Coach me if you can! Dark triad clients, their effect on coaches, and how coaches deal with them

References

• Abdollahi, A., Pyszczynski, T., Maxfield, M., & Luszczynska, A. (2011). Posttraumatic stress reactions as a disruption in anxiety-buffer functioning: Dissociation and responses to mortality salience as predictors of severity of posttraumatic symptoms. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(4), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agroskin, D., Jonas, E., Klackl, J., & Prentice, M. (2016). Inhibition underlies the effect of high need for closure on cultural closed-mindedness under mortality salience. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 1583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arch, J. J., Brown, K. W., Dean, D. J., Landy, L. N., Brown, K. D., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2014). Self-compassion training modulates alpha-amylase, heart rate variability, and subjective responses to social evaluative threat in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 42, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2006). Snakes in suits: When psychopaths go to work. HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, C. A., Hoffman, B. J., & Helland, K. R. (2008). Narcissism in organizations: A multisource appraisal reflects different perspectives. Human Performance, 21(3), 254–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959280802137705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddy, C. R. P., Ladyshewsky, R., & Galvin, P. (2010). Leaders without ethics in global business: Corporate psychopaths. Journal of Public Affairs, 10(3), 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.352
   Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, M. (2005). Mental-health issues and challenging clients in executive coaching. In M. Cavanagh, A. M. Grant, & T. Kemp (Eds.), Evidence-based coaching: Theory, research and practice from the behavioural sciences (pp. 21–36). Australian Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corr, P. J. (2004). Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28(3), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagnè, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former Eastern Bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8), 930–942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201278002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Haan, E. (2008). I doubt therefore I coach: Critical moments in coaching practice. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 60(1), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/1065-9293.60.1.91
   Google Scholar
• DeSorcy, D. R., Olver, M. E., & Wormith, J. S. (2017). Working alliance and psychopathy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(7-8), 1739–1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517698822
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diller, S. J., Czibor, A., Szabo, Z. P., Restas, P., Jonas, E., & Frey, D. (2020). The “dark top” and their work attitude: The magnitude of dark triad traits at various leadership levels and their influence on leaders’ self- and other-related work attitude. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Diller, S. J., Stollberg, J., & Jonas, E. (2020). Don’t be scared – be mindful! The effect of a mindfulness intervention after threat. Manuscript in preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Dodgson, P. G., & Wood, J. V. (1998). Self-esteem and the cognitive accessibility of strengths and weaknesses after failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 178–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellen, B. P., Kiewitz, C., Garcia, P. R. J. M., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2019). Dealing with the full-of-self-boss: Interactive effects of supervisor narcissism and subordinate resource management ability on work outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 157(3), 847–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3666-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, J., & Wheeler, L. (2009). On being rejected: A meta-analysis of experimental research on rejection. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(5), 468–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01158.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacobbi, P., Withney, J., Roper, R., & Butryn, P. (2002). College coaches’ views about the development of successful athletes: A descriptive exploratory investigation. Journal of Sport Behavior, 25(2), 164–181.
   Google Scholar
• Graßmann, C., & Schermuly, C. C. (2017). The role of neuroticism and supervision in the relationship between negative effects for clients and novice coaches. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 11(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/17521882.2017.1381755
   Google Scholar
• Graßmann, C., Schiemann, S. J., & Jonas, E. (2020). Welche Strategien nutzen Coaches bei herausfordernden Klienten? Eine explorative Analyse von Herausforderungen, Strategien und der Rolle von Supervision. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Greif, S. (2017). Hard to evaluate: Coaching services. In A. Schreyögg, & C. Schmidt-Lellek (Eds.), The Professionalization of coaching (pp. 47–68). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16805-6_3
   Google Scholar
• Grijalva, E., Harms, P. D., Newman, D. A., Gaddis, B. H., & Fraley, R. C. (2014). Narcissism and leadership: A meta-analytic review of linear and nonlinear relationships. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover, S., & Furnham, A. (2016). Coaching as a developmental intervention in organisations: A systematic review of its effectiveness and the mechanisms underlying it. PLOS ONE, 11(7), e0159137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms, P. D., Spain, S. M., & Hannah, S. T. (2011). Leader development and the dark side of personality. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), 495–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Coach Federation. (2016a). 2016 ICF Global Coaching Study: Executive Summary. Retrieved July 01, 2018, from https://coachfederation.org/app/uploads/2017/12/2016ICFGlobalCoachingStudy_ExecutiveSummary-2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Coach Federation. (2016b). Ethische Standards International Coach Federation (ICF). Retrieved December 3, 2019, from https://www.coachfederation.de/files/icf_ethische_standards_deutsch_2016_02.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Iordanou, I., Hawley, R., & Iordanou, C. (2017). Values and ethics in coaching. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jonas, E., McGregor, I., Klackl, J., Agroskin, D., Fritsche, I., Holbrook, C., … Quirin, M. (2014). Threat and defense: From anxiety to approach. In J. M. Olson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology: Vol. 49 (pp. 219–286). Elsevier Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jonason, P. K., Slomski, S., & Partyka, J. (2012). The dark triad at work: How toxic employees get their way. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 449–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420–432. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S.-L. T., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Kessler Psychological distress scale. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t22929-000
   Google Scholar
• Kets de Vries, M. F. R., & Rook, C. (2018). Coaching challenging executives. SSRN Electronic Journal, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3099368
   Google Scholar
• Kilburg, R. R. (2002). Failure and negative outcomes: The taboo topic in executive coaching. In C. Fitzgerald, & J. B. Berger (Eds.), Executive coaching (pp. 283–305). Davies-Black.
