Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters predicting substance abuse in adolescents

References

• Adrados, J. L. R. (1995). The influence of family, school, and peers on adolescent drug misuse. Substance Use & Misuse, 30, 1407–1423. doi: 10.3109/10826089509055840
   Google Scholar
• APA. (Ed.). (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, T. D., & Costello, E. J. (2002). Community studies on adolescent substance use, abuse, or dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1224–1239. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.70.6.1224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach, M. E. (2003). En empirisk belysning og analyse af “emotional numbing” som eventuel selvstaendig factor i PTSD [An empirical description and analysis of “emotional numbing”, as a potential independent factor in PTSD]. Psykologisk Studieskriftserie, 6, 1–132.
   Google Scholar
• Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., Liotus, L., Richardson, D., Canobbio, R., …, Roth, C. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in peers of adolescent suicide victims: Predisposing factors and phenomenology. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 209–215. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199502000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, N., Wilcox, H. C., Storr, C. L., Lucia, V. C., & Anthony, J. C. (2004). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of youths in urban America. Journal of Urban Health, 81, 530–544. doi: 10.1093/jurban/jth138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, K. C., Burke, J. D., Rae, D. S., & Regier, D. A. (1991). Comparing age at onset of major depression and other psychiatric disorders by birth cohorts in five US community populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 789–795. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330013002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D. B., Bukstein, O. G., Smith, M. G., & Kaczynski, N. A. (1995). Identifying anxiety disorders in adolescents hospitalized for alcohol abuse or dependence. Psychiatric Services, 46, 618–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D. B., Pollock, N., Bukstein, O. G., Mezzich, A. C., Bromberger, J. T., & Donovan, J. E. (1997). Gender and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents with alcohol dependence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1195–1203. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199709000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelius, J. R., Kirisci, L., Reynolds, M., Clark, D. B., Hayes, J., & Tarter, R. (2010). PTSD contributes to teen and young adult cannabis use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 91–94. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielson, C. K., Macdonald, A., Amstadter, A. B., Hanson, R., de Arellano, M. A., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2010). Risky behaviors and depression in conjunction with – or in the absence of – lifetime history of PTSD among sexually abused adolescents. Child Maltreatment, 15, 101–107. doi: 10.1177/1077559509350075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deters, P. B., Novins, D. K., Fickenscher, A., & Beals, J. (2006). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology: Patterns among American Indian adolescents in substance abuse treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 335–345. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deykin, E. Y., & Buka, S. L. (1997). Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among chemically dependent adolescents. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 752–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupre, D., Miller, N., Gold, M., & Rospenda, K. (1995). Initiation and progression of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use among adolescent abusers. The American Journal on Addictions, 4, 43–48. doi: 10.3109/10550499508997422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elklit, A. (2002). Victimization and PTSD in a Danish national youth probability sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 174–181. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200202000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T., & Horwood, L. J. (1996). The short-term consequences of early onset cannabis use. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 499–512. doi: 10.1007/BF01441571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Hauf, A. C., Paradis, A. D., Wasserman, M. S., & Langhammer, D. M. (2000). Comorbidity of substance use and post-traumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 253–262. doi: 10.1037/h0087634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Silverman, A. B., Pakiz, B., Frost, A. K., & Cohen, E. (1994). Ages of onset of psychiatric disorders in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 706–717. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199406000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartlev, M. (Ed.). (1996). Den gode samfundsforsker: om etik i samfundsforskningen. København: Akademisk Forlag.
   Google Scholar
• Hibell, B., Guttormsson, U., Ahlström, S., Balakireva, O., Bjarnason, T., Kokkevi, A., & Kraus, L. (Eds.). (2012). Substance use among students in 36 European countries (The 2011 ESPAD report). Stockholm, Sweden: The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN).
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, L. K., Southwick, S. M., & Kosten, T. R. (2001). Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1184–1190. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaycox, L. H., Ebener, P., Damesek, L., & Becker, K. (2004). Trauma exposure and retention in adolescent substance abuse treatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 113–121. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022617.41299.39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel, D. B., Kessler, R. C., & Margulies, R. Z. (1978). Antecedents of adolescent initiation into stages of drug use: A developmental analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 7, 13–40. doi: 10.1007/BF01538684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., Costello, E., Georgiades, K., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., …, Merikangas, K. R. (2012). Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(4), 372–380. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., Costello, E. J., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Heeringa, S., …, Zaslavsky, A. M. (2009). National comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement (NCS-A): II. Overview and design. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 380–385. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181999705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., & Schnurr, P. P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 19–30. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.68.1.19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the national survey of adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 692–700. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipschitz, D. S., Grilo, C. M., Fehon, D., McGlashan, T. M., & Southwick, S. M. (2000). Gender differences in the associations between posttraumatic stress symptoms and problematic substance use in psychiatric inpatient adolescents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188(6), 349–356. doi: 10.1097/00005053-200006000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipschitz, D. S., Rasmusson, A. M., Anyan, W., Gueorguieva, R., Billingslea, E. M., Cromwell, P. F., & Southwick, S. M. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use in inner-city adolescent girls. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 714–721. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000095123.68088.da
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubman, D. I., Allen, N. B., Rogers, N., Cementon, E., & Bonomo, Y. (2007). The impact of co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders among substance-abusing youth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 103, 105–112. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, A., Danielson, C. K., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2010). PTSD and comorbid disorders in a representative sample of adolescents: The risk associated with multiple exposures to potentially traumatic events. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 773–783. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley, J. L., Danielson, C. K., Amstadter, A. B., Ruggiero, K. J., Resnick, H. S., Hanson, R. F., …, Kilpatrick, D. G. (2010). The role of traumatic event history in non-medical use of prescription drugs among a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 84–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02134.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFall, M. E., Mackay, P. W., & Donovan, D. M. (1992). Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder and severity of substance abuse in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 357–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas, K. R., Mehta, R. L., Molnar, B. E., Walters, E. E., Swendsen, J. D., Aguilar-Gaziola, S., …, Kessler, R. C. (1998). Comorbidity of substance use disorders with mood and anxiety disorders: Results of the international consortium in psychiatric epidemiology. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 893–907. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00076-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., & Truong, T. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 111–116. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nooner, K. B., Linares, L. O., Batinjane, J., Kramer, R. A., Silva, R., & Cloitre, M. (2012). Factors related to posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 13, 153–166. doi: 10.1177/1524838012447698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouimette, P. C., Brown, B. J., & Najavits, L. M. (1998). Course and treatment of patients with both substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 785–795. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00064-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, M. U., & Frederiksen, K. (2012). Unge der misbruger rusmidler – hvor mange, behov, behandling, stofforbrug efter behandling. Center for Rusmiddelforskning, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus Universitet.
   Google Scholar
• Perkonigg, A., Kessler, R. C., Storz, S., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2000). Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101, 46–59. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101001046.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, C. L., La Greca, A. M., & Alexandersson, A. (2010). Family and individual factors associated with substance involvement and PTS symptoms among adolescents in greater New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 806–817. doi: 10.1037/a0020808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiff, M., Pat-Horenczyk, R., Benbenishty, R., Brom, D., Baum, N., & Astor, R. A. (2012). High school students’ posttraumatic symptoms, substance abuse and involvement in violence in the aftermath of war. Social Science & Medicine, 75, 1321–1328. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbuchel, P. H., Wilens, T. E., Adamson, J. J., & Sgambati, S. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder in adolescent bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 11, 198–204. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00652.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, S. H., Conrod, P. J., Pihl, R. O., & Dongier, M. (1999). Relations between posttraumatic stress symptom dimensions and substance dependence in a community-recruited sample of substance-abusing women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13, 78–88. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.13.2.78
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swendsen, J., Conway, K. P., Degenhardt, L., Dierker, L., Glantz, M., Jin, R., …, Kessler, R. C. (2009). Socio-demographic risk factors for alcohol and drug dependence: The 10-year follow-up of the national comorbidity survey. Addiction, 104, 1346–1355. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02622.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen, H. U., Perkonigg, A., Lachner, G., & Nelson, C. B. (1998). Early developmental stages of psychopathology study (EDSP): Objectives and design. European Addiction Research, 4, 18–27. doi: 10.1159/000018921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar