Evolving Frames: British Newspaper Coverage of Repression and Resistance in China over Time, 1949–2009

References

• “A Flaming Injustice.” 2008. Daily Mirror, April 7.
   Google Scholar
• Anand, Dibyesh. 2007. Geopolitical Exotica: Tibet in Western Imagination. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anand, Dibyesh. 2009. “Strategic Hypocrisy: The British Imperial Scripting of Tibet’s Geopolitical Identity.” Journal of Asian Studies 68 (1): 227–252. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911809000011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arif, Muhammad, and Noor Hayat. 2018. “International Media Framing of China’s Domestic Politics: An Analysis of Aljazeera English and BBC News.” Media Watch 9 (1): 89–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.15655/mw/2018/v9i1/49285.
   Google Scholar
• Babbie, Earl. 2015. The Practice of Social Research. 14th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, Amy J. 2016. Museum Representations of Maoist China: From Cultural Revolution to Commie Kitsch. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, Peter. 1989. The Myth of Shangri-La: Tibet, Travel Writing and the Western Creation of Scared Landscape. London: Athlone.
   Google Scholar
• “Blood on the World’s Roof.” 1959. The Daily Telegraph, April 4.
   Google Scholar
• Bob, Clifford. 2005. The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bryman, Alan. 2015. Social Research Methods. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buncombe, Andrew. 2008. “As Crisis Over Tibet Deepens, Dalai Lama Makes Extraordinary Offer to Negotiate Directly with President Hu Jintao: ‘I am prepared to face China. I will go to Beijing’.” The Independent, March 21.
   Google Scholar
• “China Found Wanting.” 1989. The Daily Telegraph, March 8.
   Google Scholar
• “China’s Hold on the Halls of the God King.” 1989. The Guardian, March 8.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, Gregory C. 2015. China's Economic Transformation. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, David. 1997. Imperialism Revisited: Political and Economic Relations Between Britain and China, 1950–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cliff, Norman. 1950. “Time is Catching up with Tibet.” News Chronicle, October 25.
   Google Scholar
• Daccache, Jenny G., and Brandon Valeriano. 2012. Hollywood’s Representations of the Sino-Tibetan Conflict: Politics, Culture, and Globalization. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• de Vreese, Claes H. 2005. “News Framing: Theory and Typology.” Information Design Journal & Document Design 13 (1): 51–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1075/idjdd.13.1.06vre.
   Google Scholar
• Dirikx, Astrid, and Dave Gelders. 2010. “To Frame is to Explain: A Deductive Frame-analysis of Dutch and French Climate Change Coverage During the Annual UN Conferences of the Parties.” Public Understanding of Science 19 (6): 732–742. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662509352044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisel, Reinhard. 2007. Britain’s China Policy from 1949 to 2005: From an Idealistic Approach to Return a Focus on the Economic Factor. EU-China European Studies Centres Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Entman, Robert M. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (3): 51–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esser, Frank. 1999. “‘Tabloidization’ of News: A Comparative Analysis of Anglo-American and German Press Journalism.” European Journal of Communication 14 (3): 291–324. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323199014003001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freelon, Deen G. 2010. “ReCal: Intercoder Reliability Calculation as a Web Service.” International Journal of Internet Science 5 (1): 20–33.
   Google Scholar
• Fridriksson, Lianne. 2004. “Western Europe.” In Global Journalism: Topical Issues and Media Systems, edited by Arnold S. de Beer and John C. Merrill, 181–211. Boston, MA: Pearson Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Garnaut, Ross, Ligang Song, and Cai Fang. 2018. China’s 40 Years of Reform and Development: 1978–2018. Acton: ANU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, Sucheta. 1977. Tibet in Sino-Indian Relations, 1899–1914. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Golan, Guy J., and Josephine Lukito. 2015. “The Rise of the Dragon? Framing China’s Global Leadership in Elite American Newspapers.” International Communication Gazette 77 (8): 754–772. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048515601576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, Avery. 2017. “A Rising China’s Growing Presence: The Challenges of Global Engagement.” In China’s Global Engagement: Cooperation, Competition, and Influence in the 21st Century, edited by Jacques Delisle and Avery Goldstein, 1–34. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, Dennis. 2006. Fleet Street: Five Hundred Years of the Press. London: The British Library.
