Dissociation mediates association between childhood trauma and distress from trauma research participation: analysis of pooled clinical data

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5.
   Google Scholar
• Armour, C., & Mcglinchey, E. (2022). A network analysis study investigating posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation comorbidity in a UK armed forces veteran sample. European Psychiatry, 65(S1), S66–67. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.212
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., & Desmond, D. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomfield, M. A., Chang, T., Woodl, M. J., Lyons, L. M., Cheng, Z., Bauer‐staeb, C., Hobbs, C., Bracke, S., Kennerley, H., Isham, L., Brewin, C., Billings, J., Greene, T., & Lewis, G. (2021). Psychological processes mediating the association between developmental trauma and specific psychotic symptoms in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter-Visscher, R. M., Naugle, A. E., Bell, K. M., & Suvak, M. K. (2007). Ethics of asking trauma-related questions and exposing participants to arousal-inducing stimuli. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8(3), 27–55. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v08n03_03
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavicchioli, M., Scalabrini, A., Northoff, G., Mucci, C., Ogliari, A., & Maffei, C. (2021). Dissociation and emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 143, 370–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, Y., Kim, D., & Kim, S. -H. (2021). Prevalence and clinical correlates of childhood trauma among inpatients diagnosed with bipolar disorder: A matched comparison with schizophrenia. Psychosis, 13(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2020.1801818
   Google Scholar
• Coons, P. M. (1998). The dissociative disorders. Rarely considered and underdiagnosed. Psychiatric Clinics in North America, 21(3), 637–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70028-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, T., Shannon, C., Crothers, I., Hoy, K., Fitzsimmons, C., McCann, R., O’hare, J., & Mulholland, C. (2017). The perspectives of people with psychosis about participating in trauma-related research. Psychosis, 9(1), 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2016.1145729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Loewenstein, R. J., Cardena, E., Frewen, P. A., Carlson, E. B., & Spiegel, D. (2012). Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(3), 550–588. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePrince, A. P., & Chu, A. (2008). Perceived benefits in trauma research: Examining methodological and individual difference factors in responses to research participation. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 3(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2008.3.1.35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePrince, A. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2006). Costs and benefits of being asked about trauma history. Journal of Trauma Practice, 3(4), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1300/J189v03n04_02
   Google Scholar
• Eun, H. J., Kwon, T. W., Lee, S. M., Kim, T. H., Choi, M. R., & Cho, S. J. (2005). A study on reliability and validity of the Korean version of impact of event scale-revised. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 44(3), 303–310.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrier-Auerbach, A. G., Erbes, C. R., Polusny, M. A., Rath, C. M., & Sponheim, S. R. (2010). Predictors of emotional distress reported by soldiers in the combat zone. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(7), 470–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Chien, W. T., Lam, S. K. K., & Ross, C. A. (2022). The relationship between dissociation and complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 152483802211208. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/152483802211208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goddard, C., & Mudaly, N. (2009). The ethics of involving children who have been abused in child abuse research. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 17(2), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181808X389920
   Google Scholar
• Grubaugh, A. L., Zinzow, H. M., Paul, L., Egede, L. E., & Frueh, B. C. (2011). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults with severe mental illness: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 883–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication monographs, 76(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Heriot-Maitland, C., Wykes, T., & Peters, E. (2022). Trauma and social pathways to psychosis, and where the two paths meet. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 804971. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.804971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD - A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490050305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe, A. E., DiLillo, D., Hoffman, L., Haikalis, M., & Dykstra, R. E. (2015). Does it hurt to ask? A meta-analysis of participant reactions to trauma research. Clinical Psychological Review, 40, 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., Bae, H., Han, C., Oh, H. Y., & Macdonald, K. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) in Korean patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Reserarch, 144(1–3), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., Park, S. C., Yang, H., & Oh, D. H. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the childhood trauma questionnaire-short form for psychiatric outpatients. Psychiatry Investigation, 8(4), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2011.8.4.305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leavitt, F. (1999). Dissociative experiences scale taxon and measurement of dissociative pathology: Does the taxon add to an understanding of dissociation and its associated pathologies? Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 6(4), 427–440. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026275916184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legerski, J. P., & Bunnell, S. L. (2010). The risks, benefits, and ethics of trauma-focused research participation. Ethics & Behavior, 20(6), 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2010.521443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luxenberg, T., Spinazzola, J., & Van der Kolk, B. A. (2001). Complex trauma and Disorders of Extreme Stress (DESNOS) diagnosis, part one: Assessment. Directions in Psychiatry, 21(25), 373–392.
   Google Scholar
• Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Kleindienst, N. (2018). Dissociation in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis of studies using the dissociative experiences scale. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz, A., Read, J., Farrelly, S., Rudegeair, T., & Williams, O. (2010). Are psychotic symptoms traumatic in origian and dissociative in kind? In P. F. Dell & J. A. O’Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond (pp. 521–534). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, E., & Kaloupek, D. G. (2004). The risks and benefits of participating in trauma-focused research studies. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(5), 383–394. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048951.02568.3a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, E., Risch, E., & Kassam-Adams, N. (2006). Ethical issues in trauma-related research: A review. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics: JERHRE, 1(3), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2006.1.3.29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman-Taylor, K., & Sambrook, S. (2013). The role of dissociation in psychosis. In F. C. Kennedy, H. Kennerley, & D. G. Pearson (Eds.), Cognitive behavioural approaches to the understanding and treatment of dissociation (pp. 119–132). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Oh, H. Y., Kim, D., & Kim, Y. (2015). Reliability and validity of the dissociative experiences scale among South Korean patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(5), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1037040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J., Choe, B., Kim, M., Han, H., Yoo, S., & Kim, S. (1995). Standardization of dissociative experiences scale-Korean version. Korean Journal of Psychopatholy, 4(1), 105–125.
   Google Scholar
• Parslow, R. A., Jorm, A. F., O’toole, B. I., Marshall, R. P., & Grayson, D. A. (2000). Distress experienced by participants during an epidemiological survey of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(3), 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007785308422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers, A., Cross, D., Fani, N., & Bradley, B. (2015). PTSD, emotion dysregulation, and dissociative symptoms in a highly traumatized sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 61, 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafiq, S., Campodonico, C., & Varese, F. (2018). The relationship between childhood adversities and dissociation in severe mental illness: A meta‐analytic review. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 509–525. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, J., Armour, C., Kerig, P. K., Kidwell, M. C., & Kilshaw, R. E. (2020). A network analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation in trauma-exposed adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruzek, J. I., & Zatzick, D. F. (2000). Ethical considerations in research participation among acutely injured trauma survivors: An empirical investigation. General Hospital Psychiatry, 22(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-8343(99)00041-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., & Ross, C. (2006). Dissociative disorders as a confounding factor in psychiatric research. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29(1), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. G., Ross, C. A., Dorahy, M. J., Read, J., & Schäfer, I. (2018). Childhood trauma in psychotic and dissociative disorders. In A. Moskowitz, M. J. Dorahy, & I. Schafer (Eds.), Psychosis, trauma and dissociation: Evolving perspectives on severe psychopathology (pp. 141–157). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Seedat, S., Pienaar, W. P., Williams, D., & Stein, D. J. (2004). Ethics of research on survivors of trauma. Current Psychiatry Reports, 6(4), 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-004-0075-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tong, J., Simpson, K., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., & Bendall, S. (2017). Distress, psychotic symptom exacerbation, and relief in reaction to talking about trauma in the context of beneficial trauma therapy: Perspectives from young people with post-traumatic stress disorder and first episode psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 45(6), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465817000236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, J., Simpson, K., Alvarez‐jimenez, M., & Bendall, S. (2019). Talking about trauma in therapy: Perspectives from young people with post‐traumatic stress symptoms and first episode psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(5), 1236–1244. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E., Steele, K., & Brown, D. (2004). Trauma-related dissociation: Conceptual clarity lost and found. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(11–12), 906–914. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01480.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R., & Steele, K. (2005). Dissociation: An insufficiently recognized major feature of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijke, A., Ford, J. D., Frank, L. E., & van der Hart, O. (2015). Association of childhood complex trauma and dissociation with complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adulthood. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(4), 428–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1016253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller, N., Putnam, F. W., & Carlson, E. B. (1996). Types of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychological Methods, 1(3), 300–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.3.300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. (1997). The impact of event scale – revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399–411). Guildford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weissinger, G. M., & Ulrich, C. M. (2019). Informed consent and ethical reporting of research in clinical trials involving participants with psychotic disorders. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 84, 105795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2019.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar