4,419
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Journalists Primed: How Professional Identity Affects Moral Decision Making

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &

References

  • Abraham, Linus, and Osei Appiah. 2006. “Framing News Stories: The Role of Visual Imagery in Priming Racial Stereotypes.” Howard Journal of Communications 17 (3): 183–203.
  • Agarwal, Sheetal D., and Michael L. Barthel. 2015. “The Friendly Barbarians: Professional Norms and Work Routines of Online Journalists in the United States.” Journalism 16 (3): 376–391.
  • Auger, Giselle A., and Charlie Gee. 2016. “Developing Moral Maturity: An Evaluation of the Media Ethics Course Using the DIT-2.” Journalism and Mass Communication Educator 71 (2): 146–162.
  • Beam, Randal A. 2002. “Size of Corporate Parent Drives Market Orientation.” Newspaper Research Journal 23 (2/3): 46–63.
  • Benjamin, Daniel J., Janes J. Choi, and Geoffrey Fisher. 2010. Religious Identity and Economic Behavior. Review of Economics and Statistics. http://www.nber.org/papers/w15925.
  • Berkowitz, Dan. 2000. “Doing Double Duty: Paradigm Repair and the Princess Diana What-a-Story.” Journalism 1 (2): 125–143.
  • Berkowitz, Dan, and Yehiel Limor. 2003. “Professional Confidence and Situational Ethics: Assessing the Social-Professional Dialectic in Journalistic Ethics Decisions.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 80 (4): 783–801.
  • Blankenship, Justin C. 2016. “Losing Their ‘Mojo’? Mobile Journalism and the Deprofessionalization of Television News Work.” Journalism Practice 10 (8): 1055–1071.
  • Breed, Warren. 1955. “Social Control in the Newsroom: A Functional Analysis.” Social Forces 33 (4): 326–335.
  • Cabot, Matthew. 2005. “Moral Development and PR Ethics.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 20 (4): 321–332.
  • Carlson, Matt. 2015. “Introduction: The Many Boundaries of Journalism.” In Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices, and Participation, edited by Matt Carlson, and Seth C. Lewis, 1–18. New York: Routledge.
  • Carlson, Matt. 2016. “Metajournalistic Discourse and the Meanings of Journalism: Definitional Control, Boundary Work, and Legitimation.” Communication Theory 26 (4): 349–368.
  • Castleberry, Stephen B., Warren French, and Barbara Carlin. 1993. “The Ethical Framework of Advertising and Marketing Research Practitioners: A Moral Development Perspective.” Journal of Advertising 22 (2): 39–46.
  • Christians, Clifford G., Theodore L. Glasser, Denis McQuail, Kaarle Nordenstreng, and Rober A. White. 2009. Normative Theories of the Media: Journalism in Democratic Societies. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
  • Cohen, Bernard C. 1963. Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Cohn, Alain, Erst Fehr, and Michel Andre Maréchal. 2014. “Business Culture and Dishonesty in the Banking Industry.” Nature 516 (7529): 86–89.
  • Coleman, Renita, and Lee Wilkins. 2002. “Searching for the Ethical Journalist: An Exploratory Study of the Moral Development of News Workers.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 17 (3): 209–225.
  • Coleman, Renita, and Lee Wilkins. 2004. “The Moral Development of Journalists: A Comparison with Other Professions and a Model for Predicting High Quality Ethical Reasoning.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 81 (3): 511–527.
  • Coleman, Renita, and Lee Wilkins. 2009. “The Moral Development of Public Relations Practitioners: A Comparison with Other Professions and Influences on Higher Quality Ethical Reasoning.” Journal of Public Relations Research 21 (3): 318–340.
  • Cooper, Thomas W. 1989. Communication Ethics and Global Change. White Plains, NY: Longman.
  • Deuze, Mark. 2005. “What Is Journalism? Professional Identity and Ideology of Journalists Reconsidered.” Journalism 6 (4): 442–464.
  • Deuze, Mark. 2008. “The Professional Identity of Journalists in the Context of Convergence Culture.” Observatorio (Obs*) 2 (4): 103–117.
  • Deuze, Mark, and Tamara Witschge. 2016. “What Journalism Becomes.” In Rethinking Journalism Again: Societal Role and Public Relevance in a Digital Age, edited by Chris Peters and Marcel Broersma, 115–130. New York: Routledge.
  • Doris, John M., and Stephen P. Stich. 2006. “Moral Psychology: Empirical Approaches.” In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 15–16. Stanford, CA: Stanford Unversity.
  • Ehrlich, Matthew C. 2005. “Shattered Glass, Movies, and the Free Press Myth.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 29 (2): 103–118.
  • Farrar, Ronald T. 2013. A Creed for My Profession: Walter Williams, Journalist to the World. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
  • Ferrucci, Patrick. 2019. Making Nonprofit News: Market Models, Influence and Journalistic Practice. New York: Routledge.
  • Ferrucci, Patrick. 2015. “Follow the Leader: How Leadership Can Affect the Future of Community Journalism.” Community Journalism 4 (2): 19–35.
  • Ferrucci, Patrick. 2018a. “Are You Experienced? How Years in Field Affects Digital Journalists’ Perceptions of a Changing Industry.” Journalism Studies 19 (16): 2417–2432.
  • Ferrucci, Patrick. 2018b. “Money Matters? Journalists’ Perception of the Effects of a Weak Market Orientation.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research Into New Media Technologies 24 (4): 424–438.
  • Ferrucci, Patrick, and Ross Taylor. 2019. “Blurred Boundaries: Toning Ethics in News Routines.” Journalism Studies. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2019.1577165.
  • Ferrucci, Patrick, and Tim P. Vos. 2017. “Who’s in, Who’s out? Constructing the Identity of Digital Journalists.” Digital Journalism 5 (7): 868–883.
  • Fitzpatrick, Kathy, and Candace Gauthier. 2001. “Toward a Professional Responsibility Theory of Public Relations Ethics.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 16 (2-3): 193–212.
  • Gardikiotis, Antonis. 2008. “Group Distinctiveness, Political Identification, and the Third-Person Effect: Perceptions of a Political Campaign in the 2004 Greek National Election.” Media Psychology 11 (3): 331–353.
  • Gillmor, Dan. 2006. We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People. Sebastol, CA: O'Reilly Media, Inc.
  • Goidel, Robert K., Todd G. Shields, and Mark Peffley. 1997. “Priming Theory and RAS Models toward an Integrated Perspective of Media Influence.” American Politics Quarterly 25 (3): 287–318.
  • Hafez, Kai. 2002. “Journalism Ethics Revisited: A Comparison of Ethics Codes in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Muslim Asia.” Political Communication 19 (2): 225–250.
  • Hindman, Elizabeth Blanks. 2005. “Jayson Blair, It The New York Times, and Paradigm Repair.” Journal of Communication 55 (2): 225–241.
  • Hodges, Louis W. 1986. “The Journalist and Professionalism.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 (2): 32–36.
  • Hogg, Michael A., Deborah J. Terry, and Katherine M. White. 1995. “A Tale of Two Theories: A Critical Comparison of Identity Theory with Social Identity Theory.” Social Psychology Quarterly 58 (4): 255–269.
  • Jaakkola, Maarit, Heikki Hellman, Kari Koljonen, and Jari Väliverronen. 2015. “Liquid Modern Journalism with a Difference: The Changing Professional Ethos of Cultural Journalism.” Journalism Practice 9 (6): 811–828.
  • Kaye, Jeff, and Stephen Quinn. 2010. Funding Journalism in the Digital Age: Business Models, Strategies, Issues and Trends. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Knight, Alan., Cherian Geuze, and Alex Gerlis. 2008. “Who Is a Journalist?” Journalism Studies 9 (1): 117–131.
  • Kohlberg, Lawrence. 1981. The Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row.
  • Koljonen, Kari. 2013. “The Shift from High to Liquid Ideals: Making Sense of Journalism and its Change through a Multidimensional Model.” NORDICOM Review: Nordic Research on Media and Communication 34: 141–154.
  • Kopytowska, Monika Weronika, and Yosuf Kalyango. 2014. “Introduction: Discourse, Identity, and the Public Sphere.” In Why Discourse Matters: Negotiating Identity in the Mediatized World, edited by Yosuf Kalyango, and Monika Weronika Kopytowska, 1–16. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Kovach, Bill, and Tom Rosenstiel. 2014. The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect, Revised and Updated. 3rd ed., 1st rev. ed. New York: Three Rivers Press.
  • Lee, Angela M., Renita Coleman, and Logan Molyneux. 2016. “From Thinking to Doing: Effects of Different Social Norms on Ethical Behavior in Journalism.” Journal of Media Ethics 31 (2): 72–85.
  • Lieber, Paul S. 2008. “Moral Development in Public Relations: Measuring Duty to Society in Strategic Communication.” Public Relations Review 34 (3): 244–251.
  • Linville, Patricia W., and Gregory W. Fischer. 1993. “Exemplar and Abstraction Models of Perceived Group Variability and Stereotypicality.” Social Cognition 11 (1): 92–125.
  • Locke, Edwin A. 2015. “Theory Building, Replication, and Behavioral Priming: Where Do We Need to Go from Here?” Perspectives on Psychological Science 10 (3): 408–414.
  • Meyers, Christopher. 2010. Journalism Ethics: A Philosophical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nerone, John C. 1995. Last Rights: Revisiting Four Theories of the Press. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
  • Nordenstreng, Kaarle. 1998. “Professional Ethics: Between Fortress Journalism and Cosmopolitan Democracy.” In The Media in Question. Popular Cultures and Public Interests, edited by Kess Brants, Joke Hermes, and Liebet Van Zoonen, 124–134. London: Sage.
  • Parmelee, John H. 2013. “Political Journalists and Twitter: Influences on Norms and Practices.” Journal of Media Practice 14 (4): 291–305.
  • Patterson, Philip, and Lee Wilkins. 2008. Media Ethics: Issues and Cases. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Peters, Jonathan, and Edson C. Tandoc. 2013. “People Who Aren't Really Reporters at All, Who Have No Professional Qualifications: Defining a Journalist and Deciding Who May Claim the Privileges.” N.Y.U. Journal of Legislation and Public Policy Quorum, no. 2013: 34–63.
  • Plaisance, Patrick L. 2014. “Virtue in Media: The Moral Psychology of US Exemplars in News and Public Relations.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 91 (2): 308–325.
  • Plaisance, Patrick L. 2015. Virtue in Media: The Moral Psychology of Excellence in News and Public Relations. New York: Routledge.
  • Plaisance, Patrick L., and Elizabet A. Skewes. 2003. “Personal and Professional Dimensions of News Work: Exploring the Link between Journalists’ Values and Roles.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 80 (4): 833–848.
  • Plaisance, Patrick L., Elizabeth A. Skewes, and Thomas Hanitzsch. 2012. “Ethical Orientations of Journalists Around the Globe: Implications from a Cross-National Survey.” Communication Research 39 (5): 641–661.
  • Reed, Sada. 2011. “Sports Journalists’ Use of Social Media and Its Effects on Professionalism.” Journal of Sports Media 6 (2): 43–64.
  • Rest, James, James Carroll, Jeanette Lawrence, Kathyne Jacobs, Edgar McColgan, Mark Davison, and Stephen Robbins. 1977. “Development in Judging Moral Issues. A Summary of Research Using the Defining Issues Test.” Minnesota Moral Research Project, Technical Report 3: 5–22.
  • Rest, James, Darcia Narvaez, Muriel J. Bebeau, and Stephen J. Thoma. 1999. Postconventional Moral Thinking: A Neo-Kohlbergian Approach. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Roche, Cicely, and Stephen Thoma. 2017. “Insights from the Defining Issues Test on Moral Reasoning Competencies Development in Community Pharmacists.” American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 81 (8): 21–32.
  • Ryfe, David M. 2009. “Structure, Agency, and Change in an American Newsroom.” Journalism 10 (5): 665–683.
  • Schudson, Michael. 1992. Watergate in American Memory: How We Remember, Forget, and Reconstruct the Past. New York: BasicBooks.
  • Sherwood, Merryn, and Penny O’Donnell. 2018. “Once a Journalist, Always a Journalist? Industry Restructure, Job Loss and Professional Identity.” Journalism Studies 19 (7): 1021–1038.
  • Siebert, Fred S., Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm. 1956. Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility, and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
  • Singer, Jane B. 2007. “Contested Autonomy: Professional and Popular Claims on Journalistic Norms.” Journalism Studies 8 (1): 79–95.
  • Singer, Jane B. 2011. “Journalism and Digital Technologies.” In Changing the News: The Forces Shaping Journalism in Uncertain Times, edited by Wilson Lowrey, and Peter J. Gade, 213–229. New York: Routledge.
  • Tajfel, Henri. 1982. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tajfel, Henri, and John Turner. 1979. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by William G. Austin, and Stephen Worchel, 33–47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Tandoc, Edson C., and Bruno Takahashi. 2018. “Journalists Are Humans, too: A Phenomenology of Covering the Strongest Storm on Earth.” Journalism 19 (7): 917–933.
  • Thoma, Stephen J., Muriel J. Bebeau, and Darcia Narvaez. 2016. “How Not to Evaluate a Psychological Measure: Rebuttal to Criticism of the Defining Issues Test of Moral Judgment Development by Curzer and Colleagues.” Theory and Research in Education 14 (2): 241–249.
  • Thomas, Jim, and Steve Dunphy. 2017. “Factors Affecting Moral Judgment in Business Students.” Journal of the Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences 17 (1): 130–153.
  • Turner, John. 1982. “Towards a Cognitive Redefinition of the Social Group.” In Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, edited by Henri Tajfel, 15–40. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Voakes, Paul S. 1997. “Social Influences on Journalists’ Decision Making in Ethical Situations.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 12 (1): 18–35.
  • Volz, Yong Z., and Chin-Chuan Lee. 2009. “American Pragmatism and Chinese Modernization: Importing the Missouri Model of Journalism Education to Modern China.” Media, Culture & Society 31 (5): 711–730.
  • Vos, Tim P., and Patrick Ferrucci. 2018. “Who Am I? Perceptions of Digital Journalists’ Professional Identity.” In The Routledge Handbook of Developments in Digital Journalism Studies, edited by Scott A. Eldridge, and Bob Franklin, 40–52. New York: Routledge.
  • Ward, Stephen. 2004. The Invention of Journalism Ethics: The Path to Objectivity and Beyond. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press.
  • Weaver, David H., Randal A. Beam, Bonnie J. Brownlee, Paul Voakes, and G. Cleveland Wilhoit. 2007. The American Journalist in the 21st Century: US News People at the Dawn of a New Millennium. New York: Routledge.
  • Westbrook, Thomas L. 1995. “The Cognitive Moral Development of Journalists: Distribution and Implications for News Production.” Ph.D., University of Texas, Austin, TX.
  • Wilkins, Lee, and Renita Coleman. 2005. “Ethical Journalism Is Not an Oxymoron.” Nieman Reports (Summer): 52–53.
  • Witschge, Tamara, and Gunnar Nygren. 2009. “Journalistic Work: A Profession Under Pressure?” Journal of Media Business Studies 6 (1): 37–59.
  • Xu, Yuejin, Asghar Iran-Nejad, and Stephen J. Thoma. 2007. “Administering Defining Issues Test Online: Do Response Modes Matter?” Journal of Interactive Online Learning 6 (1): 10–27.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.