Brain morphology and information processing at the completion of chemotherapy-only treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

References

• Mughal T, Goldman J, Mughal S. Understanding leukemias lymphomas and myelomas. Florida, USA: Taylor & Francis Group; 2009. 157.
   Google Scholar
• Pui CH, Evans WE. A 50-year journey to cure childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Hematol. 2013;50(3):185–96. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vora A, Goulden N, Wade R, Mitchell C, Hancock J, Hough R, Rowntree C, Richards S. Treatment reduction for children and young adults with low-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia defined by minimal residual disease (UKALL 2003): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(3):199–209. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70600-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung YT, Krull KR. Neurocognitive outcomes in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on contemporary treatment protocols: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;53:108–20. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffner PK, Armstrong FD, Chen L, Helton KJ, Brecher ML, Bell B, Chauvenet AR. Neurocognitive and neuroradiologic central nervous system late effects in children treated on Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) P9605 (standard risk) and P9201 (lesser risk) acute lymphoblastic leukemia protocols (ACCL0131): a methotrexate consequence? A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2014;36(1):8–15. doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000000000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanellopoulos A, Andersson S, Zeller B, Tamnes CK, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB, Westlye LT, Fossa SD, Ruud E. Neurocognitive outcome in very long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia after treatment with chemotherapy only. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016;63(1):133–38. doi:10.1002/pbc.25690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krull KR, Brinkman TM, Li C, Armstrong GT, Ness KK, Srivastava DK, Gurney JG, Kimberg C, Krasin MJ, Ch P and others. Neurocognitive outcomes decades after treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the St Jude lifetime cohort study. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(35):4407–15. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.48.2315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aukema EJ, Caan MW, Oudhuis N, Majoie CB, Vos FM, Reneman L, Last BF, Grootenhuis MA, Schouten-Van Meeteren AY. White matter fractional anisotropy correlates with speed of processing and motor speed in young childhood cancer survivors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74(3):837–43. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.08.060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelmann MN, Ogg RJ, Scoggins MA, Brinkman TM, Sabin ND, Pui CH, Srivastava DK, Robison LL, Hudson MM, Krull KR. Dexamethasone exposure and memory function in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the SJLIFE cohort. Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 2013;60(11):1778–84. doi:10.1002/pbc.24644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson CC, Johnson CE, Ramirez LY, Huestis S, Pai AL, Demaree HA, Drotar D. A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological sequelae of chemotherapy-only treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51(1):99–104. doi:10.1002/pbc.21544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell LK, Scaduto M, Sharp W, Dufton L, Van Slyke D, Whitlock JA, Compas B. A meta-analysis of the neurocognitive sequelae of treatment for childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;49(1):65–73. doi:10.1002/pbc.20860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan PC, Patel SK, Dilley K, Goldsby R, Harvey J, Jacobsen C, Kadan-Lottick N, McKinley K, Millham AK, Moore I and others. Guidelines for identification of, advocacy for, and intervention in neurocognitive problems in survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(8):798–806. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.8.798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown RT, Sawyer MG, Antoniou G, Toogood I, Rice M. Longitudinal follow-up of the intellectual and academic functioning of children receiving central nervous system-prophylactic chemotherapy for leukemia: A four-year final report. J Dev Behav Pediatrics. 1999;20(5):373–77. doi:10.1097/00004703-199910000-00013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer NS, Balsamo LM, Bracken MB, Kadan-Lottick NS. Chemotherapy-only treatment effects on long-term neurocognitive functioning in childhood ALL survivors: a review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2015;126(3):346–53. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-02-627414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan N. Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin. 1988;104:163–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin HM, Helton S, Ashford J, Mulhern RK, Reddick WE, Brown R, Bonner M, Jasper BW, Wu S. Xiong X and others. Predicting methylphenidate response in long-term survivors of childhood cancer: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Pediatr Psychol. 2009;35(2):144–55. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin HM, Ogg RJ, Ashford JM, Scoggins MA, Zou P, Clark KN, Martin-Elbahesh K, Hardy KK, Merchant TE. Jeha S and others. Computerized cognitive training for amelioration of cognitive late effects among childhood cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(33):3894–902. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesler SR, Lacayo NJ, Jo B. A pilot study of an online cognitive rehabilitation program for executive function skills in children with cancer-related brain injury. Brain Inj. 2011;25(1):101–12. doi:10.3109/02699052.2010.536194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin HM, Ashford JM, Clark KN, Martin-Elbahesh K, Hardy KK, Merchant TE, Ogg RJ, Jeha S, Huang L, Zhang H. Long-term efficacy of computerized cognitive training among survivors of childhood cancer: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol. 2017;42(2):220–31. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsw057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asato R, Akiyama Y, Ito M, Kubota M, Okumura R, Miki Y, Konishi J, Mikawa H. Neuclear magnetic resonance abnormalities of the cerebral white matter in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and malignant lymphoma during and after central nervous system prophylactic treatment with intrathecal methotrexate. Cancer. 1997;70(7):1997–2004. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19921001)70:7<1997::AID-CNCR2820700732>3.0.CO;2-G.
   Google Scholar
• Hertzberg H, Huk W, Ueberall M, Langer T, Meier W, Dopfer R, Skalej M, Lackner H, Bode U. Janssen G and others. CNS late effects after ALL therapy in childhood. Part I: neuroradiological findings in long-term survivors of childhood ALL: an evaluation of the interferences between morphology and neuropsychological performance. Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 1997;28:387–400.
   Google Scholar
• Reddick WE, Glass JO, Helton KJ, Langston JW, Li CS, Pui CH. A quantitative MR imaging assessment of leukoencephalopathy in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia without irradiation. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2005;26:2371–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montour-Proulx I, Kuehn SM, Keene DL, Barrowman NJ, Hsu E, Matzinger MA, Dunlap H, Halton JM. Cognitive changes in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with chemotherapy only according to the pediatric oncology group 9605 protocol. J Child Neurol. 2005;20(2):129–33. doi:10.1177/08830738050200020901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pääkkö E, Vainionpää L, Pyhtinen J, Lanning M. Minor changes on cranial MRI during treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Pediatr Neuroradiology. 1996;38(3):264–68. doi:10.1007/BF00596544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paakko E, Harila-Saari A, Vanionpaa L, Himanen S, Pyhtinen J, Lanning M. White matter changes on MRI during treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: correlation with neuropsychological findings. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2000;35(5):456–61. doi:10.1002/1096-911X(20001101)35:5<456::AID-MPO3>3.0.CO;2-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddick WE, Glass JO, Johnson DP, Laningham FH, Pui CH. Voxel-based analysis of T2 hyperintensities in white matter during treatment of childhood leukemia. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2009;30(10):1947–54. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson D, Nitschke R, Bowman M, Chaffin M, Sexauer C, Prince J. Transient white matter changes on MR images in children undergoing chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with neuropsychologic deficiencies. Radiology. 1991;180(1):205–09. doi:10.1148/radiology.180.1.2052695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhojwani D, Sabin ND, Pei D, Yang JJ, Khan RB, Panetta JC, Krull KR, Inaba H, Rubnitz JE. Metzger ML and others. Methotrexate-induced neurotoxicity and leukoencephalopathy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(9):949–59. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.53.0808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billiet T, Elens I, Sleurs C, Uyttebroeck A, D’Hooge R, Lemiere J, Deprez S. Brain connectivity and cognitive flexibility in nonirradiated adult survivors of childhood leukemia. JCNI. 2018; ePub ahead of print, 5 March doi:10.1093/jnci/djy009
   Google Scholar
• Reddick WE, Shan ZY, Glass JO, Helton S, Xiong X, Wu S, Bonner MJ, Howard SC, Christensen R. Khan RB and others. Smaller white-matter volumes are associated with larger deficits in attention and learning among long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2006;106(4):941–49. doi:10.1002/cncr.21679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac-Spychala O, Pawlak MA, Karmelita-Katulska K, Pilarczyk J, Derwich K, Wachowiak J. Long-term brain structural magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive functioning in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy alone or combined with CNS radiotherapy at reduced total dose to 12 Gy. Neuroradiology. 2017;59(2):147–56. doi:10.1007/s00234-016-1777-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesler SR, Tanaka H, Koovakkattu D. Cognitive reserve and brain volumes in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Brain Imag Behavior. 2010;4(3–4):256–69. doi:10.1007/s11682-010-9104-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey ME, Haut MW, Reminger SL, Hutter JJ, Theilmann R, Kaemingk KL. Reduced frontal white matter volume in long-term childhood leukemia survivors: a voxel-based morphometry study. AJNR: Am J Neuroradiology. 2008;29(4):792–97. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelmann MN, Krull KR, Liu W, Glass JO, Ji Q, Ogg RJ, Sabin ND, Srivastava DK, Robison LL. Hudson MM and others. Diffusion tensor imaging and neurocognition in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 11):2973–83. doi:10.1093/brain/awu230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porto L, Preibisch C, Hattingen E, Bartels M, Lehrnbecher T, Dewitz R, Zanella F, Good C, Lanfermann H. DuMesnil R and others. Voxel-based morphometry and diffusion-tensor MR imaging of the brain in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(11):2691–700. doi:10.1007/s00330-008-1038-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genschaft M, Huebner T, Plessow F, Ikonomidou VN, Abolmaali N, Krone F, Hoffmann A, Holfeld E, Vorwerk P. Kramm C and others. Impact of chemotherapy for childhood leukemia on brain morphology and function. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]. 2013;8:11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesler SR, Gugel M, Pritchard-Berman M, Lee C, Kutner E, Hosseini SM, Dahl G, Lacayo N. Altered resting state functional connectivity in young survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 2014;61(7):1295–99. doi:10.1002/pbc.25022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamnes CK, Zeller B, Amlien IK, Kanellopoulos A, Andersson S, Due-Tonnessen P, Ruud E, Walhovd KB, Fjell AM. Cortical surface area and thickness in adult survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015. doi:10.1002/pbc.25386.
   Google Scholar
• Krull KR, Cheung YT, Liu W, Fellah S, Reddick WE, Brinkman TM, Kimberg C, Ogg R, Srivastava D. Pui CH and others. chemotherapy pharmacodynamics and neuroimaging and neurocognitive outcomes in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(22):2644–53. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.65.4574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayakumar N, Allen NB, Youssef G, Dennison M, Yucel M, Simmons JG, Whittle S. Brain development during adolescence: A mixed-longitudinal investigation of cortical thickness, surface area, and volume. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37(6):2027–38. doi:10.1002/hbm.23154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A, Paus T, Evans AC, Rapoport JL. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2(10):861–63. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.117066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benes FM, Turtle M, Khan Y, Farol P. Myelination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(6):447–84. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950060041004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontious A, Kowalczyk T, Englund C, Hevner RF. Role of intermediate progenitor cells in cerebral cortex development. Dev Neurosci. 2007;301:24–32.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong E, Schleicher A, Omran H, Curtis M, Zilles K. The ontogeny of human gyrification. Cerebral Cortex. 1995;5:56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearps SJ, Seal M, Anderson VA, McCarthy M, Connellan M, Downie P, DeLuca C. The relationship between cognitive and neuroimaging outcomes in children treated for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with chemotherapy-only: A systematic review. Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 2017;64(2):225–33. doi:10.1002/pbc.26188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac-Spychala O, Pawlak M, Karmelita-Katulska K, Pilarczyk J, Jonczyk-Potoczna K, Przepiora A, Derwich K, Wachowiak J. Anti-leukemic treatment-induced neurotoxicity in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: impact of reduced central nervous system radiotherapy and intermediate- to high-dose methotrexate. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018;1–10. doi:10.1080/10428194.2018.1434879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bookheimer SY. Methodological issues in pediatric neuroimaging. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2000;6:161–65. doi:10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:3<161::AID-MRDD2>3.0.CO;2-W.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kingma A, Van Dommelen RI, Mooyaart EL, Wilmink JT, Deelman BG, Kamps WA. Slight cognitive impairment and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities but normal school levels in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with chemotherapy only. J Pediatrics. 2001;139:413–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford J, Schoffstall C, Reddick WE, Leone C, Laningham FH, Glass JO, Pei D, Cheng C, Pui CH, Conklin HM. Attention and working memory abilities in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2010;116(19):4638–45. doi:10.1002/cncr.25343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harila-Saari A, Pääkkö E, Vainionpää L, Pyhtinen J, Lanning B. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain in survivors in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 1998;83:2608–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. 2nd ed. Bloomington (MN): Pearson; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Wechsler intelligence scale for children. 4th ed. Bloomington (MN): Pearson; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D, Coalson DL, Raiford SE. WAIS-IV: wechsler adult intelligence scale. San Antonio (TX): Pearson; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. WISC-IV Australian technical and interpretive manual. Sydney (NSW): Pearson; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. WAIS-IV techincal and interpretive manual. San Antono (TX): Pearson; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• CANTAB®[Cognitive assessment software]. Cambridge Cognition (2018). All rights reserved. http://www.cantab.com
   Google Scholar
• Syvaoja HJ, Tammelin TH, Ahonen T, Rasanen P, Tolvanen A, Kankaanpaa A, Kantomaa MT. Internal consistency and stability of the CANTAB neuropsychological test battery in children. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(2):698–709. doi:10.1037/a0038485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkhoma OW, Duffy ME, Cory-Slechta DA, Davidson PW, McSorley EM, Strain JJ, O’Brien GM. Early-stage primary school children attending a school in the Malawian school feeding program (SFP) have better reversal learning and lean muscle mass growth than those attending a non-SFP school. J Nutr. 2013;143(8):1324–30. doi:10.3945/jn.112.171280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciana M. Practitioner review: computerized assessment of neuropsychological function in children: clinical and research applications of the cambridge neuropsychological testing automated battery (CANTAB). J Psychol Psychiatry. 2003;44:649–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischl B. Freesurfer. Neuroimage. 2012;62(2):774–81. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Destrieux C, Fischl B, Dale A, Halgren E. Automatic parcellation of human cortical gyri and sulci using standard anatomical nomenclature. Neuroimage. 2010;53(1):1–15. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. Stata statistical software. College Station (TX): StataCorp LP; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Mann HB. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann Math Stat. 1947;18(1):50–60. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177730491.
   Google Scholar
• Darling SJ, De Luca C, Anderson V, McCarthy M, Hearps SJC, Seal ML. White matter microstructure and information processing at the completion of chemotherapy-only treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Dev Neuropsychol. 2018;43:385–402. doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1473401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwick WR, Velicer WF. Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin. 1986;99(9):432–42. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432.
   Google Scholar
• Horn JL. A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika. 1965;30:179–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens JP. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Hillsdale (NJ): Erlbaum; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• McGraw KO, Wong SP. A common language effect size statistic. Psychological Bulletin. 1992;111(2):361–65. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu SX. Effect size Statistical power analysis for the social and behavioral sciences: basic and advanced techniques. New York (NY): Taylor and Francis; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Earlbaum Associates; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Royal Stat Soc. 1995;57:289–300.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Principal components and factor analysis. Using multivariate statistics. 3rd ed. New York (NY): HarperCollins; 1996. p. 635–708.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey NF, Jansma JM, Jager G, Van Raalten T, Kahn RS. Neurophysiological factors in human information processing capacity. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 3):517–25. doi:10.1093/brain/awh060.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacola LM, Krull KR, Pui CH, Pei D, Cheng C, Reddick WE, Conklin HM. Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive outcomes in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on a contemporary chemotherapy protocol. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(11):1239–47. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.64.3205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesnik P, Ciesielski K, Hart B, Benzel E, Sanders J. Evidence for cerebellar-frontal subsystem changes in children treated with intrathecal chemotherapy for leukemia: enhanced data analysis using an effect size model. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:1561–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buizer AI, De Sonneville LM, Van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Veerman AJ. Chemotherapy and attentional dysfunction in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: effect of treatment intensity. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005;45(3):281–90. doi:10.1002/pbc.20397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SJ, Park MH, Lee JW, Chung NG, Cho B, Lee IG, Chung SY. Neurocognitive outcome in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: experience at a tertiary care hospital in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30(4):463–69. doi:10.3346/jkms.2015.30.4.463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgaleta M, Johnson W, Waber DP, Colom R, Karama S. Cognitive ability changes and dynamics of cortical thickness development in healthy children and adolescents. Neuroimage. 2014;84:810–19. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menary K, Collins PF, Porter JN, Muetzel R, Olson EA, Kumar V, Steinbach M, Lim KO, Luciana M. Associations between cortical thickness and general intelligence in children, adolescents and young adults. Intelligence. 2013;41(5):597–606. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamnes CK, Ostby Y, Walhovd KB, Westlye LT, Due-Tonnessen P, Fjell AM. Neuroanatomical correlates of executive functions in children and adolescents: a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of cortical thickness. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48(9):2496–508. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeller B, Tamnes CK, Kanellopoulos A, Amlien IK, Andersson S, Due-Tonnessen P, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB, Westlye LT, Ruud E. Reduced neuroanatomic volumes in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(17):2078–85. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.47.4031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durston S, Casey BJ. What have we learned about cognitive development from neuroimaging? Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(11):2149–57. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saykin AJ, Ahles TA, McDonald BC. Mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced cognitive disorders: neuropsychological, pathophysiological, and neuroimaging perspectives. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2003;8:201–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landier W, Bhatia S, Eshelman DA, Forte KJ, Sweeney T, Hester AL, Darling J, Armstrong FD, Blatt J, Constine LS and others. Development of risk-based guidelines for pediatric cancer survivors: the children’s oncology group long-term follow-up guidelines from the children’s oncology group late effects committee and nursing discipline. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(24):4979–90. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.11.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annett RD, Patel SK, Phipps S. Monitoring and assessment of neuropsychological outcomes as a standard of care in pediatric oncology. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015;62(Suppl 5):S460–513. doi:10.1002/pbc.25749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler R. A case of acute lymphocytic leukemia. In: Morgan JE IBJR, editor. Casebook of clinical neuropsychology. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 421–26.
   Google Scholar
• Cole PD, Kamen BA. Delayed neurotoxicity associated with therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2006;12(3):174–83. doi:10.1002/mrdd.20113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar