The Circulation of Climate Change Denial Online: Rhetorical and Networking Strategies on Facebook

References

• Adams, P. C., & Gynnild, A. (2013). Environmental messages in online media: The role of place. Environmental Communication, 7(1), 113–130. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2012.754777
   Google Scholar
• Arlt, D., Hoppe, I., Schmitt, J. B., Silva-Schmidt, F. D., & Brüggemann, M. (2018). Climate engagement in a digital age: Exploring the drivers of participation in climate discourse online in the context of COP21. Environmental Communication, 12(1), 84–98. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2017.1394892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besel, R. D. (2011). Opening the “black box” of climate change science: Actor-network theory and rhetorical practice in scientific controversies. Southern Communication Journal, 76(2), 120–136.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomfield, E. F. (in press). Arguments of a new virtual religion: How athenism “clicks” new members and reimagines the mind-body dualism. In C. K. Winkler (Ed.), Networked argument. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomfield, E. F., & Lake, R. A. (2015). Negotiating the end of the world in climate change rhetoric: Climate skepticism, science, and arguments. In M. S. Meisner, N. Sriskandarajah, & S. P. Depoe (Eds.), Communication for the commons: Revisiting participation and the environment (pp. 384–396). Uppsala: The International Environmental Communication Association.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, K. (1950/1969). A rhetoric of motives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, K. (1966). Language as symbolic action. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cagle, L. E., & Tillery, D. (2015). Climate change research across disciplines: The value and uses of multidisciplinary research reviews for technical communication. Technical Communication Quarterly, 24(2), 147–163. doi: 10.1080/10572252.2015.1001296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagle, L. E., & Tillery, D. (2018). Tweeting the anthropocene. In H. Yu & K. M. Northcut (Eds.), Scientific communication: Practices, theories, and pedagogies (pp. 131–148). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Capstick, S. B., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2014). What is climate change scepticism? Examination of the concept using a mixed methods study of the UK public. Global Environmental Change, 24, 389–401. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccarelli, L. (2011). Manufactured scientific controversy: Science, rhetoric, and public debate. Rhetoric Public Affairs, 14(2), 195–228.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, L., & Nerlich, B. (2015). Examining user comments for deliberative democracy: A corpus-driven analysis of the climate change debate online. Environmental Communication, 9(2), 189–207. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2014.981560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, P. M., Huntingford, C., & Williamson, M. S. (2018). Emergent constraint on equilibrium climate sensitivity from global temperature variability. Nature, 553(7688), 319–322. doi: 10.1038/nature25450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockford, S. (2018, January 4). Failed Amstrup polar bear predictions have climate change community in a panic. Retrieved from https://polarbearscience.com/2018/01/04/failed-amstrup-polar-bear-predictions-have-climate-change-community-in-a-panic/
   Google Scholar
• Davies, C., & Goldenberg, S. (2009, November 23). The voices of climate change sceptics. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/24/voices-of-climate-change-denial
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap, R. E., & McCright, A. M. (2010). Climate change denial: Sources, actors and strategies. In C. Levery-Tracy (Ed.), Routledge handbook of climate change and society (pp. 240–259). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Elgesem, D., Steskal, L., & Diakopoulos, N. (2015). Structure and content of the discourse on climate change in the blogosphere: The big picture. Environmental Communication, 9(2), 169–188. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2014.983536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahnestock, J. (1986). Accommodating science: The rhetorical life of scientific facts. Written Communication, 3(3), 275–296. doi: 10.1177/0741088386003003001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, T. F. (2017, December 1). Climate scientists harass women (asexually, of course) – Matt Lauer, Meet Michael Mann. Climate Scepticism. Retrieved from https://cliscep.com/2017/12/01/climate-scientists-harassing-women-asexually-of-course-again-matt-lauer-meet-michael-mann/
   Google Scholar
• Global Warming Policy Forum. (2014). Who we are. Retrieved from http://www.thegwpf.org/who-we-are/
   Google Scholar
• Goodnight, G. T. (2012). The personal, technical, and public spheres of argument: A speculative inquiry into the art of public deliberation. Argumentation and Advocacy, 48(4), 198–210.
   Google Scholar
• Haider, J. (2016). The shaping of environmental information in social media: Affordances and technologies of self-control. Environmental Communication, 10(4), 473–491. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2014.993416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, J. A., van den Berg, D., Ellers, J., Kampen, R., Crowther, T. W., Roessingh, P., … Mann, M. E. (2018). Internet blogs, polar bears, and climate-change denial by proxy. BioScience, 68(1), 281–287. doi: 10.1093/biosci/bix133
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Investor’s Business Daily. (2018, January 18). The climate-change doomsday just got cancelled. Editorials. Retrieved from https://www.investors.com/politics/editorials/climate-change-doomsday-temperature-increase-co2/
   Google Scholar
• Jacques, P. J., Dunlap, R. E., & Freeman, M. (2008). The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism. Environmental Politics, 17(3), 349–385. doi: 10.1080/09644010802055576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, J. (2017). Public spheres of skepticism: Climate skeptics’ online comments in the German networked public sphere. International Journal of Communication, 11, 1661–1682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, D. (2016, December 12). Foreign aid officials lose track of £274m climate fund handout. The Times. Retrieved from https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/foreign-aid-officials-lose-track-of-274m-climate-fund-handout-mzlvmx909
   Google Scholar
• Key, P. (2017, December 29). Bill Nye: Blue state will ‘impose economic sanctions’ against climate change-denying states. Breitbart. Retrieved from http://www.breitbart.com/video/2017/12/29/bill-nye-blue-states-will-impose-economic-sanctions-climate-change-denying-states/
   Google Scholar
• Killingsworth, M. J., & Palmer, J. S. (1995). The discourse of “environmentalist hysteria”. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 81(1), 1–19. doi: 10.1080/00335639509384094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koteyko, N., Jaspal, R., & Nerlich, B. (2013). Climate change and ‘climategate’ in online reader comments: A mixed methods study. The Geographical Journal, 179(1), 74–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake, R. A. (1997). Argumentation and self: The enactment of identity in Dances with Wolves. Argumentation and Advocacy, 34(2), 66–89.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, B. (1996). On actor-network theory: A few clarifications. Soziale Welt, 47, 369–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latour, B. (2011). Networks, societies, spheres: Reflections of an actor-network theorist. International Journal of Communication, 5, 796–810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, N. M., VanDyke, M. S., & Cummins, R. G. (2018). A missed opportunity?: NOAA’s use of social media to communicate climate science. Environmental Communication, 12(2), 274–283. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2016.1269825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luzón, M. J. (2017). Connecting genres and languages in online scholarly communication: An analysis of research group blogs. Written Communication, 34(4), 441–471. doi: 10.1177/0741088317726298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, P. (2015). Why are people skeptical about climate change? Some insights from blog comments. Environmental Communication, 9(2), 153–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederer, S. (2013). ‘Global warming is not a crisis!’: Studying climate change skepticism on the Web. European Journal of Media Studies, 2(1), 83–112.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, W. (1982/2002). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: The internet as a public sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 9–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, D. G. (2017). Introduction. In D. G. Ross (Ed.), Topic-driven environmental rhetoric (pp. 1–21). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sharman, A. (2014). Mapping the climate sceptical blogosphere. Global Environmental Change, 26, 159–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillery, D. (2017). Scientists as heroes, technology as the enemy. In D. G. Ross (Ed.), Topic-driven environmental rhetoric (pp. 43–61). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tillery, D. (2018). Commonplaces of scientific evidence in environmental discourses. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Trice, M., & Potts, L. (2018). Building dark patterns into platforms: How GamerGate perturbed Twitter’s user experience. Present Tense: A Journal of Rhetoric in Society, 3(6). Retrieved from https://www.presenttensejournal.org/volume-6/building-dark-patterns-into-platforms-how-gamergate-perturbed-twitters-user-experience/
   Google Scholar
• van Dijck, J. (2013). The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vealey, K. P., & Layne, A. (2018). Of complexity and caution: Feminism, object-oriented ontology, and the practices of scholarly work. In A. K. Booher & J. Jung (Eds.), Feminist rhetorical science studies: Human bodies, posthumanist worlds (pp. 50–83). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, L. (2013). Resistance and common ground as functions of mis/aligned attitudes: A filter-theory analysis of ranchers’ writings about the Mexican wolf blue range reintroduction project. Written Communication, 30(4), 458–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, S., Brüggemann, M., & Engesser, S. (2018). Echo chambers of denial: Explaining user comments on climate change. Environmental Communication, 12(2), 204–217. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2017.1394893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts, A. (2013, June 11). FAQs. Watts Up With That? Retrieved from https://wattsupwiththat.com/about-wuwt/faqs/
   Google Scholar
• Worrall, E. (2014, July 6). Apollo astronaut: Climate alarmism is the ‘biggest fraud in the field of science.’ Watts Up With That? Retrieved from: https://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/07/06/apollo-astronaut-climate-alarmism-is-the-biggest-fraud-in-the-field-of-science/
   Google Scholar
• Worrall, E. (2017, December 30). Bill Nye: “We want to engage everybody” – by declaring economic war on climate skeptics. Watts Up With That? Retrieved from https://wattsupwiththat.com/2017/12/30/bill-nye-we-want-to-engage-everybody-by-declaring-economic-war-on-climate-skeptics/
   Google Scholar
• Zappen, J. P. (2005). Digital rhetoric: Toward an integrated theory. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(3), 319–325.
   Google Scholar