   Google Scholar
• Hallin, Daniel C., and Paolo Mancini. 2004. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Enze. 2013. Contestation and Adaptation: The Politics of National Identity in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hao, Shiyuan. 2016. How the Communist Party of China Manages the Issue of Nationality. Heidelberg: Springer Science and Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Harjuniemi, Timo. 2019. “Reason Over Politics.” Journalism Studies 20 (6): 804–822. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1423633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, Edward, and Noam Chomsky. 1988. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Ying, and Shahira Fahmy. 2011. “Same Events, Two Stories: Comparing the Photographic Coverage of the 2008 Anti-China/Olympics Demonstrations in Chinese and US Newspapers.” International Communication Gazette 73 (8): 732–752. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048511420091.
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, Shanto, and Jennifer A. McGrady. 2007. Media Politics: A Citizen’s Guide. New York: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Jacques, Martin. 2008. “Spotlight on Grievance: Events in Tibet Expose China’s Achilles Heel: Its Inability to Recognise and Respect Ethnic Difference.” The Guardian, March 17.
   Google Scholar
• Kaid, Lynda L., and Anne J. Wadsworth. 1989. “Content Analysis.” In Measurement of Communication Behavior, edited by Phillip Emmert and Larry L. Barker, 197–217. New York: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Victor S. 2001. Confronting Communism: U.S. and British Policies Toward China. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
   Google Scholar
• Knüsel, Ariane. 2012. Framing China: Media Images and Political Debates in Britain, the USA and Switzerland, 1900–1950. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kruse, Corwin R. 2001. “The Movement and the Media: Framing the Debate Over Animal Experimentation.” Political Communication 18: 67–88. doi:doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600150217668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, Christine C. M., and Yu Huang. 2007. “The Paradox of Journalistic Representation of the Other: The Case of SARS Coverage on China and Vietnam by Western-led English-language Media in Five Countries.” Journalism 8 (6): 675–697. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884907083118.
   Google Scholar
• Linström, Margaret, and Willemien Marais. 2012. “Qualitative News Frame Analysis: A Methodology.” Communitas 17: 21–28.
   Google Scholar
• Luard, Tim. 1989a. “Lhasa Falls Silent as Tibetans Fear Chinese Revenge.” The Daily Telegraph, March 9.
   Google Scholar
• Luard, Tim. 1989b. “Sino-Soviet Argument Not Over, Says Peking.” The Daily Telegraph, March 28.
   Google Scholar
• Luther, Cathrine A., and Xiang Zhou. 2005. “Within the Boundaries of Politics: News Framing of Sars in China and the United States.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 82 (4): 857–872. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900508200407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Mao’s Great Blunder.” 1959. Daily Mail, April 3.
   Google Scholar
• McRae, Michael. 2012. The Siege of Shangri-La: The Quest for Tibet's Sacred Hidden Paradise. New York: Broadway Books.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, Nigel, and Andrew Buncombe. 2008. “Foreign Office Minister Calls on Olympians to Speak Out.” The Independent, March 20.
   Google Scholar
• Neuendorf, Kimberly A. 2002. The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Neuhaus, Thomas. 2012. Tibet in the Western Imagination. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Niblock, Sarah. 2008. “Features.” In Pulling Newspaper Apart: Analysing Print Journalism, edited by Bob Franklin, 46–55. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• “‘No Fears,’ Says the God-King’s Friend in the West: I Back the Dalai Lama to Win His Freedom.” 1959. Daily Mail, April 2.
   Google Scholar
• Norbu, Jamyang. 1998. “Dances with Yaks. Tibet in Film, Fiction and Fantasy of the West.” Tibetan Review 33 (1): 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Norbu, Dawa. 2001. China’s Tibet Policy. Richmond: Curzon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ospina Estupinan, Jhon D. 2017. “The Coverage of China in the Latin American Press: Media Framing Study.” Cogent Arts & Humanities 4 (1): 1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2017.1287319.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, Zhongdang, and Gerald M. Kosicki. 1993. “Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse.” Political Communication 10 (1): 55–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
   Google Scholar
• Peng, Zengjun. 2008. “Framing the Anti-war Protests in the Global Village: A Comparative Study of Newspaper Coverage in Three Countries.” The International Communication Gazette 70 (5): 361–377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508094293.
   Google Scholar
• Powers, Angela, and Julie L. Andsager. 1999. “How Newspapers Framed Breast Implants in the 1990s.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 76: 551–564. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909907600310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Red Light in Tibet.” 1950. Daily Mail, October 31.
   Google Scholar
• Reese, Stephen D. 2001. “Prologue – Framing Public Life: A Bridging Model for Media Research.” In Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, edited by Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Grandy Jr., and August E. Grant, 7–32. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, Susan, Nigel Spinks, and Ana I. Canhoto. 2015. Management Research: Applying the Principles. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rottwilm, Philipp. 2014. The Future of Journalistic Work: Its Changing Nature and Implications. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Saxon, Nicholas. 1959. “Lhasa Died in Fit of Red Fury: Monks Took up Arms to Fight Chinese Troops.” Daily Mail, April 2.
   Google Scholar
• Shakya, Tsering. 2000. The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947. New York: Penguin Compass.
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, Pamela J., and Stephen D. Reese. 1996. Mediating the Message: Theories of Influence on Mass Media Content. New York: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Warren W. 2019. Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sparks, Collin. 2010. “Coverage of China in the UK National Press.” Chinese Journal of Communication 3 (3): 347–365. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2010.499637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, Gerald C., and Zhiwen Xiao. 2007. “Anointing a New Enemy: The Rise of Anti-China Coverage After the USSR’s Demise.” The International Communication Gazette 69 (1): 91–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048507072787.
   Google Scholar
• Su, Weiqun. 2004. “Between Hope and Despair: China’s Struggle for Democracy and Modernization as Seen Through US Media – The New York Times Coverage of China Between 2002–2003.” Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans, LA, May 27.
   Google Scholar
• Tankard, James W. 2003. “The Empirical Approach to the Study of Media Framing.” In Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, edited by Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Grandy Jr., and August E. Grant, 95–106. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Tankard, James W., Laura Hendrickson, Jackie Silberman, Kris Bliss, and Salma Ghanem. 1991. “Media Frames: Approaches to Conceptualization and Measurement.” Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Boston, MA, August.
   Google Scholar
• Touri, Maria, and Nelya Koteyko. 2014. “Using Corpus Linguistic Software in the Extraction of News Frames: Towards a Dynamic Process of Frame Analysis in Journalistic Texts.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 18 (6): 601–616. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2014.929878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuchman, Gaye. 1978. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Gorp, Baldwin. 2010. “Strategies to Take Subjectivity out of Framing Analysis.” In Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, edited by Paul D’Angelo and Jim A. Kuypers, 84–109. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vliegenthart, Rens, and Liesbet van Zoonen. 2011. “Power to the Frame: Bringing Sociology Back to Frame Analysis.” European Journal of Communication 26 (2): 101–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323111404838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wemheuer, Felix. 2014. Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Kevin. 2010. Read All About It! A History of the British Newspaper. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Wenjing. 2008. “Framing China: A Comparative Study of U.S. Elite Newspaper's Coverage of Nixon's Visit to China and the Chinese President’s Visit to the U.S.” Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association, Montreal, May 21.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Xiaodong, and Mark Boukes. 2019. “How China’s Flagship News Program Frames ‘the West’: Foreign News Coverage of CCTV’s Xinwen Lianbo Before and During Xi Jinping’s Presidency.” Chinese Journal of Communication 12 (4): 414–430. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2018.1554593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Xiang. 2008. “Cultural Dimensions and Framing the Internet in China: A Cross-cultural Study of Newspapers’ Coverage in Hong Kong, Singapore, the US and the UK.” International Communication Gazette 70 (2): 117–136. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048507086908.
   Google Scholar