130
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

“All they see is black”: The experience and negotiation of racial identity for Nigerians in the United States

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 172-190 | Received 04 May 2023, Accepted 18 Oct 2023, Published online: 27 Mar 2024

References

  • Acheme, D. E. (2021). Stereotyped communication: The ascribed identities of Nigerians living in the U.S. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 16(1), 56–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2021.1974924
  • Acheme, D. E., Montgomery, G., & Cionea, I. A. (2022). Protest structures: Responses from Nigerians in the United States to police brutality and #BlackLivesMatter protests. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 41, 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X211049473
  • Acheme, D. E., Montgomery, G., & Cionea, I. A. (2023). Racializing accents: The impact of language and racial cues on intergroup communicative outcomes. Communication Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502231215211
  • Adichie, C. N. (2013). Americanah. Anchor Books.
  • Alex-Assensoh, Y. M. (2009). African immigrants and African-Americans: An analysis of voluntary African immigration and the evolution of black ethnic politics in America. African and Asian Studies, 8(1–2), 89–124. https://doi.org/10.1163/156921009X413171
  • Altman, A. (2020, June 4). Why the death of George Floyd sparked an American uprising? Time Magazine. https://time.com/5847967/george-oyd-protests-trump/
  • American Anthropological Association. (1998). American anthropological association statement on “race”. American Anthropologist, 100(3). www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm
  • American Immigration Council. (August 6, 2020). Immigrants in the United States. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-in-the-unitedstates
  • Arthur, J. A. (2010). African diaspora identities: Negotiating culture in transnational migration. Books.
  • Asante, G., Sekimoto, S., & Brown, C. (2016). Becoming “black”: Exploring the racialized experiences of African immigrants in the United States. Howard Journal of Communications, 27(4), 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2016.1206047
  • Awokoya, J. (2012). Identity constructions and negotiations Among 1.5- and second-generation Nigerians: The impact of family, school, and peer contexts. Harvard Educational Review, 82(2), 255–281. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.82.2.9v77p329367116vj
  • Bashi, V., & McDaniel, A. (1997). A theory of immigration and racial stratification. Journal of Black Studies, 27(5), 668–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479702700505
  • Black Lives Matter. (2021). About. https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
  • Blain, K. N. (2020, September/October). Civil rights international: The fight against racism has always been global. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-08-11/racism-civil-rights-international
  • Bryce-Laporte, R. S. (1972). Black immigrants: The experience of invisibility and inequality. Journal of Black Studies, 3(1), 29–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193477200300103
  • Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 509–535). Sage.
  • Clark, M. K. (2008). Identity among first and second generation African immigrants in the United States. African Identities, 6(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725840801933999
  • Collier, M. J. (2005). Theorizing cultural identifications: Critical updates and continuing evolution. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 55–68). Sage.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Sage.
  • Cross, W. E. Jr. (1991). Shades of black: Diversity in African-American identity. Temple University Press.
  • Dave, D. M., Friedson, A. I., Matsuzawa, K., Sabia, J. J., & Safford, S. (2020). Black lives matter protests and risk avoidance: The case of civil unrest during a pandemic. Working Paper 27408, National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27408
  • Fanon, F. (2003). The fact of blackness. In L. M. Alcoff & E. Mendieta (Eds.), Identities: Race, class, gender, and nationality (pp. 62–74). Blackwell.
  • Fashola, O. R. (2011). Identity negotiation and academic achievement of African American, African, and Asian students in a racially mixed institution (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
  • Feagin, J. R., & McKinney, K. D. (2003). The many costs of racism. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Finke, P., & Sökefeld, M. (2018). Identity in anthropology. In H. Callan & S. Coleman (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of anthropology (pp. 3091–3103). Wiley.
  • Fosco, M. (2018, June 6). The most successful ethnic group in the U.S. may surprise you. Ozy. https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/the-most-successful-ethnicgroup-in-the-u-s-may-surprise-you/86885/
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
  • Golash-Boza, T. M. (2015). Race and racisms: A critical approach. Oxford University Press.
  • Guenther, K. M., Pendaz, S., & Songora Makene, F. (2011). The impact of intersecting dimensions of inequality and identity on the racial status of eastern African immigrants. Sociological Forum, 26(1), 98–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2010.01226.x
  • Hamel, L., Kearney, A., Kirzinger, A., Lopes, L., Muñana, C., & Brodie, M. (2020, June 26). KFF health tracking poll – June 2020. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/report/kff-health-tracking-poll-june-2020/
  • Hartigan, J. Jr. (1997). Establishing the fact of whiteness. American Anthropologist, 99(3), 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1997.99.3.495
  • Hooks, B. (1992). Representing whiteness in the black imagination. In L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, & P. A. Treichler (Eds.), Cultural studies (pp. 338–346). Routledge.
  • Ibrahim, A. (2017). Don’t call me black! Rhizomatic analysis of blackness, immigration, and the politics of race without guarantees. Educational Studies, 53(5), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2017.1303496
  • Ifekwunigwe, J. O., Wagner, J. K., Yu, J. H., Harrell, T. M., Bamshad, M. J., & Royal, C. D. (2017). A qualitative analysis of how anthropologists interpret the race construct. American Anthropologist, 119(3), 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12890
  • Imoagene, O. (2018). Stepping up your game: Workplace experiences of second-generation Nigerians in the USA. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 19(2), 497–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-0542-8
  • Kim, Y. Y. (2005). Adapting to a new culture: An integrative communication theory. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 375–400). Sage.
  • Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2019). Qualitative communication research methods (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Mandishona, T. C. (2018). Consciously becoming black: A phenomenological exploration of black sub-saharan African international students’ racial identity development at historically black colleges and universities in the American south (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Mississippi). https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1520/
  • Mensah, J. (2014). Black continental African identities in Canada: Exploring the intersections of identity formation and immigrant transnationalism. Journal of Canadian Studies, 48(3), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.48.3.5
  • Migration Policy Institute. (2016, June). The Nigerian diaspora in the United States. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/RAD-Nigeria.pdf
  • Nwabara, O. N. (2018). Becoming black and African: Nigerian diasporic transformations of racial and ethnic identities in the United States. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 12(1), 70–96. https://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol12no1/12.1-7-Nwabara%20(1).pdf
  • Omi, M. A. (2001). The changing meaning of race. In N. J. Smelser, W. J. Wilson, & F. Mitchell (Eds.), America becoming: Racial trends and their consequences (Vol. 1, pp. 243–263). National Academies Press.
  • Onuzulike, U. (2014). Ethnic and transnational identities in the diaspora: A phenomenological study of second-generation Igbo-American young adults (Doctoral dissertation, Howard University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/openview/6404b5351522a0fa6f223230fc5701b2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
  • Onyenekwu, I. U. (2015). I am not beneath you because I am from a different continent, I am also like you!": Nigerian college students make meaning of racial and ethnic identity at a predominantly white institution (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
  • Orbe, M. (2015). #Alllivesmatter as post-racial rhetorical strategy. Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric, 5(3/4), 90–98. http://contemporaryrhetoric.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Orbe_11_5.pdf
  • Owen, W. F. (1984). Interpretive themes in relational communication. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70(3), 274–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335638409383697
  • Peffley, M., & Hurwitz, J. (2013). Persuasion and resistance: Race and the death penalty in America. In H. T. Greene, & S. Gabbidon (Eds.), Race and crime: A text/reader (pp. 355–366). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00293.x
  • Pierre, J. (2004). Black immigrants in the United States and the ‘cultural narratives’ of ethnicity. Identities, 11(2), 141–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10702890490451929
  • Pierre, J. (2019). The predicament of blackness: Postcolonial Ghana and the politics of race. University of Chicago Press.
  • Sarpong, D., & Reisig, M. D. (2022). “You are first a migrant”: The role of police procedural injustice and social identity among Nigerian immigrants in the United States. Criminology & Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958221132760
  • Showers, F. (2015). Being black, foreign and woman: African immigrant identities in the United States. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(10), 1815–1830. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1036763
  • Smedley, A., & Smedley, B. D. (2005). Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. American Psychologist, 60(1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.16
  • Smith, C. W. (2014). Black mosaic: The politics of black pan-ethnic diversity. New York University Press.
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.
  • Thomas, D., & Menasce Horowitz, J. (2020, September). Support for black lives matter has decreased since June but remains strong among black Americans. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/16/support-for-black-lives-matter-has-decreased-since-june-but-remains-strong-among-black-americans/
  • Ting-Toomey, S. (2005). Identity negotiation theory. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 211–233). Sage.
  • Tonry, M. (2011). Punishing race: A continuing American dilemma. Oxford University Press.
  • Tracy, S. J. (2019). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact. Wiley.
  • Waterston, A. (2006). Are Latinos becoming “white” folk? And what that still says about race in America. Transforming Anthropology, 14(2), 133–150.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.