Chiari I malformation in children with transverse myelitis

References

• Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working G. Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology 2002;59(4):499–505.
   Google Scholar
• Pidcock FS, Krishnan C, Crawford TO, Salorio CF, Trovato M, Kerr DA. Acute transverse myelitis in childhood: center-based analysis of 47 cases. Neurology 2007;68(18):1474–1480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RD, Victor M. Principles of neurology, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Berman M, Feldman S, Alter M, Zilber N, Kahana E. Acute transverse myelitis: incidence and etiologic considerations. Neurology 1981;31(8):966–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borchers AT, Gershwin ME. Transverse myelitis. Autoimmunity Reviews 2012;11(3):231–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplin AI, Krishnan C, Deshpande DM, Pardo CA, Kerr DA. Diagnosis and management of acute myelopathies. The Neurologist 2005;11(1):2–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altrocchi PH. Acute transverse myelopathy. Archives of Neurology 1963;9:111–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christensen PB, Wermuth L, Hinge HH, Bomers K. Clinical course and long-term prognosis of acute transverse myelopathy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1990;81(5):431–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery DR, Mandler RN, Davis LE. Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events. Archives of Neurology 1993;50(5):532–535.
   Google Scholar
• Lipton HL, Teasdall RD. Acute transverse myelopathy in adults. A follow-up study. Archives of Neurology 1973;28(4):252–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misra UK, Kalita J, Kumar S. A clinical, MRI and neurophysiological study of acute transverse myelitis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 1996; 138 (1–2): 150–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Yasuda K, Yamanishi T. Micturition disturbance in acute transverse myelitis. Spinal Cord 1996;34(8):481–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins RH, Brady IA. The Arnold-Chiari malformations. Archives of Neurology 1971;25(4):376–379.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duhaime AC, Schut L, Sutton LN. The Arnold-Chiari malformation. International Pediatric 1987;2:38–42.
   Google Scholar
• Aydin S, Hanimoglu H, Tanriverdi T, Yentur E, Kaynar MY. Chiari type I malformations in adults: a morphometric analysis of the posterior cranial fossa. Surgical Neurology 2005;64(3):237–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiapparini L, Saletti V, Solero CL, Bruzzone MG, Valentini LG. Neuroradiological diagnosis of Chiari malformations. Neurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2011;32(Suppl 3):S283–S286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mikulis DJ, Diaz O, Egglin TK, Sanchez R. Variance of the position of the cerebellar tonsils with age: preliminary report. Radiology 1992;183(3):725–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken LA, Lindan CE, Sidney S, et al. Chiari type I malformation in a pediatric population. Pediatric Neurology 2009;40(6):449–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elster AD, Chen MY. Chiari I malformations: clinical and radiologic reappraisal. Radiology 1992;183(2):347–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadows J, Kraut M, Guarnieri M, Haroun RI, Carson BS. Asymptomatic Chiari Type I malformations identified on magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neurosurgery 2000;92(6):920–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strahle J, Muraszko KM, Kapurch J, Bapuraj JR, Garton HJ, Maher CO. Natural history of Chiari malformation Type I following decision for conservative treatment. Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics 2011;8(2):214–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YW, Chin CT, Chan KM, Barkovich AJ, Ferriero DM. Pediatric Chiari I malformations: do clinical and radiologic features correlate? Neurology 1999;53(6):1271–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agresti, A. An introduction to categorical data analysis. New York: Wiley, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Eken V, Nilufer Yalcindag F, Batioglu F, Isikay CT. A case of bilateral uveitis and optic disc swelling with Chiari I malformation. Saudi Journal Ophthalmology 2012;26(3):335–337.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson RM, Penrose-Stevens A. Meningococcal meningitis with Arnold-Chiari malformation. The Journal of Infection 1997;35(1):90–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch CA, Heiss JD, Pacak K, Krakoff J, Winer KK, Wassermann EM. Chiari malformation Type 1 and osteoporosis. Neurosurgical Review 2000;23(3):171–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman AF, Collura-Burke CJ, Patronas NJ, et al. Brain abnormalities in patients with hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. Pediatrics 2007;119(5):e1121–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomou EK, Krepis A, Kotsarini C, Badra FA, Patriarcheas G, Papanastasiou D. Co-existence of Chiari malformation type I and Epstein-Barr virus meningoencephalitis in a 3-year-old child: case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 2005;47(1):78–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine DN. The pathogenesis of syringomyelia associated with lesions at the foramen magnum: a critical review of existing theories and proposal of a new hypothesis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2004; 220 (1–2): 3–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greitz D. Unraveling the riddle of syringomyelia. Neurosurgical Review 2006;29(4):251–263. discussion 264.
   Google Scholar
• Ishizaka S, Hayashi K, Otsuka M, et al. Syringomyelia and arachnoid cysts associated with spinal arachnoiditis following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica 2012;52(9):686–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killeen T, Kamat A, Walsh D, Parker A, Aliashkevich A. Severe adhesive arachnoiditis resulting in progressive paraplegia following obstetric spinal anaesthesia: a case report and review. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1386–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy AK, Slimack NP, Ganju A. Idiopathic syringomyelia: retrospective case series, comprehensive review, and update on management. Neurosurgical Focus 2011;31(6):E15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larner AJ, Muqit MM, Glickman S. Concurrent syrinx and inflammatory central nervous system disease detected by magnetic resonance imaging: an illustrative case and review of the literature. Medicine 2002;81(1):41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyanagi I, Houkin K. Pathogenesis of syringomyelia associated with Chiari type 1 malformation: review of evidences and proposal of a new hypothesis. Neurosurgical Review 2010;33(3):271–284. discussion 284-275.
   Google Scholar
• Fischbein NJ, Dillon WP, Cobbs C, Weinstein PR. The “presyrinx” state: a reversible myelopathic condition that may precede syringomyelia. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1999;20(1):7–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milhorat TH. Is reversible enlargement of the spinal cord a presyrinx state? AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1999;20(1):21–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh S, Bottrell CL, Aiken AH, Dillon WP, Wu YW. Presyrinx in children with Chiari malformations. Neurology 2008;71(5):351–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milhorat TH, Capocelli AL Jr., Anzil AP, Kotzen RM, Milhorat RH. Pathological basis of spinal cord cavitation in syringomyelia: analysis of 105 autopsy cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 1995;82(5):802–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milhorat TH, Kotzen RM, Anzil AP. Stenosis of central canal of spinal cord in man: incidence and pathological findings in 232 autopsy cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 1994;80(4):716–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubbs RS, Lyerly MJ, Loukas M, Shoja MM, Oakes WJ. The pediatric Chiari I malformation: a review. Child's Nervous System 2007;23(11):1239–1250.
   Google Scholar
• Nixon JN, Stanescu LA, Weinberger E. Presyrinx in a child with acquired Chiari I malformation. Pediatric Radiology 2013;43(4):506–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel A. Atlantoaxial instability and Chiari malformation–response. Journal of Neurosurgery Spine 2015;22(5):560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jea A. Chiari malformation I surgically treated with atlantoaxial fixation. Journal of Neurosurgery Spine 2015;22(2):113–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar