From sexual abuse to psychosis: A pilot study exploring the social deafferentation hypothesis and the mediating role of avoidance

References

• Bal , S. , Van Oost , P. , De Bourdeaudhuij , I. and Crombez , G. 2003 . Avoidant coping as a mediator between self-reported sexual abuse and stress-related symptoms in adolescents . Child Abuse and Neglect , 27 : 883 – 897 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bebbington , P. , Bhugra , D. , Brugha , T. , Singleton , N. , Farrell , M. Jenkins , R. 2004 . Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage. Evidence form the second British national survey of psychiatric morbidity . British Journal of Psychiatry , 185 : 220 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bebbington , P. and Nayani , T. 1995 . The psychosis screening questionnaire . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research , 5 : 11 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall , R.P. and Kaney , S. 1989 . Content specific information processing and persecutory delusions: An investigation using the emotional stroop test . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 62 : 355 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , K. , Barrowclough , C. and Wearden , A. 2008 . Attachment theory: A framework for understanding symptoms and interpersonal relationships in psychosis . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 46 : 1275 – 1282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijttebier , P. and Vertommen , H. 1999 . Coping strategies in relation to personality disorders . Personality and Individual Differences , 26 : 847 – 856 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birchwood , M. , Trower , P. , Brunet , K. , Gilbert , P. , Iqbal , Z. and Jackson , C. 2006 . Social anxiety and the shame of psychosis: A study in first episode psychosis . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 45 : 1025 – 1037 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen , K.A. 1989 . Structural equations with latent variables , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Boydell , J. , van Os , J. , Mc Kenzie , K. and Murray , R.M. 2004 . The association of inequality with the incidence of schizophrenia – an ecological study . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 39 : 597 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere , J. and Runtz , M. 1993 . Childhood sexual abuse: Long-term sequelae and implications for psychological assessment . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 8 : 312 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugha , T.S. and Cragg , D. 1990 . The list of threatening experiences: the reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 82 : 77 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugha , T.S. , Jenkins , R. , Bebbington , P. , Meltzer , H. , Lewis , G. and Farrell , M. 2004 . Risk factors and the prevalence of neurosis and psychosis in ethnic groups in Great Britain . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 39 : 939 – 946 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das-Munshi , J. , Goldberg , D. , Bebbington , P. , Bhugra , D. K. , Brugha , T. S. , Dewey , M. E. , Jenkins , R. , Stewart , R. and Prince , M. 2008 . Public health significance of mixed anxiety and depression: Beyond current classification . British Journal of Psychiatry , 192 : 171 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron , B. and Tibshirani , R. 1993 . An introduction to the bootstrap , New York : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• First , M. , Spitzer , R. , Gibbon , M. , Williams , J.B.W. , Davies , M. Borus , J. 1995 . The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R personality disorders (SCID-II). Part 1: Description . Journal of Personality Disorders , 9 : 83 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogelson , D.L. , Neuchterlein , K.H. , Asarnow , R.A. , Payne , D.L. , Subotnik , K.L. Jacobson , K.C. 2007 . Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders: The UCLA family study . Schizophrenia Research , 91 : 192 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassian , S. 1983 . Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement . American Journal of Psychiatry , 140 : 1450 – 1454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassian , S. and Friedman , N. 1986 . Effects of sensory deprivation in psychiatric seclusion and solitary confinement . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 8 : 49 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffman , R.E. 2007 . A social deafferentation hypothesis for induction of active schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 33 : 1066 – 1070 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , R.E. , Oates , E. , Hafner , R.J. , Hustig , H.H. and McGlashan , T.H. 1994 . Semantic organisation of hallucinated ‘voices’ in schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 1229 – 1230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , I. , Krabbendam , L. , Bak , M. , Hanssen , M. , Vollebergh , W. , de Graaf , R. and van Os , J. 2004 . Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 109 : 38 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , D.M. , Sheahan , T.C. and Chard , K.M. 2003 . Personality disorders, coping strategies, and posttraumatic stress disorder in women with histories of childhood sexual abuse . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 12 : 19 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kendall-Tackett , K.A. , Williams , L.M. and Finkelhor , D. 1993 . Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies . Psychological Bulletin , 113 : 164 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R.C. , Borges , G. and Walters , E.E. 1999 . Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 : 617 – 626 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilcommons , A.M. and Morrison , A.P. 2005 . Relationships between trauma and psychosis: An exploration of cognitive and dissociative factors . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 112 : 351 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kish , L. 1965 . Survey sampling , London : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , L. , Ziemann , U. , Chen , R. and Cohen , L.G. 2002 . Rapid modulation of GABA in sensorimotor cortex induced by acute deafferentation . Annals of Neurology , 52 : 755 – 761 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , G. , Pelosi , A.J. , Araya , R.C. and Dunn , G. 1992 . Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: A standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers . Psychological Medicine , 22 : 465 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merabet , L.B. , Maguire , D. , Warde , A. , Alterescu , K. , Stickgold , R. and Pascual-Leone , A. 2004 . Visual hallucinations during prolonged blindfolding in sighted subjects . Journal of Neuroopthalmology , 24 : 109 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison , A.P. , Frame , L. and Larkin , W. 2003 . Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 42 : 331 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , A. , Schafer , I. and Dorahy , M.J. 2009 . Psychosis, trauma and dissociation: Emerging perspectives on severe psychopathology , London : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Mueser , K.T. , Rosenberg , S.D. , Goodman , L.A. and Trumbetta , S.L. 2002 . Trauma, PTSD and the course of severe mental illness: An interactive model . Schizophrenia Research , 53 : 123 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , J. , Shevlin , M. and Adamson , G. 2007 . A latent class analysis of positive psychosis symptoms based on the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey . Personality and Individual Differences , 42 : 1491 – 1502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, J., Shevlin, M., Houston, J.E., & Adamson, G. (2010). A population based analysis of subclinical psychosis and help-seeking behaviour. Schizophrenia Bulletin: doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbq092.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén , L. and Muthén , B. 2007 . Mplus user guide , Los Angeles : Statmodel .
   Google Scholar
• Pierre , J.M. 2010 . Hallucinations in non-psychotic disorders: Toward a differential diagnosis of hearing voices . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 18 : 22 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher , K.J. and Hayes , A.F. 2008 . Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models . Behaviour Research Methods , 40 : 879 – 891 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read , J. , Perry , B.D. , Moskowitz , A. and Connolly , J. 2001 . The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: A traumagenic neurodevelopmental model . Psychiatry , 64 : 319 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read , J. , van Os , J. , Morrison , A. and Ross , C. 2005 . Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: A literature review with theoretical and clinical implications . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 112 : 330 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier, D.A., Myers, J.K., Kramer, M., Robins, L.N., Blazer, D.G., Hough, R.L., Eaton, W.W., & B.Z. (1984). The NIMH epidemiologic catchment area 25 program: Historical context, major objectives, and study population characteristics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 934–941.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Solano , J.J. and González De Chávez , M. 2000 . Premorbid personality disorders in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 44 : 137 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders , J. , Aasland , O. , Babor , T. , De La Fuente , J. and Grant , M. 1993 . Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption . Addiction , 88 : 791 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singleton , N. , Bumpstead , R. , O’Brien , M. , Lee , A. and Meltzer , H. 2001 . Psychiatric morbidity among adults living in private households , London : TSO .
   Google Scholar
• Thornicroft , G. 2006 . Shunned: Discrimination against people with mental illness , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• van Os , J. , Driessen , G. , Gunther , N. and Delespaul , P. 2000 . Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia: Evidence for person-environment interaction . British Journal of Psychiatry , 176 : 243 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Os , J. , Linscott , R.J. , Myin-Germeys , I. , Delespaul , P. and Krabbendam , L. 2009 . A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder . Psychological Medicine , 39 : 179 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , K. , Fortier , M.A. and DiLillo , D. 2010 . Adult coping with childhood sexual abuse: A theoretical and empirical review . Aggression and Violent Behaviour , 15 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiles , N.J. , Zammit , S. , Bebbington , P. , Singleton , N. , Meltzer , H. and Lewis , G. 2006 . Self-reported psychotic symptoms in the general population: Results from the longitudinal study of the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey . British Journal of Psychiatry , 188 : 519 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar