An exploratory study on the attitudes of elderly Finns towards Russian-speaking minorities

References

• Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. (2015). Migrant crisis: Finland’s case against immigration. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34185297
   Google Scholar
• Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Brown, R., Funke, F., Kessler, T., Mummendey, A., … Leyens, J.-P. (2009). Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three European countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 843–856. doi: 10.1037/a0013470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blinder, S. (2011). UK public opinion toward migration: Determinants of attitudes. Retrieved from http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2016/04/Briefing-Public_Opinion_Determinants.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Blom, S. (2010). Attitudes towards immigrants and immigration. Retrieved from https://www.ssb.no/a/english/publikasjoner/pdf/sa122/attitudes.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307–324. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. M. (2013). Integrated threat theory and acceptance of immigrant assimilation: An analysis of Muslim immigration in Western Europe. Communication Monographs, 80, 46–62. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2012.739704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. M. (2016). Further development of integrated threat theory and intergroup contact: A reply to Aberson (2015). Communication Monographs, 83, 269–275. doi:10.1080/03637751.2015.1119866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. M., Aalto, J., Hirvonen, S., & Sommier, M. (2013). Integrated threat and Intergroup contact: An analysis of Muslim immigration to Finland. Human Communication, 16, 109–120.
   Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. M., Nshom, E., Zeng, C., & Rahmani, D. (in press). Social desirability among prejudice scales: An integrated threat theory analysis. Journal of Intercultural Communication.
   Google Scholar
• Dozo, N. (2015). Gender differences in prejudice: A biological and social psychological analysis (PhD thesis). School of Psychology, The University of Queensland. doi: 10.14264/uql.2015.777
   Google Scholar
• ECRI. (2007). Third report on Finland. Retrieved from http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/FIN-CbC-III-2007-23-ENG.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., & Araya, T. (2003). Gender differences in implicit prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1509–1523. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00132-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ervasti, H. (2004). Attitudes towards foreign-born settlers: Finland in a comparative perspective. In I. S. Teoksessa (Ed.), Yearbook of population research in Finland (pp. 25–44). Helsinki: Väestöliitto, Väestöntutkimuslaitos.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, R. (2012). Europe’s young cosmopolitans: Explaining generational differences in immigration attitudes ( Institute of Social Change working paper). Manchester, NH: University of Manchester.
   Google Scholar
• González, K. V., Verkuyten, M., Weesie, J., & Poppe, E. (2008). Prejudice towards Muslims in the Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 667–685. doi: 10.1348/014466608X284443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaakkola, M. (2000). Finnish attitudes towards immigrants in 1987–1999. ( I. Söderling, Toim.) Helsinki, Finland: Väestöntutkimuslaitos.
   Google Scholar
• Jaakkola, M. (2009). Maahanmuuttajat suomalaisten näkökulmasta. Asennemuutokset 1987–2007. Helsinki, Finland: City of Helsinki Urban Facts Research Series.
   Google Scholar
• Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. (2000). Psychological acculturation and adaptation among Russian speaking adolescents in Finland. Retrieved from www.ethesis:http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/sosps/vk/jasinskaja-lahti/psycholo.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., & Liebkind, K. (1998). Content and predictors of the ethnic identity of Russian-speaking immigrant adolescents in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 39, 209–219. doi: 10.1111/1467-9450.00081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., & Liebkind, K. (2001). Perceived discrimination and psychological adjustment among Russian-speaking immigrant adolescents in Finland. International Journal of Psychology, 36, 174–185. doi: 10.1080/00207590042000074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., Jaakkola, M., & Reuter, A. (2006). Perceived discrimination, social support networks and psychological well-being among three immigrant groups. Journal of Cross -Cultural Psychology, 37, 293–311. doi: 10.1177/0022022106286925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karemaa, O. (2004). Foes, fiends, and vermin. Ethnic hatred of Russians in Finland 1917–1923. Retrieved from http://finoved.madistudio.com/?idm=41&op=main&idcont=126
   Google Scholar
• Kashima, Y., Lyons, A., & Clark, A. (2013). The maintenance of cultural stereotypes in the conversational retelling of narratives. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 60–70. doi: 10.1111/ajsp.12004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinder, D. R., & Sears, D. O. (1981). Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 414–431. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.40.3.414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudrnáč, A. (2017). Gender differences among Czech youth in prejudice towards minorities. Journal of Youth Studies, 20, 583–604. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2016.1254166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laher, H. (2008). Antagonism toward African immigrants in Johanesburg, South Africa. Johanesburg: University of Witwaterland.
   Google Scholar
• Lehtonen, J. (2005). Stereotypes and collective identification. In D. Petkova & J. Lehtonen (Eds.), Cultural Identity in an intercultural context (pp. 67–94). Jyväskylä, Finland: University of Jyvaskyla.
   Google Scholar
• Liebkind, K., Mannila, S., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Jaakkola, M., Kyntäjä, E., & Reuter, A. (2004). Venäläinen, virolainen, suomalainen. Kolmen maahanmuuttajaryhmän kotoutuminen Suomeen ( Russian, Estonian, Finnish: Integration of Three Immigrant Groups in Finnish Society). Helsinki: Gaudeamus.
   Google Scholar
• Ljujic, V., Vedder, P., & Dekker, H. (2012). Romaphobia among Serbian adolescents: The role of national in-group attitudes and perceived threat. Political Psychology, 33, 911–924. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00927.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, A., & Kashima, Y. (2006). Maintaining stereotypes in communication: Investigating memory biases and coherence-seeking in storytelling. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 59–71. doi:10.1111/j.1367-2223.2006.00184.x doi: 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2006.00184.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannila, S., & Reuter, A. (2009). Social exclusion risks and their accumulation among Russian-speaking, ethnically Finnish and Estonian immigrants to Finland. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35, 939–956. doi: 10.1080/13691830902957718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, M. M., Navarrete, C. D., & Sidanius, J. (2011). Developing a theory of gendered prejudice: An evolutionary and social dominance perspective. In R. M. Kramer, G. J. Leonardelli, & R. W. Livingston (Eds.), social cognition, social identity, and intergroup relations: A Festschrift in honor of Marilynn B. Brewer (pp. 189–220). London: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Milojevic, I., & Izgarjan, A. (2014). Creating alternative futures through storytelling: A case study from Serbia. Futures, 57, 51–61. doi: 10.1016/j.futures.2013.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nshom, E. (2016). Predictors of Finnish adolescent´s prejudice towards Russian immigrants and the role of intergroup contact. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 45, 31–44. doi: 10.1080/17475759.2015.1136347
   Google Scholar
• Nshom, E., & Croucher, S. M. (2014). Threats and attitudes toward Russian-speaking immigrants: A comparative study between younger and older Finns. Russian Journal of Communication, 6, 308–317. doi: 10.1080/19409419.2014.954599
   Google Scholar
• Nshom, E., & Croucher, S. M. (2017). Perceived threat and prejudice towards immigrants in Finland: A study among early, middle and late Finnish adolescents. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 10, 309–323. doi: 10.1080/17513057.2017.1312489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. (1986). The intergroup contact hypothesis reconsidered. In M. Hewstone, & R. Brown (Eds.), Social psychology and society: Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 169–195). Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 336–353. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruscher, J. B. (1998). Prejudice and stereotyping in everyday communication. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 241–307. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60385-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibner, G., & Morrison, T. (2009). Attitudes towards polish immigrants to the Republic of Ireland: An integrated threat analysis. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32, 1431–1448. doi: 10.1080/01419870902890317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheriff, M. (1966). Group conflict and cooperation. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Finland. (2015). Immigrants and integration. Retrieved from http://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/immigration/index_en.html
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Finland. (2017). Foreigners in Finland. Retrieved from http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html#foreignersinfinland
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., Diaz-Looving, R., & Duran, A. (2000). Integrated threat theory and intercultural attitudes: Mexico and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 240–249. doi: 10.1177/0022022100031002006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., & Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In D. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 191–207). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1996). Predicting prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 409–426. doi: 10.1016/0147-1767(96)00026-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 225–246). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants: An integrated threat theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2221–2237. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Martinez, C., Schwarzwald, J., & Turk-Kaspa, M. (1998). Prejudice toward immigrants to Spain and Israel: An integrated threat theory analysis. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 29, 559–576. doi: 10.1177/0022022198294004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Morrison, R. (2009). Intergroup threat theory. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice (pp. 43–59). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Valentova, M., & Alieva, A. (2014). Gender differences in the perception of immigration-related threats. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 39, 175–182. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.08.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, H. (2015). Age old debate: Why do elderly people oppose immigration?. Retrieved from http://blogs.worldbank.org/peoplemove/age-old-debate-why-do-elderly-people-oppose-immigration
   Google Scholar
• Yle. (2011). Russian language makes more strides in Eastern Finland. Retrieved from http://yle.fi/uutiset/russian_language_makes_more_strides_in_eastern_finland/5306274
   Google Scholar
• Yle. (2013). As many Russian as Swedish speakers by 2050? Retrieved from http://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/as_many_russian_as_swedish_speakers_by_2050/6639645
   Google Scholar