3,173
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Why the initiative of free childcare failed to be an effective policy implementation of universal childcare in South Korea

Pages 558-574 | Received 16 Oct 2020, Accepted 11 Jul 2021, Published online: 22 Jul 2021

References

  • Akgunduz, Y. E., & Plantenga, J. (2014). Childcare in the Netherlands: Lessons in privatisation. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 22(3), 379–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2014.912900
  • An, M.-Y. (2013). Childcare expansion in East Asia: Changing shape of the institutional configurations in Japan and South Korea. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 7(1), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12005
  • An, M.-Y., & Peng, I. (2016). Diverging paths? A comparative look at childcare in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Social Policy & Administration, 50(5), 540–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12128
  • Bae, M.-J., & Park, J.-C. (2012, December 3). Naenyeon Sam-ose Moosangboyuk Daeran Ona [Is the war of free childcare for 3-5 age children coming next year?] Kyunghyangsinmoon. http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201212032113035.
  • Baek, S.-H. (2009). Kim Dae-jung/Roh Moo-hyun Jungbooeui Boyuk-jungchaek Pyoungga [Evaluation on Childcare Policy during 10 Years of Kim, Dae-Jung & Roh, Moo-Hyun's Administrations: focus on National Plans]. Sanghwanggwabokji, 28, 95–141. https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01250292&language=ko_KR
  • Baek, S.-H. (2011). Boyukeui Gonggongsung Ganghwarul Wihan Jungchaek Bangan [study on policies for reinforcing the publicness of childcare]. Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. https://www.kihasa.re.kr/web/publication/research/view.do?menuId=45&tid=71&bid=12&division=001&ano=1238
  • Baek, S.-H. (2015). Sunginjijuck Gwanjumeseo bon boyukchejung bundam jangjum bunseock: Youngyua musangboyukgwa nurogwajungeul jungsimero [gender analysis on the budgetary allocation on childcare: Focused on infant free childcare and Nuri gwajung]. Issues of Feminism, 15(1), 299–334. https://doi.org/10.21287/iif.2015.04.15.1.299
  • Baek, S.-H., Sung, E.-S., & Lee, S.-H. (2011). The current coordinates of the Korean care regime. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 27(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.567019
  • Ball, S. J., & Vincent, C. (2006). The ‘childcare champion’? New labour, social justice and the childcare market. British Educational Research Journal, 31(5), 557–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920500240700
  • Béland, D. (2009). Gender, ideational analysis, and social policy. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 16(4), 558–581. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxp017
  • Bergqvist, C., & Nyberg, A. (2002). Welfare state restructuring and child care in Sweden. In S. Michel & R. Mahon (Eds.), Child care policy at the crossroads: Gender and welfare state restructuring (pp. 287–307). Sage.
  • Blomqvist, P. (2004). The choice revolution: Privatization of Swedish welfare services in the 1990s. Social Policy & Administration, 38(2), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2004.00382.x
  • Brennan, D., Cass, B., Himmelweit, S., & Szebehely, M. (2012). The marketization of care: Rationales and consequences in Nordic and liberal care regimes. Journal of European Social Policy, 22(4), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928712449772
  • Bryman, A. (2015). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
  • Budig, M., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204–225. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657415
  • Cha, Y.-J., & Chang, E.-J. (2013, August 13). Moosang boyuk nonlan: Seoulsi jeonmyeonjuk jiyeok noonchibogi dolim [The debates on free childcare]. News 1. https://www.news1.kr/articles/?1292332.
  • Choi, H.-J. (2008). Janyugyoyukgwa Gihonyesungeui Nodonggonggeup [The education of children and the supply of women’s labour]. Korean Labor Institute.
  • Chon, Y. (2018). The marketisation of childcare and elderly care, and its results in South Korea. International Social Work, 62(4), 1260–1273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818796123
  • Citizen’s Solidarity for Social Welfare of Seoul. (2013, September 2). Is this the Seoul City’ fault who says to implement the policy manifesto or is it the President Park’s fault who does not implement the free childcare as she promised?. http://seoulwelfare.org/statement/857.
  • Cooke, F. L. (2010). Women’s participation in employment in Asia: A comparative analysis of China, India, Japan and South Korea. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(12), 2249–2270. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.509627
  • Daly, M., & Rake, K. (2003). Gender and the welfare state: Care, work and welfare in Europe and the USA. Polity Press.
  • Ellingsæter,A. L., & Leira, A. (2006). Politicising parenthood in Scandinavia: Gender relations in welfare states. The Policy Press.
  • Estévez-Abe, M., & Kim, Y.-S. (2014). Presidents, prime ministers and politics of care: Why Korea expanded childcare much more than Japan. Social Policy Administration, 48(6), 665–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12090
  • Fagnani, J. (2002). Why do French women have more children than German women? Family policies and attitudes towards child care outside the home. Community, Work & Family, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/1366880022010218
  • Farris, S. R., & Marchetti, S. (2017). From the commodification to the corporatization of care: European perspectives and debates. Social Politics, 24(2), 109–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxx003
  • Flynn, L. (2017). Childcare markets and maternal employment: A typology. Journal of European Social Policy, 27(3), 260–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928716685689
  • Freeman, R., & Maybin, J. (2011). Documents, practices and policy. Evidence & Policy, 7(2), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1332/174426411X579207
  • Gambaro, L., Stewart, K., & Waldfogel, J. (2015). Introduction. In G. Ludovica, K. Stewart, & J. Waldfogel (Eds.), An equal start?: Providing quality early education and care for disadvantaged children (pp. 287–307). Policy Press.
  • Goodman, R., & Peng, I. (1996). The East Asian welfare states: Peripatetic learning, adaptive change, and nation-building. In E. Gøsta (Ed.), Welfare states in transition: National adaptations in global economies (pp. 192–224). SAGE.
  • Hiroko, T., Liu, J., & Yamashita, J. (2011). Economic restructuring and changing work/family life: The cases of Japan and China. In G.-J. Hwang (Ed.), New welfare states in East Asia: Global challenges and restructuring (pp. 125–154). Edward Elgar.
  • Hofferth, S., & Wissoker, D. A. (1992). Price, quality, and income in child care choice. Journal of Human Resources, 27(1), 70–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/145913
  • Huh, R.-G. (2005). Sungjuryuhwa Jungchake paradigmeui mosack: Baljuneseo Bosalpimeuro [An Exploration on a Paradigm of Gender Policy toward “Care“]. Korean Women Study, 21(1), 199–231. https://kiss.kstudy.com/thesis/thesis-view.asp?key=2453772
  • Joo, S.-Y. (2013, June 7). Yegodoin boyukdaeran, seoulsi moosang boyuk all stop [The predicted war, The city of Seoul is going to stop all]. Guk Bang Sinmoon. http://www.babytimes.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1823.
  • Kamerman, S., & Moss, P. (2009). The politics of parental leave policies: Children, parenting, gender and the labour market. Policy Press.
  • Kang, J.-Y. (2019, July 2-3). Unexpected stratification? The effects of childcare subsidy and home care allowance on childcare cost burden in Korea [Paper presentation}. The Sixteenth East Asian Social Policy (EASP) Research Network Annual Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.
  • Kim, H.-J. (2012, May 8), Park Geun-hye gajockhangbok odae yacksock, 19daesun choiwoosun silcheon [Five promises for a happy family, the top policy priorities]. The Asian Economy Daily. http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012050808195490066.
  • Kim, J.-H. (2006). Jungjaggi boyukgyehoik and daehayeo [About the mid-long term childcare policy strategy]. Bokji Donghyang, March 89, 29–33. https://blog.naver.com/pspdwel/110015180381.
  • Kim, J.-H. (2008, April 25-26). Sahoi serviceeui sijanhwa, mooeuteul wihan gutinga? [What is the marketised childcare for?] [Paper presentation]. The Korean Academy of Social Welfare Spring Academic Conference, Seoul: South Korea.
  • Kim, T.-H. (2011). Development of gender equality index and measurement of gender equality in South Korea. Gender Studies and Policy Review, 4, 80–93. https://eng.kwdi.re.kr/publications/gsprView.do?p=7&idx=101707
  • Kim, Y.-M. (2006). Towards a comprehensive welfare state in south korea: Institutional features, new social and political pressures, and the possibility of the welfare state. London: Asia Research Center: London School of Economics and Political Science (Working Paper No. 14).
  • Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agenda, alternative, and public policies. Harper Colins.
  • Korean Women’s Association United. (2013, September 3). Moosang boyuk Jasejungnan bangi, Parkgeunhye jungboowa saenooridang gyutan gija hwigyun [Condemnation of the Park Geun-hye government and Saenoori dang who did neglect the budgetary of free childcare]. http://women21.or.kr/society/5491?ckattempt=1.
  • Kreyenfeld, M., & Hank, K. (2000). Does the availability of child care influence the employment of mothers? Findings from Western Germany. Population Research and Policy Review, 19(4), 317–337. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026556309080
  • Le Grand, J. (2007). The other invisible hand: Delivering public services through choice and competition. Princeton University Press.
  • Lee, C.-J., & Kwon, H.-J. (2017). Analysis of impact of the childcare subsidy on child support expenses of family. Korean Society and Public Administration, 28(3), 175–198. https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE07272011
  • Lee, J.-S., & Lee, S. G. (2013). A study on paradigm shift of childcare policy from the gender perspective. Gender and Culture, 6(2), 85–123. https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE02378349
  • Lee, S.-H. (2016). Has childcare become less of a burden in South Korea? Exploring the nature of pre-and post-reform childcare provision. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 22(4), 414–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2016.1242941
  • Lee, S.-H. (2017). The socialization of childcare and a missed opportunity through path dependence: The case of South Korea. Social Politics, 24(2), 132–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxx001
  • Lee, Y.-W. (2016). Effects of a universal childcare subsidy on mothers’ time allocation. Korea Development Institute, 38(1), 1–22. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2777357
  • Lewis, J. (1992). Gender and the development of welfare regimes. Journal of European Social Policy, 2(3), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/095892879200200301
  • Lewis, J., & West, A. (2017). Early childhood education and care in England under austerity: Continuity or change in political ideas, policy goals, availability, affordability and quality in a childcare market? Journal of Social Policy, 46(2), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279416000647
  • Lloyd, E. (2013). Childcare Markets: An Introduction. In H. Penn & E. Lloyd (Eds.), Childcare markets: Can they deliver an equitable service? (pp. 3–18). Policy Press.
  • Ma, K.-H. (2005). Sahoigwoneroseo Dolbomeui Jedowharul Wihan Daeanjeock Paradigmeui Mosack [seeking an alternative paradigm for institutionalising socialised care as a social right]. Yeosunggwa Sahoi [Women and Society], 5(16), 35–66. https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01082910
  • Mahon, R. (2002). Gender and welfare state restructuring: Through the lens of child care. In M. Sonya & R. Mahon (Eds.), Child care policy at the crossroads: Gender and welfare state restructuring (pp. 1–27). Routledge.
  • Melby, K., Ravn, A., & Wetterberg, C. C. (2009). Gender equality and welfare politics in Scandinavia: The limits of political ambition? Policy Press.
  • Michel, M., & Mahon, R. (2002). Child care policy at the crossroads: Gender and welfare state restructuring. Routledge.
  • Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. (2006). Sa-ssak plan: Mid-long term plan. South Korea.
  • Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2010). Boyuk Tonggye [statistics on childcare]. South Korea.
  • Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2011). Boyuk Saup Annae [Guidelines for Childcare services]. South Korea.
  • Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2012). Boyuk Siltae Josa [survey on attitudes towards childcare service]. South Korea.
  • Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2013). Boyuk Tonggye [statistics on childcare]. South Korea. http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/jb/sjb030301vw.jsp
  • Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2014). Boyuk Tonggye [statistics on childcare]. South Korea.
  • Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2016). Boyuk Tonggye [statistics on childcare]. South Korea.
  • Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2018). Boyuk Siltae Josa [survey on attitudes towards childcare service]. South Korea.
  • Minju-tonghap Presidential Election Policy Manifesto. (2012), Retrieved June 11, 2021, from http://elecinfo.nec.go.kr/neweps/ezpdfwebviewer/ezpdf/customLayout.jsp?contentId=2F6570646174612F455031322F45434D323031322F30312F45434D303132303132303034322F45434D303132303132303034325F30303033532E706466
  • Morel, N. (2007). From subsidiarity to ‘free choice’: Child- and elder-care policy reforms in France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. Social Policy & Administration, 41(6), 618–637. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00575.x
  • Park, W.-I. (2012, July 7). Wigieui Moosangboyuk, Parkgeunhye Sinroi jungchi heunddeul [The crisis in free childcare and the ‘Shaking’ trust politics of Park Geun-hye]. E-daily. http://www.edaily.co.kr/news/news_detail.asp?newsId=01148006599592224&mediaCodeNo=257&OutLnkChk=Y.
  • Paul, R. (2011). Labour Migration Management as Multidimensional Border-Drawing: A Comparative Interpretative Policy Analysis in the EU [Unpublished doctoral dissertationPhD thesis]. University of Bath.
  • Peng, I. (2009). The political and social economy of care in the republic of Korea. Gender and Development Programme Papers (6), United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
  • Peng, I. (2011). The good, the bad and the confusing: The political economy of social care expansion in South Korea. Development and Change, 42(4), 905–923. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01724.x
  • Peng, I. (2014). The social protection floor and the ‘new’ social investment policies in Japan and South Korea. Global Social Policy, 14(3), 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018114533711
  • Peng, I., & Zhang, Y. (2012). Social and political economy of care in Japan and South Korea. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32(11/12), 636–649. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443331211280683
  • Penn, H. (2009). International perspectives on quality in mixed economies of childcare. National Institute Economic Review, 207(1), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0027950109103687
  • Penn, H. (2013). Childcare markets: Do they work? In H. Penn & E. Lloyd (Eds.), Childcare markets: Can they deliver an equitable service? (pp. 19–42). Policy Press.
  • Penn, H., Stephen, C., Ang, L., & Brooker, L. (2011). Gambling on the market: The role of for-profit provision in early childhood education and care. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 9(2), 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X10387999
  • Perälä-Littunen, S. (2018). Childcare and work – Exploring the views of Finnish mothers and fathers. Community, Work & Family, 21(2), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2016.1274289
  • Pierson, P. (2004). Politics in Time: History, institutions, and social analysis. Princeton University Press.
  • Plantenga, J., & Remery, C. (2009). Parental leave in the Netherlands. CESifo DICE Report, 7(2), 47–51. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/166968
  • Razavi, S. (2007). The political and social economy of care in a development context: Conceptual issues, research questions and policy options. Gender and Development Programme Paper (3), United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
  • Richite, J., & Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage Publication.
  • Saenuri-dang Presidential Election Policy Manifesto. (2012). Retrieved June 11, 2021, from http://elecinfo.nec.go.kr/neweps/ezpdfwebviewer/ezpdf/customLayout.jsp?contentId=2F6570646174612F455031322F45434D323031322F30312F45434D303132303132303034322F45434D303132303132303034325F30303034532E706466
  • Scanlon, E. (2008). Policy frames and agenda setting. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 12(2), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1300/J059v12n02_04
  • Song, D.-Y. (2009). Gajockjungchaeknae Jayouseontaeck Jangjume gwanhan gochal [The study on free choice within family policy]. Feminism Yeongu [Feminism Study], 9(2), 83–117. https://www.dbpia.co.kr/author/authorDetail?ancId=726697
  • Stolt, R., Blomqvist, P., & Winblad, U. (2011). Privatization of social services: Quality differences in swedish elderly care. Social Science & Medicine, 72(4), 560–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.012
  • Sung, S. (2003). Women reconciling paid and unpaid work in a confucian welfare state: The case of South Korea. Social Policy & Administration, 37(4), 342–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00344
  • Taylor-Gooby, P. (2004). New risks, new welfare: The transformation of the european welfare state. Oxford University Press.
  • The 18th Commission on Presidential Transition. (2013, February 2013). The 18th commission on presidential transition proposal: The national task for the administration of President Park Geun-hye. South Korea.
  • The Presidential Counsel of Policy Planning Committee. (2007). Anjungjeock Janyu Yangyuk Jiwonchegye guchuck: Boyukeui gonggongsung gangwharul wihan noryeok [Safe Childcare Support Structure: The Enhancement of Socialised Childcare]. South Korea.
  • Torgerson, D. (2007). Policy discourse as dialogue: Emergent publics and the reflexive turn. Critical Policy Studies, 1(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2007.9518506
  • Ungerson, C. (2000). Thinking about the production and consumption of long-term care in Britain: Does gender still matter? Journal of Social Policy, 29(4), 623–643. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279400006061
  • Whitfield, D. (2006). A typology of privatisation and marketization (ESSU Report No 1). European Service Strategy Unit.
  • Williams, F. (2010). Claiming and framing in the making of care policies: The recognition and redistribution of care. Gender and development programme paper (13). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
  • Williams, F. (2010). In and beyond new labour: Towards a new political ethics of care. Critical Social Policy, 21(4), 467–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/026101830102100405
  • Wincott, D. (2006). Paradoxes of new labour social policy: Toward universal childcare in Europe’s “most liberal” welfare regime? Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 13(2), 286–312. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxj011
  • Won, S.-Y., & Pascall, G. (2004). A confucian war over childcare? Practice and policy in childcare and their implications for understanding the Korean gender regime. Social Policy & Administration, 38(3), 270–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2004.00390.x
  • Yanow, D. (2000). Conducting interpretive policy analysis. Sage.
  • Yanow, D. (2007). Interpretation in policy analysis: On methods and practice. Critical Policy Analysis, 1(1), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2007.9518511
  • Yun, H. (2015). The effect of expanded universal childcare support and working mothers in Korea. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 21(3), 295–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2015.1072943