatment of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis—A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Jun 1;66(12):1928–1936.
  • Singh S, Uppuluri P, Mamouei Z, et al. The NDV-3A vaccine protects mice from multidrug resistant Candida auris infection. PLoS Pathog. 2019 Aug;15(8):e1007460.
  • Dekkerová J, Lopez-Ribot JL, Bujdáková H. Activity of anti-CR3-RP polyclonal antibody against biofilms formed by Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant emerging fungal pathogen. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019 Jan;38(1):101–108.
  • Nagy F, Vitális E, Á Jakab, et al. In vitro and in vivo Effect of Exogenous Farnesol Exposure Against Candida auris. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:957.
  • Reitzel RA, Rosenblatt J, Gerges BZ, et al. Minocycline-EDTA-Ethanol Antimicrobial Catheter Lock Solution Is Highly Effective In Vitro for Eradication of Candida auris Biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Mar 24;64(4):e02146-19.
  • Study Assessing Safety & Effectiveness of a Catheter Lock Solution in Dialysis Patients to Prevent Bloodstream Infection - NCT02651428. [cited 2021 Apr 5]; Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02651428
  • Cormedix Inc. demonstrated sensitivity of emerging global health threat CAndida auris to taurolidine[Internet]. cited 2021 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.cormedix.com/cormedix-inc-demonstrates-sensitivity-emerging-global-health-threat-candida-auris-taurolidine/
  • Vargas-Cruz N, Reitzel RA, Rosenblatt J, et al. Nitroglycerin-Citrate-Ethanol Catheter Lock Solution Is Highly Effective for In Vitro Eradication of Candida auris Biofilm. Agents Chemother. 2019 Jun 24;63(7):e00299-19.
  • Chaftari A-M, Hachem R, Szvalb A, et al. A Novel Nonantibiotic Nitroglycerin-Based Catheter Lock Solution for Prevention of Intraluminal Central Venous Catheter Infections in Cancer Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jun 27;61(7):e00091-17.
  • Zhang F, Zhao M, Braun DR, et al. A marine microbiome antifungal targets urgent-threat drug-resistant fungi. Science. 2020 Nov 20 370;(6519)974–978.
  • Wiederhold NP, Najvar LK, Jaramillo R, et al. The Novel Arylamidine T-2307 Demonstrates In Vitro and In Vivo Activity against Candida auris. Agents Chemother. 2020 Feb 21;64(3):e02198-19.
  • Mohammad H, Eldesouky HE, Hazbun T, et al. Identification of a Phenylthiazole Small Molecule with Dual Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activity Against Candida albicans and Candida auris. Sci Rep. 2019 Dec 12;9(1):18941.
  • Singh UP, Bhat HR, Gahtori P, et al. Hybrid phenylthiazole and 1,3,5-triazine target cytosolic leucyl-tRNA synthetase for antifungal action as revealed by molecular docking studies. In Silico Pharmacol. 2013;1(1):3.
  • de Sá NP, de Lima CM, Lino CI, et al. Heterocycle Thiazole Compounds Exhibit Antifungal Activity through Increase in the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii Species Complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jul 25;61(8):e02700-16.
  • Garcia C, Burgain A, Chaillot J, et al. A phenotypic small-molecule screen identifies halogenated salicylanilides as inhibitors of fungal morphogenesis, biofilm formation and host cell invasion. Sci Rep. 2018 Aug 1;8(1):11559.
  • Tetz G, Collins M, Vikina D, et al. In Vitro Activity of a Novel Antifungal Compound, MYC-053, against Clinically Significant Antifungal-Resistant Strains of Candida glabrata, Candida auris, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Pneumocystis spp. Agents Chemother. 2019 Mar 27;63(4):e01975-18.
  • Manetti F, Castagnolo D, Raffi F, et al. Synthesis of New Linear Guanidines and Macrocyclic Amidinourea Derivatives Endowed with High Antifungal Activity against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. J Med Chem. 2009 Dec 10;52(23):7376-9.
  • Orofino F, Truglio GI, Fiorucci D, et al. In vitro characterization, ADME analysis, and histological and toxicological evaluation of BM1, a macrocyclic amidinourea active against azole-resistant Candida strains. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar;55(3):105865. .
  • Chu J, Galicia-Vázquez G, Cencic R, et al. CRISPR-Mediated Drug-Target Validation Reveals Selective Pharmacological Inhibition of the RNA Helicase, eIF4A. Cell Rep. 2016 Jun 14;15(11):2340–2347.
  • Iyer KR, Whitesell L, Porco JA, et al. Translation Inhibition by Rocaglates Activates a Species-Specific Cell Death Program in the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris. mBio. 2020 Mar 10;11(2):e03329-19.
  • Mamouei Z, Alqarihi A, Singh S, et al. Alexidine Dihydrochloride Has Broad-Spectrum Activities against Diverse Fungal Pathogens. mSphere. 2018 Oct 31;3(5):e00539-18.
  • McGregor RC, Parker KA, Hornby JM, et al. Microbial population dynamics under microdoses of the essential oil arborvitae. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Sep 5;19(1):247.
  • Shaban S, Patel M, Ahmad A. Improved efficacy of antifungal drugs in combination with monoterpene phenols against Candida auris. Sci Rep. 2020 January 24; 10(1):1162.
  • Horn C,Vediyappan G. Anticapsular and Antifungal Activity of α-Cyperone. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021 Jan 6;10(1):51.
  • Tan J, Liu Z, Sun Y, et al. Inhibitory Effects of Photodynamic Inactivation on Planktonic Cells and Biofilms of Candida auris. Mycopathologia 2019 Aug;184(4):525–531.
  • Nosengo N. Can you teach old drugs new tricks? Nature. 2016 Jun 16;534(7607):314–316.
  • Dorlo TPC, Balasegaram M, Beijnen JH, et al. Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(11): 2576–2597. Nov.
  • Widmer F, Wright LC, Obando D, et al. Hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) has broad-spectrum fungicidal activity and is efficacious in a mouse model of cryptococcosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(2):414–421.
  • Vila TVM, Ishida K, de Souza W, et al. Effect of alkylphospholipids on Candida albicans biofilm formation and maturation. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(1): 113–125.
  • Spadari CDC, Bastiani FWMDS, Lopes LB, et al. Alginate nanoparticles as non-toxic delivery system for miltefosine in the treatment of candidiasis and cryptococcosis. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:5187–5199.
  • Vila T, Ishida K, Seabra SH, et al. Miltefosine inhibits Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida spp. biofilms and impairs the dispersion of infectious cells. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016 November;48(5):512–520.
  • Vila TVM, Chaturvedi AK, Rozental S, et al. In Vitro Activity of Miltefosine against Candida albicans under Planktonic and Biofilm Growth Conditions and In Vivo Efficacy in a Murine Model of Oral Candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(12): 7611–7620.
  • Zuo X, Djordjevic JT, Bijosono Oei J, et al. Miltefosine induces apoptosis-like cell death in yeast via Cox9p in cytochrome c oxidase. Mol Pharmacol. 2011 Sep;80(3):476–485.
  • Barreto TL, Rossato L, de Freitas ALD, et al. Miltefosine as an alternative strategy in the treatment of the emerging fungus Candida auris. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(2):106049.
  • Wu Y, Totten M, Memon W, et al. In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of the Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen Candida auris to Miltefosine Alone and in Combination with Amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Jan 27;64(2):e02063-19.
  • Wall G, Herrera N, Lopez-Ribot JL. Repositionable Compounds with Antifungal Activity against Multidrug Resistant Candida auris Identified in the Medicines for Malaria Venture’s Pathogen Box. J Fungi (Basel). 2019 Oct 1;5(4):92.
  • Gowri M, Jayashree B, Jeyakanthan J, et al. Sertraline as a promising antifungal agent: inhibition of growth and biofilm of Candida auris with special focus on the mechanism of action in vitro. J Appl Microbiol. 2020;128(2): 426–437.
  • de Oliveira HC, Monteiro MC, Rossi SA, et al. Identification of Off-Patent Compounds That Present Antifungal Activity Against the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:83.
  • Wall G, Chaturvedi AK, Wormley FL, et al. Screening a Repurposing Library for Inhibitors of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Identifies Ebselen as a Repositionable Candidate for Antifungal Drug Development. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Sep 24;62(10):e01084-18.
  • Wall G, Chen E, Hull MV, et al. Screening the CALIBR ReFRAME Library in Search for Inhibitors of Candida auris Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:597931.
  • Eiger Biopharmaceuticals. Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) Infection [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 21]. Available from:https://eigerbio.com/hepatitis-delta
  • FDA Approves First Treatment for Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome and Some Progeroid Laminopathies [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-hutchinson-gilford-progeria-syndrome-and-some-progeroid-laminopathies
  • Trocóniz IF, Zsolt I, Garrido MJ, et al. Dealing with time-dependent pharmacokinetics during the early clinical development of a new leukotriene B4 synthesis inhibitor. Pharm Res. 2006 Jul;23(7):1533–1542.
  • Vanerio N, Stijnen M, de Mol BAJM, et al. Biomedical Applications of Photo- and Sono-Activated Rose Bengal: a Review. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2019 Jul. ;37(7):383–394. .
  • Cheng Y-S, Roma JS, Shen M, et al. Identification of Antifungal Compounds against Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Utilizing a High-Throughput Drug-Repurposing Screen. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 Mar 18;65(4):e01305-20.
  • Vermes A, Guchelaar H-J, Dankert J. Flucytosine: a review of its pharmacology, clinical indications, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and drug interactions. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Aug 1;46(2):171–179.
  • Bidaud AL, Botterel F, Chowdhary A, et al. In vitro antifungal combination of flucytosine with amphotericin B, voriconazole, or micafungin against Candida auris shows no antagonism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Oct 7;63(12):e01393-19.
  • O’Brien B, Chaturvedi S, Chaturvedi V. In Vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Drug Combinations against Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Isolates from New York Outbreak. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Mar 24;64(4):e02195-19.
  • Eldesouky HE, Mayhoub A, Hazbun TR, et al. Reversal of Azole Resistance in Candida albicans by Sulfa Antibacterial Drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Feb 23;62(3):e00701-17.
  • Eldesouky HE, Li X, Abutaleb NS, et al. Synergistic interactions of sulfamethoxazole and azole antifungal drugs against emerging multidrug-resistant Candida auris. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;52(6): 754–761.
  • Davis HR, Ashcraft DS, Pankey GA. In vitro interaction of fluconazole and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against Candida auris using ETEST and checkerboard methods. J Investig Med. 2021;69(1): 96–99.
  • Bidaud AL, Djenontin E, Botterel F, et al. Colistin interacts synergistically with echinocandins against Candida auris. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(3): 105901.
  • Eldesouky HE, Lanman NA, Hazbun TR, et al. Aprepitant, an antiemetic agent, interferes with metal ion homeostasis of Candida auris and displays potent synergistic interactions with azole drugs. Virulence. 2020;11(1): 1466–1481.
  • Iyer KR, Camara K, Daniel-Ivad M, et al. An oxindole efflux inhibitor potentiates azoles and impairs virulence in the fungal pathogen Candida auris. Nat Commun. 2020 Dec 22;11(1):6429.
  • Morrison BL, Mullendore ME, Stockwin LH, et al. Oxyphenisatin acetate (NSC 59687) triggers a cell starvation response leading to autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autocrine TNFα-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Med. 2013 Oct;2(5):687–700.
  • Denoyelle S, Chen T, Yang H, et al. Synthesis and SAR study of novel 3,3-diphenyl-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one derivatives as potent eIF2·GTP·Met-tRNAiMet ternary complex inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem. 2013;69:537–553.
  • Neel DA, Brown ML, Lander PA, et al. 3,3-Bisaryloxindoles as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 May 16;15(10):2553–2557.
  • Andreani A, Burnelli S, Granaiola M, et al. New isatin derivatives with antioxidant activity. Eur J Med Chem. 2010;45(4):1374–1378.
  • Nagy F, Tóth Z, Daróczi L, et al. Farnesol increases the activity of echinocandins against Candida auris biofilms. Med Mycol. [2020 Apr 1];58(3):404–407.
  • Ramage G, Saville SP, Wickes BL, et al. Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation by farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(11): 5459–5463.
  • Katragkou A, McCarthy M, Alexander EL, et al. In vitro interactions between farnesol and fluconazole, amphotericin B or micafungin against Candida albicans biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(2):470–478.
  • Kovács R, Bozó A, Gesztelyi R, et al. Effect of caspofungin and micafungin in combination with farnesol against Candida parapsilosis biofilms. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;47(4):304–310.
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Deshpande LM, et al. Evaluation of Synergistic Activity of Isavuconazole or Voriconazole plus Anidulafungin and the Occurrence and Genetic Characterization of Candida auris Detected in a Surveillance Program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 Mar 18;65(4):e02031–20.
  • Schwarz P, Bidaud AL, Dannaoui E. In vitro synergy of isavuconazole in combination with colistin against Candida auris. Sci Rep. 2020 Dec 8;10(1):21448. .
  • Nagy F, Tóth T, Nyikos F, et al. In vitro and in vivo interaction of caspofungin with isavuconazole against Candida auris planktonic cells and biofilms. bioRxiv. 2021;03:08.434267.
  • Caballero U, Kim S, Eraso E, et al. In Vitro Synergistic Interactions of Isavuconazole and Echinocandins against Candida auris. Antibiotics.2021 Mar 28;10(4):355.
  • Gharehbolagh SA, Izadi A, Talebi M, et al. New weapons to fight a new enemy: a systematic review of drug combinations against the drug-resistant fungus Candida auris. Mycoses 2021. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13277.
  • Johnson MD, Lewis RE, Dodds Ashley ES, et al. Core Recommendations for Antifungal Stewardship: a Statement of the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. J Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 5;222(Suppl 3):S175–98.
  • Mellinghoff SC, Hoenigl M, Koehler P, et al. EQUAL Candida Score: an ECMM score derived from current guidelines to measure QUAlity of Clinical Candidaemia Management. Mycoses 2018;61(5):326–330.
  • Giacobbe DR, Maraolo AE, Simeon V, et al. Changes in the relative prevalence of candidaemia due to non-albicans Candida species in adult in-patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Mycoses. 2020;63(4):334–342.
  • Meis JF, Chowdhary A. Candida auris: a global fungal public health threat. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(12): 1298–1299.
  • Calvo B, Melo ASA, Perozo-Mena A, et al. First report of Candida auris in America: clinical and microbiological aspects of 18 episodes of candidemia. J Infect. [2016 Oct 1];73(4):369–374.
  • Magobo RE, Corcoran C, Seetharam S, et al. Candida auris-associated candidemia, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Jul;20(7):1250–1251.
  • Shin JH, Kim M-N, Jang SJ, et al. Detection of amphotericin B resistance in Candida haemulonii and closely related species by use of the Etest, Vitek-2 yeast susceptibility system, and CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Jun;50(6):1852–1855.
  • Arendrup MC, Prakash A, Meletiadis J, et al. Comparison of EUCAST and CLSI Reference Microdilution MICs of Eight Antifungal Compounds for Candida auris and Associated Tentative Epidemiological Cutoff Values. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jun;61(6):e00485–17.
  • Chowdhary A, Prakash A, Sharma C, et al. A multicentre study of antifungal susceptibility patterns among 350 Candida auris isolates (2009-17) in India: role of the ERG11 and FKS1 genes in azole and echinocandin resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Apr 1;73(4):891–899.
  • Sears D, Schwartz BS. Candida auris: an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen. Int J Infect Dis. 2017 Oct;63:95–98.
  • Lepak AJ, Zhao M, Berkow EL, et al. Pharmacodynamic Optimization for Treatment of Invasive Candida auris Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jul 25;61(8):e00791-17.
  • Dudiuk C, Berrio I, Leonardelli F, et al. Antifungal activity and killing kinetics of anidulafungin, caspofungin and amphotericin B against Candida auris. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019 Aug 1;74(8):2295–2302.
  • Magnasco L, Mikulska M, Giacobbe DR, et al. Spread of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negatives and Candida auris during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Critically Ill Patients: one Step Back in Antimicrobial Stewardship? Microorganisms. 2021 Jan 3;9(1):95.
  • Lockhart SR, Etienne KA, Vallabhaneni S, et al. Simultaneous Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris on 3 Continents Confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analyses. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):134–140.
  • Kathuria S, Singh PK, Sharma C, et al. Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Misidentified as Candida haemulonii: characterization by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and DNA Sequencing and Its Antifungal Susceptibility Profile Variability by Vitek 2, CLSI Broth Microdilution, and Etest Method. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Jun;53(6):1823–1830.
  • Chow NA, Gade L, Tsay SV, et al. Multiple introductions and subsequent transmission of multidrug-resistant Candida auris in the USA: a molecular epidemiological survey. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(12):1377–1384.
  • Hamprecht A, Barber AE, Mellinghoff SC, et al. Candida auris in Germany and Previous Exposure to Foreign Healthcare. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(9):1763–1765.
  • Di Pilato V, Codda G, Ball L, et al. Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of a Nosocomial Cluster of C. auris: evidence of Recent Emergence in Italy and Ease of Transmission during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Fungi (Basel). 2021 Feb 15;7(2):140.
  • Crea F, Codda G, Orsi A, et al. Isolation of Candida auris from invasive and non-invasive samples of a patient suffering from vascular disease, Italy, July 2019. Euro Surveill. 2019 Sep;24(37):1900549.
  • Bastos RW, Rossato L, Valero C, et al. Potential of Gallium as an Antifungal Agent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:414.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.