   Google Scholar
• Krick, A., Tresp, S., Vatter, M., Ludwig, A., Wihlenda, M., & Rettenberger, M. (2016). The relationships between the dark triad, the moral judgment level, and the students’ disciplinary choice. Journal of Individual Differences, 37(1), 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Pyschopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism in the five-factor model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(7), 1571–1582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j/paid.2004.09.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lüders, A., Jonas, E., Fritsche, I., & Agroskin, D. (2016). Between the lines of us and them: Identity threat, anxious uncertainty, and reactive in-group affirmation: How can antisocial outcomes be prevented? Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory, 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_3
   Google Scholar
• Mathieu, C., Neumann, C. S., Hare, R. D., & Babiak, P. (2014). A dark side of leadership: Corporate psychopathy and its influence on employee well-being and job satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative content analysis. Theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. Retrieved 01, 10, 2018, from: http://nbnresolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173
   Google Scholar
• McClelland, D. C., & Burnham, D. H. (1976). Power is the great motivator. Harvard Business Review, 54, 100–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, I., Nail, P. R., & Inzlicht, M. (2009). Threat, high self-esteem, and reactive approach-motivation: Electroencephalographic evidence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 1003–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, M. (2006). Leadership IQ: Why new hires fail. Public Management, 88(2), 33–37.
   Google Scholar
• Neff, K. (2003). Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 557–579. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oellerich, K. (2016). Negative Effekte von coaching und ihre Ursachen aus der Perspektive der Organisation. Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching, 23(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11613-016-0446-4
   Google Scholar
• Ogloff, J. D., Wong, S., & Greenwood, M. A. (1990). Treating criminal psychopaths in a therapeutic community program. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 8(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2370080210
   Google Scholar
• Olver, M. E., & Wong, S. C. P. (2006). Psychopathy, sexual deviance, and recidivism among sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 18(1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11194-006-9006-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Meara, A., Davies, J., & Hammond, S. (2011). The psychometric properties and utility of the short Sadistic Impulse scale (SSIS). Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 523-531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passmore, J., & McGoldrick, S. (2009). Supervision, extravision, or blind faith? A grounded theory study of the efficacy of coaching supervision. International Coaching Psychology Review, 4, 143–159.
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Towards a taxonomy of dark personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(6), 421–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measuring dark personalities via questionnaire. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 562–594). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, S. A., & Pittinsky, T. L. (2006). Narcissistic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 617–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routledge, C., Ostafin, B., Juhl, J., Sedikides, C., Cathey, C., & Liao, J. (2010). Adjusting to death: The effects of self-esteem and mortality salience on well-being, growth motivation, and maladaptive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(6), 897–916. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schermuly, C. C. (2014). Negative effects of coaching for coaches: An explorative study. International Coaching Psychology Review, 9, 167–182.
   Google Scholar
• Schermuly, C. C., & Bohnhardt, F. A. (2014). Und wer coacht die coaches? Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching, 21(1), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11613-014-0355-3
   Google Scholar
• Schiemann, S. J., & Jonas, E. (2020). Striving for power far off from ethics: The “dark triad” traits among executives and the consequences for organizations. Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching, 27(2), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11613-020-00653-9
   Google Scholar
• Schiemann, S. J., Jutzi, C., Eberhard, I., Mühlberger, C., & Jonas, E. (2020). I don’t like you – I don’t empathize with you! How disliking a client can influence a coach’s empathy. Manuscript discussed at the 16th Workshop on Research Advances in OB (Organizational Behavior) and HRM (Human Resources Management) in Paris, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Schuh, S. C., Hernandez Bark, A. S., Van Quaquebeke, N., Hossiep, R., Frieg, P., & Van Dick, R. (2014). Gender differendes in leadership role occupancy: The mediating role of power motivation. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(3), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1663-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schyns, B. (2014). Dark personality in the workplace: Introduction to the special issue. Applied Psychology, 64(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southard, A. C., Noser, A. E., Pollock, N. C., Mercer, S. H., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2015). The interpersonal nature of dark personality features. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(7), 555–586. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2015.34.7.555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spain, S. M., Harms, P., & LeBreton, J. M. (2013). The dark side of personality at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(S1), S41–S60. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1894
   Google Scholar
• Stead, R., & Fekken, G. C. (2014). Agreeableness at the core of the dark triad of personality. Individual Differences Research, 12(4), 131–141.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dellen, M. R., Campbell, W. K., Hoyle, R. H., & Brandfield, E. K. (2011). Compensating, resisting, and breaking: A meta-analytic examination of reactions to self-esteem threat. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 51–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310372950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Broeck, A., Ferris, D. L., Chang, C.-H., & Rosen, C. C. (2016). A review of self- determination theory’s basic psychological needs at work. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1195–1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316632058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, E., & De Cremer, D. (2006). Self-benefiting in the allocation of scarce resources: Leader-follower effects and the moderating effect of social value orientations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), 1352–1361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206290338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volmer, J., Koch, I. K., & Göritz, A. S. (2017). Corrigendum to ‘The bright and dark sides of leaders’ dark triad traits: Effects on subordinates’ career success and well-being’ [personality and Individual Differences 101 (2016) 413–418]. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 226. https://doi.org/10.2016/j.paid.2016.12.027
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, H. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2002). The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 819–834. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar