Personalizing tamoxifen therapy in adjuvant therapy: a brief summary of the ongoing discussion

References

• Torre LA, Siegel RL, Ward EM, et al. Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends–an update. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016;25(1):16–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. Breast Cancer. 2021 [cited 2022 Sep 9].Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer
   Google Scholar
• Huang B, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptors in breast carcinogenesis and endocrine therapy. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;418 Pt(3):240–244.
   Google Scholar
• Burstein HJ, Lacchetti C, Anderson H, et al. Adjuvant endocrine therapy for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline focused update. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Feb 10;37(5):423–438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso F, Kyriakides S, Ohno S, et al. Early breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(10):1674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuzick J, Sestak I, Baum M, et al. Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 10-year analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(12):1135–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative G E, Davies C, Godwin J, et al. Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):771–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan VC. Tamoxifen as the first targeted long-term adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2014;21(3):R235–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan VC. Endoxifen: the end, or are we at the beginning? J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(30):3378–3379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lien EA, Solheim E, Lea OA, et al. Distribution of 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen and other tamoxifen metabolites in human biological fluids during tamoxifen treatment. Cancer Res. 1989;49(8):2175–2183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stearns V, Johnson MD, Rae JM, et al. Active tamoxifen metabolite plasma concentrations after coadministration of tamoxifen and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(23):1758–1764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauch H, Murdter TE, Eichelbaum M, et al. Pharmacogenomics of tamoxifen therapy. Clin Chem. 2009;55(10):1770–1782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nofziger C, Turner AJ, Sangkuhl K, et al. PharmVar GeneReview: CYP2D6. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Jan;107(1):154–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caudle KE, Sangkuhl K, Whirl-Carrillo M, et al. Standardizing CYP2D6 genotype to phenotype translation: consensus recommendations from the clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium and Dutch pharmacogenetics working group. Clin Transl Sci. 2020;13(1):116–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz MP, Rae JM, Suman VJ, et al. Pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen biotransformation is associated with clinical outcomes of efficacy and hot flashes. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(36):9312–9318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Province MA, Goetz MP, Brauch H, et al. CYP2D6 genotype and adjuvant tamoxifen: meta-analysis of heterogeneous study populations. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95(2):216–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rae JM, Drury S, Hayes DF, et al. CYP2D6 and UGT2B7 genotype and risk of recurrence in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(6):452–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezentje VO, van Schaik RH, Vletter-Bogaartz JM, et al. CYP2D6 genotype in relation to tamoxifen efficacy in a Dutch cohort of the tamoxifen exemestane adjuvant multinational (TEAM) trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;140(2):363–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan MM, Leyland-Jones B, Bouzyk M, et al. CYP2D6 genotype and tamoxifen response in postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive breast cancer: the breast international group 1-98 trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(6):441–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahern TP, Hertz DL, Damkier P, et al. Cytochrome P-450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype and breast cancer recurrence in tamoxifen-treated patients: evaluating the importance of loss of heterozygosity. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;185(2):75–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Lee M, Allard WG, Vossen R, et al. Toward predicting CYP2D6-mediated variable drug response from CYP2D6 gene sequencing data. Sci Transl Med. 2021 Jul 21;13(603):eabf3637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madlensky L, Natarajan L, Tchu S, et al. Tamoxifen metabolite concentrations, CYP2D6 genotype, and breast cancer outcomes. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(5):718–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saladores P, Murdter T, Eccles D, et al. Tamoxifen metabolism predicts drug concentrations and outcome in premenopausal patients with early breast cancer. Pharmacogenomics J. 2015;15(1):84–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helland T, Henne N, Bifulco E, et al. Serum concentrations of active tamoxifen metabolites predict long-term survival in adjuvantly treated breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2017;19(1):125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neven P, Jongen L, Lintermans A, et al. Tamoxifen metabolism and efficacy in breast cancer: a prospective multicenter trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(10):2312–2318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Imamura CK, Takano T, et al. CYP2D6 genotype-guided tamoxifen dosing in hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer (TARGET-1): a randomized, open-label, Phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(6):558–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida T, Schroth W, Nardin J, et al. (Z)-endoxifen and early recurrence of breast cancer: an explorative analysis in a prospective Brazilian study. J Pers Med. 2022 Mar 22;12(4):511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Spitman A, Dezentje V, Swen J, et al. Tamoxifen pharmacogenetics and metabolism: results from the prospective CYPTAM study. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(8):636–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Spitman AB, Moes DAR, Swen JJ, et al. Exposure-response analysis of endoxifen serum concentrations in early-breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2020;85(6):1141–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezentje VO, Gelderblom H, van Schaik RH, et al. CYP2D6 genotype in relation to hot flashes as tamoxifen side effect in a Dutch cohort of the tamoxifen exemestane adjuvant multinational (TEAM) trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;143(1):171–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezentje VO, Opdam FL, Gelderblom H, et al. CYP2D6 genotype- and endoxifen-guided tamoxifen dose escalation increases endoxifen serum concentrations without increasing side effects. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;153(3):583–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller-Schoell A, Klopp-Schulze L, Michelet R, et al. Simulation-based assessment of the impact of non-adherence on endoxifen target attainment in different tamoxifen dosing strategies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021 Feb 3;14(2):115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar