References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
- Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet 2018;392(10146):508–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31129-2.
- Cawthorpe D. Comprehensive description of comorbidity for autism spectrum disorder in a general population. The Permanente Journal. 2017;21.
- J C F, McCourt S, Minor LR, Minshawi NF. Feeding disorders. In: Matson JL, editor. Comorbid conditions among children with autism spectrum disorders. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 187–216.
- Mannion A, Leader G. An investigation of comorbid psychological disorders,sleep problems, gastrointestinal symptoms and epilepsy in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a two year follow-up. research in autism. Spectrum Disorders. 2016;22:20–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.002.
- Holingue C, Newill C, Lee LC, Pasricha PJ, Fallin MD. Gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: a review of the literature on ascertainment and prevalence. Autism Research 2018;11(1):24–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1854.
- Francis K, Mannion A, Leader G. The assessment and treatment of toileting difficulties in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2017;4(3):190–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-017-0107-3.
- Mannion A, Leader G. Epilepsy in autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2014b;8(4):354–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.12.012.
- Devlin S, Healy O, Leader G, Reed P. The analysis and treatment of problem behavior evoked by auditory stimulation. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2008;2(4):671–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2008.02.001.
- Leader G, Mannion A. Challenging Behaviors. In: Matson JL, editor. Handbook of assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016a. p. 209–232.
- Gordon-Lipkin E, Marvin AR, Law JK, Lipkin PH. Anxiety and mood disorder in children with autism spectrum disorder and AD/HD. Pediatrics 2018;141(4):e20171377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1377.
- Maskey M, McConachie H, Rodgers J, Grahame V, Maxwell J, Tavernor L, Parr JR. An intervention for fears and phobias in young people with autism spectrum disorders using flat screen computer-delivered virtual reality and cognitive behaviour therapy. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2019;59:58–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.11.005.
- Kent R, Simonoff E. Prevalence of anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorders. In Kerns CM, Renno P, Storch EA, Kendall PC, Wood JJ (Editors) Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence-Based Assessment and Treatment. Elsevier Inc, London, UK ; 2017, p. 5-26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805122-1.00002-8
- Karalunas SL, Hawkey E, Gustafsson H, Miller M, Langhorst M, Cordova M, Nigg JT, Nigg JT. Overlapping and distinct cognitive impairments in attention-deficit/hyperactivity and autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2018;46(8):1705–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0394-2.
- Mannion A, Leader G. Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2014a;8(4):432–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.12.021.
- Thapar A, Cooper M, Rutter M. Neurodevelopmental disorders. The Lancet Psychiatry 2017;4(4):339–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30376-5.
- Coghill D, Asherson P, Faraone SV, Rohde LA. The Age of Onset of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In: de Girolamo G, McGorry P, Sartorius N, editor. Age of Onset of Mental Disorders. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. 2019; p. 217-36 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72619-9_12
- Newman I, Leader G, Chen J, Mannion A. An analysis of challenging behavior, comorbid psychopathology, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Fragile X syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2015;38:7–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.11.003.
- Mayes SD, Castagna PJ, DiGiovanni CD, Waschbusch DA. Relationship between ADHD, oppositional defiant, conduct, and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder symptoms and age in children with ADHD and autism. International Journal of Clinical Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2020;8(1):47–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-8231.2020.08.08.
- Davis NO, Kollins SH. Treatment for co-occurring attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Neurotherapeutics 2012;9(3):518–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-012-0126-9.
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association. 2000.
- Calderoni S, Santocchi E, Del Bianco T, Brunori E, Caponi L, Paolicchi A, Tancredi R, Prosperi M, Narzisi A, Cosenza A. Serological screening for celiac disease in 382 pre-schoolers with autism spectrum disorder. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2016;42(1):1–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-016-0308-x.
- Fulceri F, Morelli M, Santocchi E, Cena H, Del Bianco T, Narzisi A, Muratori F, Muratori F. Gastrointestinal symptoms and behavioral problems in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder. Digestive and Liver Disease 2016;48(3):248–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2015.11.026.
- Leader G, Mannion A. Gastrointestinal disorders. In: Matson JL, editor. Comorbid conditions among children with autism spectrum disorders. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. 2016; 257-281.
- Prosperi M, Santocchi E, Balboni G, Narzisi A, Bozza M, Fulceri F, Calderoni S, Igliozzi R, Cosenza A, Tancredi R. Behavioral phenotype of ASD preschoolers with gastrointestinal symptoms or food selectivity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2017;47(11):3574–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3271-5.
- Wasilewska J, Klukowski M. Gastrointestinal symptoms and autism spectrum disorder: links and risks–a possible new overlap syndrome. Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 2015;6:153. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/PHMT.S85717.
- Ming X, Chen N, Ray C, Brewer G, Kornitzer J, Steer RA. A gut feeling: a hypothesis of the role of the microbiome in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Child Neurology Open 2018;5:2329048X18786799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2329048X18786799.
- McKeown C, Hisle-Gorman E, Eide M, Gorman GH, Nylund CM. Association of constipation and fecal incontinence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2013;132(5):e1210–1215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1580.
- Holmberg K, Hjern A. Health complaints in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Acta Paediatrica 2006;95(6):664–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08035250600717121.
- Holmskov M, Storebo OJ, Moreira-Maia CR Gastrointestinal adverse events during methylphenidate treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. 2017; 12: e0178187.
- Huss M, Duhan P, Gandhi P, Chen CW, Spannhuth C, Kumar V. Methylphenidate dose optimization for ADHD treatment: review of safety, efficacy, and clinical necessity. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2017;13:1741. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S130444.
- Murphy O, Healy O, Leader G. Risk factors for challenging behaviors among 157 children with autism spectrum disorder in Ireland. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2009;3(2):474–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2008.09.008.
- Goldin RL, Matson JL, Tureck K, Cervantes PE, Jang J. A comparison of tantrum behavior profiles in children with ASD, ADHD and comorbid ASD and ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2013;34(9):2669–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.04.022.
- Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Baweja R, Waschbusch DA. Relative frequency of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and somatic symptoms as reported by mothers of children with autism compared with ADHD and typical samples. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2021; 51(7); 2297-2307.
- Dellapiazza F, Audras-Torrent L, Michelon C, Baghdadli A. Clinical characteristics of children with ASD and comorbid ADHD: association with social impairment and externalizing and internalizing behaviours. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2021;113:103930. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103930.
- Jang J, Matson JL, Williams LW, Tureck K, Goldin RL, Cervantes PE. Rates of comorbid symptoms in children with ASD, ADHD, and comorbid ASD and ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2013;34(8):2369–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.04.021.
- Mannion A, Leader G. An analysis of the predictors of comorbid psychopathology, gastrointestinal symptoms and epilepsy in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2013;7(12):1663–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.10.002.
- Allik H, Larsson JO, Smedje H. Health-related quality of life in parents of school-age children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2006;4(1):1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-4-1.
- Liu X, Hubbard JA, Fabes RA, Adam JB. Sleep disturbances and correlates of children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 2006;37(2):179–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-006-0028-3.
- Jovevska S, Richdale AL, Lawson LP, Uljarević M, Arnold SR, Trollor JN. Sleep quality in autism from adolescence to old age. Autism in Adulthood 2020;2(2):152–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2019.0034.
- Tani P, Lindberg N, Nieminen-von Wendt T, Von Wendt L, Alanko L, Appelberg B, Porkka-Heiskanen T. Insomnia is a frequent finding in adults with asperger syndrome. BMC Psychiatry 2003;3(1):12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-3-12.
- Tani P, Lindberg N, Nieminen-von Wendt T, von Wendt L, Virkkala J, Appelberg B, Porkka-Heiskanen T. Sleep in young adults with asperger syndrome. Neuropsychobiology 2004;50(2):147–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000079106.
- Joseph J, Thomas N. Sleep problems in relation to autism severity, problematic behaviour and parental distress in children with low functioning autism. International Journal of Child Development and Mental Health 2018;6:11–21.
- DeVincent CJ, Gadow KD, Delosh D, Geller L. Sleep disturbance and its relation to DSM-IV Psychiatric symptoms in preschool-age children with pervasive developmental disorder and community controls. Journal of Child Neurology 2007;22(2):161–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073807300310.
- Malhi P, Kaur A, Singhi P, Sankhyan N. Sleep dysfunction and behavioral daytime problems in children with autism spectrum disorders: a comparative study. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2019;86(1):12–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-018-2731-z.
- Reynolds KC, Patriquin M, Alfano CA, Loveland KA, Pearson DA. Parent-reported problematic sleep behaviors in children with comorbid autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2017;39:20–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2017.04.003.
- Adams HL, Matson JL, Jang J. The relationship between sleep problems and challenging behavior among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2014;8(9):1705–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.05.008.
- Cohen S, Conduit R, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SM, Cornish KM. The relationship between sleep and behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a review. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2014;6(1):1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-6-44.
- Thomas S, Lycett K, Papadopoulos N, Sciberras E, Rinehart N. Exploring behavioral sleep problems in children with ADHD and comorbid autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders 2018;22(10):947–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715613439.
- Mayes SD, Calhoun SL. Variables related to sleep problems in children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2009;3(4):931–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.04.002.
- Green JL, Sciberras E, Anderson V, Efron D, Rinehart N. Association between autism symptoms and functioning in children with ADHD. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2016;101(10):922–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-310257.
- Corkum P, Begum EA, Rusak B, Rajda M, Shea S, MacPherson M, Davidson F. The effects of extended-release stimulant medication on sleep in children with ADHD. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2020;29:33.
- Papadopoulos N, Sciberras E, Hiscock H, Mulraney M, McGillivray J, Rinehart N. The efficacy of a brief behavioral sleep intervention in school-aged children with ADHD and comorbid autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders 2019;23(4):341–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714568565.
- Scherr JF, Kryszak EM, Mulick JA. Intellectual and adaptive functioning. Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy: Components of Evidence-Based Treatments for Youth and Their Parents. 2018; Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2018; pp. 12-29.
- Lee HJ, Park HR. An integrated literature review on the adaptive behavior of individuals with asperger syndrome. Remedial and Special Education 2007;28(3):132–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325070280030201.
- Ashwood KL, Tye C, Azadi B, Cartwright S, Asherson P, Bolton P. Brief report: adaptive functioning in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2015;45(7):2235–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2352-y.
- Sikora DM, Vora P, Coury DL, Rosenberg D. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, adaptive functioning, and quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics 2012;130(Supplement 2):91–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0900G.
- de Vries M, Geurts H. Influence of autism traits and executive functioning on quality of life in children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2015;45(9):2734–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2438-1.
- Kuhlthau K, Orlich F, Hall TA, Sikora D, Kovacs EA, Delahaye J, Clemons TE. Health-related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorders: results from the autism treatment network. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2010;40(6):721–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0921-2.
- Kuhlthau K, Kovacs E, Hall T, Clemmons T, Orlich F, Delahaye J, Sikora D. Health-related quality of life for children with ASD: associations with behavioral characteristics. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2013;7(9):1035–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.04.006.
- Leontine W, de Nijs PF, Duvekot J, Greaves-Lord K, Hillegers MH, Brouwer WB, Hakkaart-van Roijen L. Children with an autism spectrum disorder and their caregivers: capturing health-related and care-related quality of life. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2020;50:263–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04249-w.
- Conners CK. Conners Early Childhood. North Tonawanda (NJ): Multi-Health Systems; 2013.
- Begum Ali J, Charman T, Johnson MH, Jones EJ. BASIS/STAARS Team. Early motor differences in infants at elevated likelihood of autism spectrum disorder and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2020;50:1–18.
- Conners CK. Conners 3rd Edition. North Tonawanda (NJ): Multi-Health Systems; 2008.
- May T, Cornish K, Rinehart N. Does gender matter? A one year follow-up of autistic, attention and anxiety symptoms in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2014;44(5):1077–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1964-y.
- May T, Cornish K, Conduit R, Rajaratnam SM, Rinehart NJ. Sleep in high-functioning children with autism: longitudinal developmental change and associations with behavior problems. Behavioral Sleep Medicine 2015;13(1):2–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2013.829064.
- Owens JA, Nobile C, McGuinn M, Spirito A. Sleep habits questionnaire: construction and validation of a sleep survey for school-aged children. Sleep 2000;23(8):1043–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/23.8.1d.
- Shahid A, Wilkinson K, Marcu S, Shapiro CMEds. STOP, THAT and one hundred other sleep scales. New York, USA: Springer Science & Business Media. Vol. 2012Jan; 7.
- Autism Treatment Network. GI symptom inventory questionnaire, version 3.0. New York (NY): Autism Speaks. 2005.
- Leader G, Francis K, Mannion A, Chen J. Toileting problems in children and adolescents with parent reported diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. 2018;30(3):307–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-018-9587-z.
- Rojahn J, Rowe EW, Sharber AC, Hastings R, Matson JL, Didden R, Dumont ELM, Dumont ELM. The behavior problems inventory-short form for individuals with intellectual disabilities: part I: development and provisional clinical reference data. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR 2012a;56(5):527–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01507.x.
- Rojahn J, Matson JL, Lott D, Esbensen AJ, Smalls Y. The behavior problems inventory: an instrument for the assessment of self-injury, stereotyped behavior, and aggression/destruction in individuals with developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2001;31(6):577–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013299028321.
- Rojahn J, Rowe EW, Sharber AC, Hastings R, Matson JL, Didden R, Dumont ELM, Dumont ELM. The behavior problems inventory-short form for individuals with intellectual disabilities: part ii: reliability and validity. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2012b;56(5):546–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01506.x.
- Varni JW, Seid M, Kurtin PS. PedsQL 4.0: reliability and validity of the pediatric quality of life inventory version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Medical Care. 2001;39(8):800–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200108000-00006.
- Bastiaansen D, Koot HM, Bongers IL, Varni JW, Verhulst FC. Measuring quality of life in children referred for psychiatric problems: psychometric properties of the PedsQL TM 4.0 generic core scales. Quality of Life Research 2004;13(2):489–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QURE.0000018483.01526.ab.
- Varni JW, Burwinkle TM, Seid M. The PedsQL<sup>TM{{/sup}} 4.0 as a school population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity. Quality of Life Research. 2006;15:203–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-005-1388-z.
- Sparrow SS, Cicchetti DV, Balla DA. Vineland adaptive behavior scales (2<sup>nd{{/ sup}} ed.). Circle Pines (MN): American Guidance Service; 2005.
- Bland JM, Altman DG Multiple significance tests: the bonferroni method, BMJ. 1995; 310: 710.
- Shaffer JP. Multiple hypothesis testing. Annual Review of Psychology 1995;46(1):561–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.003021.
- Hollway JA, Aman MG, Butter E. Correlates and risk markers for sleep disturbance in participants of the autism treatment network. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2013;43(12):2830–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1830-y.
- LeBourgeois MK, Avis K, Mixon M, Olmi J, Snoring HJ, Quality S. Sleepiness across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes. Sleep 2004;27:520–25.
- Sung V, Hiscock H, Sciberras E, Efron D. Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: prevalence and the effect on the child and family. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2008;162(4):336. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.162.4.336.
- Pang KH, Croaker GDH. Constipation in children with autism and autistic spectrum disorder. Pediatric Surgery International 2011;27(4):353–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-010-2680-8.
- Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Skoog M. Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents–assessment of adverse events in non‐randomised studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018;5(5). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2.
- Vissoker RE, Latzer Y, Gal E. Eating and feeding problems and gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2015;12:10–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.12.010.
- Emerson E. Challenging behaviour: analysis and intervention in people with severe intellectual disabilities. 2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
- Souders MC, Mason TB, Valladares O, Bucan M, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Pinto-Martin J. Sleep behaviors and sleep quality in children with autism spectrum disorders. Sleep 2009;32:1566–78. …. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/32.12.1566.
- Gorrindo P, Williams KC, Lee EB, Walker LS, McGrew SG, Levitt P. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism: parental report, clinical evaluation, and associated factors. Autism Research 2012;5(2):101–08. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.237.
- Chen SY, Feng Z, Yi X. A general introduction to adjustment for multiple comparisons. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2017;9(6):1725–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2017.05.34.