Language Development in Sex Chromosome Trisomies: Developmental Profiles at 2 and 4 Years of Age, and Predictive Measures

References

• Skuse D, Printzlau F, Wolstencroft J. Chapter 24 - sex chromosome aneuploidies. In: Geschwind DH, Paulson HL, Klein C, editors. Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol. 147, neurogenetics, part I. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2018. p. 355–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63233-3.00024-5.
   Google Scholar
• Bojesen A, Juul S, Gravholt CH. Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: a National Registry study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(2):622–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zampini L, Burla T, Silibello G, Dall’Ara F, Rigamonti C, Lalatta F, Vizziello P. Early communicative skills of children with Klinefelter syndrome. Clin Linguist Phon. 2018;32(7):577–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2017.1384853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop DVM, Jacobs PA, Lachlan K, Wellesley D, Barnicoat A, Boyd PA, Fryer A, Middlemiss P, Smithson S, Metcalfe K, et al. Autism, language and communication in children with sex chromosome trisomies. Arch Dis Child Lond. 2011;96(10):954. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2009.179747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop DVM, Scerif G. Klinefelter syndrome as a window on the aetiology of language and communication impairments in children: the neuroligin–neurexin hypothesis. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(6):903–07. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02150.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant DM, Hoeft F, Lai S, Lackey J, Roeltgen D, Ross J, Reiss AL. Sex chromosomes and the brain: a study of neuroanatomy in XYY syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(12):1149–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04418.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph L, Farmer C, Chlebowski C, Henry L, Mankiw C, Xenophontos A, Clasen L, Sauls B, Seidlitz J, Blumenthal J, et al. Characterisation of autism spectrum disorder and neurodevelopmental profiles in youth with XYY syndrome. J Neurodev Disord. 2018;10(1):30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-018-9248-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender BG, Puck MH, Salbenblatt JA, Robinson A. Cognitive development of children with sex chromosome abnormalities. In: Holmes CS, editor. Psychoneuroendocrinology: brain, behavior, and hormonal interactions. New York (NY): Springer; 1990. p. 138–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3306-0_10.
   Google Scholar
• Hutaff-Lee C, Cordeiro L, Tartaglia N. Chapter 30 - cognitive and medical features of chromosomal aneuploidy. In: Dulac O, Lassonde M, Sarnat HB, editors. Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol 111, pediatric neurology part I. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2013. p. 273–79. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00030-0.
   Google Scholar
• Leggett V, Jacobs P, Nation K, Scerif G, Bishop DVM. Neurocognitive outcomes of individuals with a sex chromosome trisomy: XXX, XYY, or XXY: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(2):119–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03545.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigby K, D’Epagnier C, Howell S, Reicks A, Wilson R, Cordeiro L, Tartaglia N. Expanding the phenotype of triple x syndrome: a comparison of prenatal versus postnatal diagnosis. Am J Med Genet A. 2016;170(11):2870–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.37688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson A, Bender B, Borelli J, Puck M, Salbenblatt J. Sex chromosomal anomalies: prospective studies in children. Behav Genet. 1983;13(4):321–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salbenblatt JA, Meyers DC, Bender BG, Linden MG, Robinson A. Gross and fine motor development in 45,X and 47,Xxx girls. Pediatrics. 1989;84(4):678–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.4.678. PMID: 2780130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salbenblatt JA, Meyers DC, Bender BG, Linden MG, Robinson A. Gross and fine motor development in 47,XXY and 47,XYY males. Pediatrics. 1987;80(2):240–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.80.2.240. PMID: 3615095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JL, Roeltgen DP, Stefanatos G, Benecke R, Zeger MPD, Kushner H, Ramos P, Elder FF, Zinn AR. Cognitive and motor development during childhood in boys with Klinefelter syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2008;146A(6):708–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.32232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden MG, Bender BG, Harmon RJ, Mrazek DA, Robinson A. 47, XXX: what is the prognosis? Pediatrics. 1988;82(4):619–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.82.4.619. PMID: 2459656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartaglia NR, Howell S, Sutherland A, Wilson R, Wilson L. A review of trisomy X (47,XXX). Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010;5:8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-5-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varela S, Pérez M, González S, Diz J, Lemos I, Ayán C. Motor development and health-related fitness in trisomy X: a case report. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2020;32(2):E59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop DVM, Brookman-Byrne A, Gratton N, Gray E, Holt G, Morgan L, Morris S, Paine E, Thornton H, Thompson PA. Language phenotypes in children with sex chromosome trisomies. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;3:143. doi:https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14904.2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hong DS, Reiss AL. Cognitive and neurological aspects of sex chromosome aneuploidies. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(3):306–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70302-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartaglia NR, Ayari N, Hutaff-Lee C, Boada R. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with sex chromosome aneuploidy: XXY, XXX, XYY, and XXYY. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2012;33(4):309–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31824501c8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender BG, Harmon RJ, Linden MG, Robinson A. Psychosocial adaptation of 39 adolescents with sex chromosome abnormalities. Pediatrics. 1995;96(2.1):302–08. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.2.302. PMID: 7630689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savic I. Advances in research on the neurological and neuropsychiatric phenotype of Klinefelter syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25(2):138–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e32835181a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rijn S, Stockmann L, Borghgraef M, Bruining H, van Ravenswaaij-arts C, Govaerts L, Hansson K, Swaab H. The social behavioral phenotype in boys and girls with an extra X chromosome (Klinefelter syndrome and trisomy X): a comparison with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(2):310–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1860-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbanus E, van Rijn S, Swaab H. A review of neurocognitive functioning of children with sex chromosome trisomies: identifying targets for early intervention. Clin Genet. 2020;97(1):156–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cge.13586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zampini L, Draghi L, Silibello G, Dall’Ara F, Rigamonti C, Suttora C, Zanchi P, Salerni N, Lalatta F, Vizziello P. Vocal and gestural productions of 24‐month‐old children with sex chromosome trisomies. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2018;53(1):171–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otter M, Schrander-stumpel CT, Curfs LM. Triple X syndrome: a review of the literature. Eur J Hum Genet EJHG Leiden. 2010;18(3):265–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2009.109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Elst PC, Otter M, Wijnen F, Junge C. Evaluating the scope of language impairments in a patient with triple X syndrome: a brief report. Dev Neurorehabilitation. 2020;23(6):402–06. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2020.1764652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catts HW, Adlof SM, Hogan TP, Weismer SE. Are specific language impairment and dyslexia distinct disorders? J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2005;48(6):1378–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/096).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramus F, Marshall CR, Rosen S, van der Lely, HKJ. Phonological deficits in specific language impairment and developmental dyslexia: towards a multidimensional model. Brain. 2013;136(2):630–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowling MJ, Duff FJ, Nash HM, Hulme C. Language profiles and literacy outcomes of children with resolving, emerging, or persisting language impairments. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57(12):1360–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law J, Rush R, Schoon I, Parsons S. Modeling developmental language difficulties from school entry into adulthood: literacy, mental health, and employment outcomes. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2009;52(6):1401–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0142).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botting N, Toseeb U, Pickles A, Durkin K, Conti-Ramsden G, Ebmeier K. Depression and anxiety change from adolescence to adulthood in individuals with and without language impairment. PloS One. 2016;11(7):e0156678. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoon I, Parsons S, Rush R, Law J. Children’s language ability and psychosocial development: a 29-year follow-up study. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e73–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths S, Goh SKY, Norbury CF. Early language competence, but not general cognitive ability, predicts children’s recognition of emotion from facial and vocal cues. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9118. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe PC, Meller PJ. The relationship between language and social competence: how language impairment affects social growth. Psychol Sch. 2004;41(3):313–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti-Ramsden G, Botting N. social difficulties and victimization in children with sli at 11 years of age. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2004;47(1):145–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay G, Dockrell JE, Nippold M, Fujiki M. Longitudinal patterns of behavioral, emotional, and social difficulties and self-concepts in adolescents with a history of specific language impairment. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2012;43(4):445–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2012/11-0069).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Den Bedem NP, Willems D, Dockrell JE, van Alphen PM, Rieffe C. Interrelation between empathy and friendship development during (pre)adolescence and the moderating effect of developmental language disorder: a longitudinal study. Soc Dev. 2019;28(3):599–619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly S, Bavin EL, Bretherton L, Conway L, Eadie P, Cini E, Prior M, Ukoumunne OC, Wake M. The Early Language in Victoria Study (ELVS): a prospective, longitudinal study of communication skills and expressive vocabulary development at 8, 12 and 24 months. Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2009;11(5):344–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17549500903147560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly S, Wake M, Ukoumunne OC, Bavin E, Prior M, Cini E, Conway L, Eadie P, Bretherton L. predicting language outcomes at 4 years of age: findings from early language in Victoria study. Pediatrics. 2010;126(6):e1530–e1537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoff E. The specificity of environmental influence: socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech. Child Dev. 2003;74(5):1368–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawa VV, Spanoudis G. Toddlers with delayed expressive language: an overview of the characteristics, risk factors and language outcomes. res dev disabil. 2014;35(2):400–07. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.10.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallal P, Hirsch LS, Realpe-Bonilla T, Miller S, Brzustowicz LM, Bartlett C, Flax JF. Familial aggregation in specific language impairment. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2001;44(5):1172–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2001/091).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavin EL, Prior M, Reilly S, Bretherton L, Williams J, Eadie P, Barrett Y, Ukoumunne OC. The early language in victoria study: predicting vocabulary at age one and two years from gesture and object use. J Child Lang. 2008;35(3):687–701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000908008726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt N, Wetherby A, Shumway S. Prelinguistic predictors of language outcome at 3 years of age. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2006;49(6):1224–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2006/088).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libertus K, Violi DA. Sit to talk: relation between motor skills and language development in infancy. Front Psychol. 2016;7:475. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valla L, Slinning K, Kalleson R, Wentzel‐Larsen T, Riiser K. Motor skills and later communication development in early childhood: results from a population-based study. Child Care Health Dev. 2020;46(4):407–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walle EA, Campos JJ. Infant language development is related to the acquisition of walking. Dev Psychol. 2014;50(2):336–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Im-Bolter N, Johnson J, Pascual-Leone J. Processing limitations in children with specific language impairment: the role of executive function. Child Dev. 2006;77(6):1822–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00976.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambrana IM, Pons F, Eadie P, Ystrom E. Trajectories of language delay from age 3 to 5: persistence, recovery and late onset. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2014;49(3):304–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiat S, Roy P. Early phonological and sociocognitive skills as predictors of later language and social communication outcomes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(6):635–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01881.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilosi AM, Pfanner L, Pecini C, Salvadorini R, Casalini C, Brizzolara D, Cipriani P. Which linguistic measures distinguish transient from persistent language problems in late talkers from 2 to 4 years? A study on Italian speaking children. Res Dev Disabil. 2019;89:59–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2019.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher EL. A systematic review and meta-analysis of predictors of expressive-language outcomes among late talkers. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017;60(10):2935–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul R, Ellis Weismer S. Late talking in context: the clinical implications of delayed language development. In: Paul H, editor. Late talkers: language development, interventions, and outcomes; communication and language intervention series. Baltimore (MD): Brookes Publishing; 2013. p. 203–2017.
   Google Scholar
• Thal DJ, Marchman VA, Tomblin JB. Late-talking toddlers: characterisation and prediction of continued delay. In: Paul H, editor. Late talkers: language development, interventions, and outcomes; communication and language intervention series. Baltimore (MD): Brookes Publishing; 2013. p. 169–201.
   Google Scholar
• Sylvestre A, Desmarais C, Meyer F, Bairati I, Leblond J. Prediction of the outcome of children who had a language delay at age 2 when they are aged 4: still a challenge. Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2018;20(7):731–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2017.1355411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miniscalco C, Nygren G, Hagberg B, Kadesjö B, Gillberg C. Neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental outcome of children at age 6 and 7 years who screened positive for language problems at 30 months. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(5):361–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206000788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos EM, Ellis Weismer S. Language outcomes of late talking toddlers at preschool and beyond. Perspect Lang Learn Educ. 2008;15(3):119–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/lle15.3.119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scarborough HS, Dobrich W. Development of children with early language delay. J Speech Hear Res. 1990;33(1):70–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3301.70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dale PS, Price TS, Bishop DVM, Plomin R. Outcomes of early language delay: I. Predicting persistent and transient language difficulties at 3 and 4 years. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2003;46(3):544–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/044).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla L. Age 17 language and reading outcomes in late-talking toddlers: support for a dimensional perspective on language delay. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2009;52(1):16–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0171).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla L. Language and reading outcomes to age 9 in late-talking toddlers. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002;45(2):360–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/028).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bello A, Onofrio D, Remi L, Caselli C. Prediction and persistence of late talking: a study of Italian toddlers at 29 and 34 months. Res Dev Disabil. 2018;75:40–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.02.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman HM, Dale PS, Campbell TF, Colborn DK, Kurs‐Lasky M, Rockette HE, Paradise JL. Concurrent and predictive validity of parent reports of child language at ages 2 and 3 years. Child Dev. 2005;76(4):856–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00882.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klee T, Carson DK, Gavin WJ, Hall L, Kent A, Reece S. Concurrent and predictive validity of an early language screening program. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1998;41(3):627–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4103.627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrucco-Nanchen T, Friend M, Poulin-Dubois D, Zesiger P. Do early lexical skills predict language outcome at 3 years? A longitudinal study of French-speaking children. Infant Behav Dev. 2019;57:101379. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice ML, Taylor CL, Zubrick SR. language outcomes of 7-year-old children with or without a history of late language emergence at 24 months. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008;51(2):394–407. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/029).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmarais C, Sylvestre A, Meyer F, Bairati I, Rouleau N. Systematic review of the literature on characteristics of late-talking toddlers. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2008;43(4):361–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13682820701546854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poll GH, Miller CA. Late talking, typical talking, and weak language skills at middle childhood. Learn Individ Differ. 2013;26:177–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AB, Jackins M. Relationship between longest utterances and later mlu in late talkers … mean length of utterance. Clin Linguist Phon. 2014;28(3):143–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2013.839746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley PA, Holt JK. Individual differences in the onset of tense marking: a growth-curve analysis. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2006;49(5):984. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2006/071).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti-Ramsden G. Processing and linguistic markers in young children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2003;46(5):1029–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/082).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riches NG. Sentence repetition in children with specific language impairment: an investigation of underlying mechanisms. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2012;47(5):499–510. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00158.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson CP, Klee T, Carson DK, Hime LK. Phonological profiles of 2-year-olds with delayed language development: predicting clinical outcomes at age 3. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2003;12(1):28–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2003/050).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd B, Ttofari-Eecen K, Brommeyer K, Ng K, Reilly S, Morgan A. Delayed and disordered development of articulation and phonology between four and seven years. Child Lang Teach Ther. 2018;34(2):87–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0265659017735958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petinou K, Spanoudis G. Early language delay phenotypes and correlation with later linguistic abilities. Folia Phoniatr Logop Basel. 2014;66(1–2):67–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000365848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pharr AB, Ratner NB, Rescorla L. Syllable structure development of toddlers with expressive specific language impairment. Appl Psycholinguist. 2000;21(4):429–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S014271640000401X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla L, Ratner NB. Phonetic profiles of toddlers with Specific Expressive Language Impairment (SLI-E). J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1996;39(1):153–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3901.153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams E. A prospective longitudinal study of language development in late talkers. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1994;37(4):852–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3704.852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Odorico L, Majorano M, Fasolo M, Salerni N, Suttora C. Characteristics of phonological development as a risk factor for language development in Italian-speaking pre-term children: a longitudinal study. Clin Linguist Phon. 2011;25(1):53–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2010.511759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Noort-van der Spek IL, Franken M-CJP, Wieringa MH, Weisglas-Kuperus N. Phonological development in very-low-birthweight children: an exploratory study. Dev Med Child Neurol Lond. 2010;52(6):541–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03507.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding-Gebhardt H, Warren SF. Early predictors of later expressive language in boys with fragile X syndrome. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil Wash. 2019;124(1):11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-124.1.11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saul J, Norbury C. Does phonetic repertoire in minimally verbal autistic preschoolers predict the severity of later expressive language impairment? Autism. 2020;24(5):1217–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319898560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farquharson K, Hogan TP, Hoffman L, Wang J, Green KF, Green JR, Weng X. A longitudinal study of infants’ early speech production and later letter identification. PLOS ONE. 2018;13(10):e0204006. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masso S, Baker E, McLeod S, Wang C. Polysyllable speech accuracy and predictors of later literacy development in preschool children with speech sound disorders. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017;60(7):1877–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti-Ramsden G, Botting N, Faragher B. Psycholinguistic markers for Specific Language Impairment (SLI). J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42:741–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalnak N, Peyrard-Janvid M, Forssberg H, Sahlén B. Nonword repetition – a clinical marker for specific language impairment in swedish associated with parents’ language-related problems. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(2):e89544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortolini U, Arfe B, Caselli CM, Degasperi L, Deevy P, Leonard LB. Clinical markers for specific language impairment in Italian: the contribution of clitics and non-word repetition. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2006;41(6):695–712. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13682820600570831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortimer J, Rvachew S. A longitudinal investigation of morpho-syntax in children with speech sound disorders. J Commun Disord. 2010;43(1):61–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2009.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths R, Huntley M. GMDS-R Griffiths mental development scales-revised 0-2 Anni. Firenze (IT): Giunti OS; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Caselli MC, Bello A, Rinaldi P, Stefanini S, Pasqualetti P. IL primo vocabolario del bambino: gesti, parole e Frasi. Valori di Riferimento Fra 8 e 36 mesi delle forme complete e delle forme brevi del questionario macarthur-bates CDI. Milano (IT): Franco Angeli; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• MacWhinney B. The CHILDES project: tools for analyzing Talk. 3rd ed. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Rose Y, MacWhinney B, Byrne R, Hedlund G, Maddocks K, O’Brien P, Wareham T. Introducing PHON: a software solution for the study of phonological acquisition. Proc Annu Boston Univ Conf Lang Dev Boston Univ Conf Lang Dev. 2006;2006:489–500. PMID: 26933382
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Odorico L, Jacob V. Prosodic and lexical aspects of maternal linguistic input to late-talking toddlers. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2006;41(3):293–311. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13682820500342976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sannio Fancello G, Cianchetti C. The Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence - III (Edizione Italiana). Firenze (IT): Giunti OS; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Hollenbeck GP, Kaufman AS. Factor analysis of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). J Clin Psychol. 1973;29(1):41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197301)29:1<41::AID-JCLP2270290117>3.0.CO;2-S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luu TM, Vohr BR, Allan W, Schneider KC, Ment LR. Evidence for catch-up in cognition and receptive vocabulary among adolescents born very preterm. Pediatrics. 2011;128(2):313–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadsworth SJ, DeFries JC, Willcutt EG, Pennington BF, Olson RK. Genetic etiologies of comorbidity and stability for reading difficulties and adhd: a replication study. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2016;19(6):647–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini A, Lorusso ML, D’Angelo MG, Civati F, Turconi AC, Fabbro F, Bresolin N. Evaluation of narrative abilities in patients suffering from duchenne muscular dystrophy. Brain Lang. 2007;102(1):1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2007.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe JD, Anderson HN, Williams AL, Currie BB. Long-term predictive validity of the WPPSI and the WISC-R with BLACK SCHOOL children. Personal Individ Differ. 1987;8(4):551–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(87)90218-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattler JM, Atkinson L. Item equivalence across scales: the WPPSI—R and WISC-III. Psychol Assess. 1993;5(2):203–06. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.203.
   Google Scholar
• Shahim S. Correlations for wechsler intelligence scale for children—revised and the Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence for Iranian children. Psychol Rep. 1992;70(1):27–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbina SP, Clayton JP. WPPSI-R/WISC-R: a comparative study. J Psychoeduc Assess. 1991;9(3):247–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/073428299100900307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule W, Gold RD, Busch C. Long-term predictive validity of the WPPSI: an 11-year follow-up study. Personal Individ Differ. 1982;3(1):65–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(82)90075-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suraniti S, Ferri R, Neri V. TROG 2–test for reception of grammar Version 2 (Edizione Italiana). Firenze (IT): Giunti OS; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Marini A, Marotta L, Bulgheroni S, Fabbro F. BVL 4-12 : batteria per La Valutazione Del Linguaggio in Bambini Dai 4 Ai 12 Anni. Firenze (IT): Giunti OS; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Dondorp W, de Wert G, Bombard Y, Bianchi DW, Bergmann C, Borry P, Chitty LS, Fellmann F, Forzano F, Hall A, et al. Noninvasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy and beyond: challenges of responsible innovation in prenatal screening. Eur J Hum Genet. 2015;23(11):1438–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2015.57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zampini L, Ferrante C, Silibello G, Dall’Ara F, Rigamonti C, Zanchi P, Vizziello PG, Lalatta F, Costantino MA. Maternal input to children with sex chromosome trisomies. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2020;55(5):724–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts MY, Kaiser AP. The effectiveness of parent-implemented language interventions: a meta-analysis. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2011;20(3):180–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0055).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok EYL, Jane Cunningham B, Oram Cardy J. Effectiveness of a parent-implemented language intervention for late-to-talk children: a real-world retrospective clinical chart review. Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2020;22(1):48–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2019.1584643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar