Publication Cover
Psychosis
Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches
Volume 15, 2023 - Issue 1
382
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Launay–Slade Hallucination Scale-Extended: simplifying its interpretation

ORCID Icon, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 56-65 | Received 15 Sep 2021, Accepted 16 Sep 2021, Published online: 04 Jan 2022

References

  • Abreu, M. N. S., Siqueira, A. L., Cardoso, C. S., & Caiaffa, W. T. (2008). Ordinal logistic regression models: Application in quality of life studies. Cad Saude Publica, 24(Suppl 4), s581–s591. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008001600010
  • Agresti, A. (2010). Analysis of ordinal categorical data. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Ahn, J., Mukherjee, B., Banerjee, M., & Cooney, K. A. (2009). Bayesian inference for the stereotype regression model: Application to a case-control study of prostate cancer. Statistics in Medicine, 28(25), 3139–3157. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3693
  • Aleman, A., Nieuwenstein, M. R., Boecker, K. B. E., & De Haan, E. H. F. (2001). Multi-dimensionality of hallucinatory predisposition: Factor structure of the Launay-Slade hallucination scale in a normal sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(2), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00045-3
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th. Ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
  • Anderson, J. A. (1984). Regression and ordered categorical variables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 46(1), 1–30. https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1984.tb01270.x
  • Angermeyer, M. C., Van Der Auwera, S., Carta, M. G., & Schomerus, G. (2017). Public attitudes towards psychiatry and psychiatric treatment at the beginning of the 21st century: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population surveys. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20383
  • Baka, A., Figgou, L., & Triga, V. (2012). “Neither agree, nor disagree”: A critical analysis of the middle answer category in Voting Advice Applications. Int J Electron Gov, 5(3–4), 244–263.
  • Bentall, R. P., & Slade, P. D. (1985). Reality testing and auditory hallucinations: A signal detection analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24(3), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1985.tb01331.x
  • Castiajo, P., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2017, July). On “Hearing” voices and “Seeing” things: Probing hallucination predisposition in a Portuguese nonclinical sample with the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale-revised. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01138
  • Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16
  • de Leede-Smith, S., Roodenrys, S., Horsley, L., Matrini, S., Mison, E., & Barkus, E. (2016). Neurological soft signs: Effects of trait schizotypy, psychological distress and auditory hallucination predisposition. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 7, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2016.11.001
  • Diedenhofen, B., & Musch, J. (2016). cocron: A Web Interface and R Package for the Statistical Comparison of Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficients. International Journal of Internet Science, 11(1).
  • Douven, I. (2018). A Bayesian perspective on Likert scales and central tendency. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(3), 1203–1211. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1344-2
  • Fernández, D., & Liu, I. (2016). A goodness-of-fit test for the ordered stereotype model. Statistics in Medicine, 35(25), 4660–4696. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.7002
  • Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Paino, M., Sierra-Baigrie, S., Villazón-García, Úrsula, García-Portilla González, P., & Muñiz, J. (2010). Dimensionality of hallucinatory predisposition: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Launa-Slade Hallucination Scale-revised in college students. Anales de Psicología / Annals of Psychology, 26(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.
  • Hartley, J. (2014). Some thoughts on Likert-type scales. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 14(1), 83–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1697-2600(14)70040-7
  • Jones, S. R., & Fernyhough, C. (2006). The roles of thought suppression and metacognitive beliefs in proneness to auditory verbal hallucinations in a non-clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(8), 1421–1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.003
  • Kero, P., & Lee, D. (2016).Likert is pronounced “LICK-urt” not “LIE-kurt” and the data are ordinal not interval. J Appl Meas, 17, 502–509. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28009595/
  • Kuss, O. (2006). On the estimation of the stereotype regression model. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 50(8), 1877–1890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2005.02.013
  • Lall, R., Campbell, M. J., Walters, S. J., & Morgan, K. (2002). A review of ordinal regression models applied on health-related quality of life assessments. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 11(1), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1191/0962280202sm271ra
  • Larøi, F., Marczewski, P., & Van Der Linden, M. (2004). Further evidence of the multi-dimensionality of hallucinatory predisposition: Factor structure of a modified version of the Launay-Slade hallucinations scale in a normal sample. European Psychiatry, 19(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(03)00028-2
  • Laroi, F., & Van der Linden, M. (2005). Nonclinical Participants‘ Reports of Hallucinatory Experiences. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du comportement, 37(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087243
  • Larøi, F., Van der Linden, M., DeFruyt, F., Van Os, J., & Aleman, A. (2006). Associations between delusion proneness and personality structure in non-clinical participants: Comparison between young and elderly samples. Psychopathology, 39(5), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1159/000093922
  • Launay, G., & Slade, P. (1981). The measurement of hallucinatory predisposition in male and female prisoners. Personality and Individual Differences, 2(3), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(81)90027-1
  • Lunt, M. (2005). Prediction of ordinal outcomes when the association between predictors and outcome differs between outcome levels. Statistics in Medicine, 24(9), 1357–1369. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2009
  • Maness, M., Sheela, P., Balusu, S., & Pinjari, A. (2018). When neutral responses on a Likert scale do not mean opinion neutrality: Accounting for unsure responses in a hybrid choice modelling framework [Paper presentation]. In 7th Innovations in Travel Modeling Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA. http://onlinepubs. trb. org/onlinepubs/Conferences/2018/ITM/MManess. pdf.
  • McCullagh, P. (1980). Regression models for ordinal data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 42(2), 109–127. https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1980.tb01109.x
  • McCullagh, P., & Nelder, J. A. (1989). Generalized Linear Models, Vol. 37 of Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, 2edn, London: Chapman and Hall.
  • Mircioiu, C., & Atkinson, J. (2017). A comparison of parametric and non-parametric methods applied to a likert scale. Pharmacy, 5(4), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy5020026
  • Morrison, A. P., Wells, A., & Nothard, S. (2000). Cognitive factors in predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466500163112
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Ohayon, M. M. (2000). Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population. Psychiatry Research, 97(2–3), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00227-4
  • Paulik, G., Badcock, J. C., & Maybery, M. T. (2006). The multifactorial structure of the predisposition to hallucinate and associations with anxiety, depression and stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1067–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.012
  • Pinheiro, A. P., Farinha-Fernandes, A., Roberto, M. S., & Kotz, S. A. (2019). Self-voice perception and its relationship with hallucination predisposition. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 24(4), 237–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2019.1621159
  • Preti, A., Sisti, D., Rocchi, M. B. L., Siddi, S., Cella, M., Masala, C., Petretto, D. R., & Carta, M. G. (2014). Prevalence and dimensionality of hallucination-like experiences in young adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(4), 826–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.01.015.
  • R Core Team. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical  computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna,  Austria. http://www.R-project.org
  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An RPackage for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
  • Sahu, S., Sharma, V., Siddi, S., Preti, A., Malik, D., Singhania, S., Bhatia, T., & Deshpande, S. N. (2020, October). Validation of the launay-slade hallucination scale among Indian healthy adults. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 102357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102357
  • Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the Dimension of a Model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136
  • Sclove, S. L. (1987). Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika, 52(3), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294360
  • Siddi, S., Ochoa, S., Farreny, A., Brébion, G., Larøi, F., Cuevas‐Esteban, J., Haro, J. M., Stephan‐Otto, C., & Preti, A. (2018). Measurement invariance of the Spanish Launay–Slade Hallucinations Scale-Extended version between putatively healthy controls and people diagnosed with a mental disorder. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 27(4), e1741. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1741
  • Siddi, S., Ochoa, S., Laroi, F., Cella, M., Raballo, A., Saldivia, S., Quijada, Y., Laloyaux, J., Rocha, N. B., Lincoln, T. M., Schlier, B., Ntouros, E., Bozikas, V. P., Gawęda, Ł., Machado, S., Nardi, A. E., Rodante, D., Deshpande, S. N., Haro, J. M., & Preti, A. (2019). A cross-national investigation of hallucination-like experiences in 10 Countries: The E-CLECTIC Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45(Suppl._1), S43–S55. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby156
  • Siddi, S., Petretto, D. R., Burrai, C., Scanu, R., Baita, A., Trincas, P., Trogu, E., Campus, L., Contu, A., & Preti, A. (2017, April). The role of set-shifting in auditory verbal hallucinations. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 74, 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.01.011
  • Siddi, S., Petretto, D. R., Scanu, R., Burrai, C., Baita, A., Trincas, P., Trogu, E., Campus, L., Contu, A., & Preti, A. (2016). Deficits in metaphor but not in idiomatic processing are related to verbal hallucinations in patients with psychosis. Psychiatry Research, 246, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.024
  • Stanghellini, G., Langer, Á. I., Ambrosini, A., & Cangas, A. J. (2012). Quality of hallucinatory experiences: Differences between a clinical and a non-clinical sample. World Psychiatry, 11(2), 110–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.007
  • Sturgis, P., Roberts, C., & Smith, P. (2014). Middle alternatives revisited: How the neither/nor response acts as a way of saying “I don’t know”?. Sociological Methods & Research, 43(1), 15–38. . https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124112452527
  • Sullivan, G. M., & Artino, A. R. (2013). Analyzing and Interpreting Data From Likert-Type Scales. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 5(4), 541–542. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-5-4-18
  • Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
  • Vellante, M., Larøi, F., Cella, M., Raballo, A., Petretto, D. R., & Preti, A. (2012). Hallucination-like experiences in the nonclinical population. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 200(4), 310–315. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31824cb2ba
  • Waters, F., Blom, J. D., Dang-Vu, T. T., Cheyne, A. J., Alderson-Day, B., Woodruff, P., & Collerton, D. (2016). What is the link between hallucinations, dreams, and hypnagogic–hypnopompic experiences? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(5), 1098–1109. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw076

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.