References
- Adamic L. A., & Glance N. (2005). The political blogosphere and the 2004 us election: Divided they blog. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Link Discovery, ACM, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1145/1134271.1134277
- Alexa.com. (2021). The top 500 sites on the web. https://www.alexa.com/topsites
- Anderegg, W. R. L., Prall, J. W., Harold, J., & Schneider, S. H. (2010). Expert credibility on climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(27), 12107–12109. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1003187107
- Andersson, M. (2021). The climate of climate change: Impoliteness as a hallmark of homophily in YouTube comment threads on Greta Thunberg’s environmental activism. Journal of Pragmatics, 178 , June 2021, 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.03.003
- BigQuery.com. (2019a). Reddit Posts. bigquery.cloud.google.com/dataset/fh-bigquery:reddit_posts
- BigQuery.com. (2019b). Reddit Comments. bigquery.cloud.google.com/dataset/fh-bigquery:reddit_comments
- Blei, D. M., Ng, A., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 993–1022.
- Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2008(10), P10008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008
- Bloomfield, E. F., & Tillery, D. (2019). The circulation of climate change denial online: Rhetorical and networking strategies on Facebook. Environmental Communication, 13(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2018.1527378
- Borra, E., Weltevrede, E., Ciuccarelli, P., Kaltenbrunner, A., Laniado, D., Magni, G., Mauri, M., Rogers, R., & Venturini, T. (2014). Contropedia - the analysis and visualization of controversies in Wikipedia articles, in Proceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration - OpenSym ‘14.
- Boussalis, C., & Coan, T. G. (2016). Text-mining the signals of climate change doubt. Global Environmental Change, 36, January 2016, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.12.001
- Boykoff, M. T., & Boykoff, J. M. (2004). Balance as bias: Global warming and the US prestige press. Global Environmental Change, 14(2), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001
- Brulle, R. (2014). Institutionalizing delay: Foundation funding and the creation of U. S. Climate Change Counter-Movement Organizations. Climatic Change, 122(February), 681–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-1018-7
- Cann, T. J. B., Weaver, I. S., Williams, H. T. P., & Jankowski, J. (2021). Ideological biases in social sharing of online information about climate change. PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0250656. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250656
- Castells, M. (2004). Informationalism, networks, and the network society: A theoretical blueprint, Northampton. Edward Elgar.
- Collins, L., & Nerlich, B. (2015). Examining user comments for deliberative democracy: A corpus-driven analysis of the climate change debate online. Environmental Communication, 9(2), 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.981560
- Cook, J., Ellerton, P., & Kinkead, D. (2018). Deconstructing climate misinformation to identify reasoning errors. Environmental Research Letters, 13(2), 024018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa49f
- Dawson, B. (2020). More than a third of Trump’s tweets have been flagged for disinformation since election day. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-tweet-misinformation-twitter-b1672933.html
- De Francisci Morales, G., Monti, C., & Starnini, M. (2021). No echo in the chambers of political interactions on reddit. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81531-x
- de Kraker, J., Kuijs, S., Cörvers, R., & Offermans, A. (2014). Internet public opinion on climate change: A world views analysis of online reader comments. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 6(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-09-2013-0109
- Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(3), 554–559. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113
- Durkee, A. (2020). Facebook Launches New Climate Change Center Amid Wildfires—But Still Won't Take Down Misinformation. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2020/09/15/facebook-launches-new-climate-change-center-amid-wildfires-but-still-wont-take-down-misinformation/
- Elgesem, D., Steskal, L., & Diakopoulos, D. (2015). Structure and content of the discourse on climate change in the Blogosphere: The big picture. Environmental Communication, 9(2), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.983536
- Esteves Gonçalves da Costa, B., & Cukierman, H. L. (2019). How anthropogenic climate change prevailed: A case study of controversies around global warming on Portuguese Wikipedia. New Media & Society, 21(10), 2261–2282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819838227
- Finkel, E. J., Bail, C. A., Cikara, M., Ditto, P. H., Iyengar, S., Klar, S., Mason, L., McGrath, M. C., Nyhan, B., Rand, D. G., Skitka, L. J., Tucker, J. A., Van Bavel, J. J., Wang, C. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2020). Political sectarianism in America. Science, 370(6516), 533–536. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe1715
- Freelon, D. (2015). Discourse architecture, ideology, and democratic norms in online political discussion. New Media & Society, 17(5), 772–791. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813513259
- Harvey, J. A., van den Berg, D., Ellers, J., Kampen, R., Crowther, T. W., Roessingh, P., Verheggen, B., Nuijten, R. J. M., Post, E., Lewandowsky, S., Stirling, I., Balgopal, M., Amstrup, S. C., & Mann, M. E. (2018). Internet blogs, polar bears, and climate-change denial by proxy. BioScience, 68(4), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix133
- Hoffman, A. J. (2011). Talking past each other? Cultural framing of skeptical and convinced logics in the climate change debate. Organization & Environment, 24(1), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026611404336
- Jacomy, M., Venturini, T., Heymann, S., Bastian, M., & Muldoon, M. R. (2014). Forceatlas2, a continuous graph layout algorithm for handy network visualization designed for the Gephi Software. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e98679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098679
- Jacques, P. J., & Knox, C. C. (2016). Hurricanes and hegemony: A qualitative analysis of micro-level climate change denial discourses. Environmental Politics, 25(5), 831–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2016.1189233
- Jang, S. M., & Hart, P. S. (2015). Polarized frames on “climate change” and “global warming” across countries and states: Evidence from Twitter big data. Global Environmental Change, 32, May 2015, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.010
- Jasny, L., Waggle, J., & Fisher, D. R. (2015). An empirical examination of echo chambers in US climate policy networks. Nature Climate Change, 5(8), 782–786. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2666
- Jemielniak, D., & Aibar, E. (2016). Bridging the gap between Wikipedia and Academia. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(7), 1773–1776. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23691
- Koteyko, N., Jaspal, R., & Nerlich, B. (2013). Climate change and ‘climategate’ in online reader comments: A mixed methods study. The Geographical Journal, 179(1), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2012.00479.x
- MediaBiasFactCheck.com. (2021). Various pages.
- Nithyanand, R., Schaffner, B., & Gill, P. (2017). Online political discourse in the Trump era. arXiv 171105303.
- nytimes.com. (2020). Reddit’s C.E.O. on Why He Banned ‘The_Donald’ Subreddit, 30th June 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/us/politics/reddit-bans-steve-huffman.html
- Painter, J. (2013). Climate Change in the Media: Reporting Risk and Uncertainty. I.B.Tauris, London.
- Pearce, W., Niederer, S., Özkula, S. M., & Sánchez Querubín, N. (2019). The social media life of climate change: Platforms, publics, and future imaginaries. WIREs Climate Change, 10(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.569
- Reddit.com. (2015). Selfpost character limit is now 40,000 for all SubReddits. https://www.reddit.com/r/changelog/comments/39hf9x/reddit_change_selfpost_character_limit_is_now/
- Reddit.com. (2019). The_Donald. https://www.reddit.com/r/the_donald/
- Reddit.com. (2021). ‘Reddit Science’. https://www.reddit.com/r/science/
- Risbey, J. S. (2008). The new climate discourse: Alarmist or alarming? Global Environmental Change, 18(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.06.003
- Ross, A. D., Rouse, S. M., & Mobley, W. (2019). Polarization of climate change beliefs: The role of the millennial generation identity. Social Science Quarterly, 100(7), 2625–2640. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12640
- Ross, A. S., & Rivers, D. J. (2019). Internet memes, media frames, and the conflicting logics of climate change discourse. Environmental Communication, 13(7), 975–994. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2018.1560347
- Roxburgh, N., Guan, D., Shin, K. J., Rand, W., Managi, S., Lovelace, R., & Meng, J. (2019). Characterising climate change discourse on social media during extreme weather events. Global Environmental Change, 54, January 2016, 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.004
- Samantray, A., & Pin, P. (2019). Credibility of climate change denial in social media. Palgrave Communications, 5(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0344-4
- Schäfer, M. S. (2012). Online Communication on climate change and climate politics: A literature review. WIRES Climate Change, 3(6), 527–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.191
- Shapiro, M. A., & Park, H. W. (2015). More than entertainment: YouTube and public responses to the science of global warming and climate change. Social Science Information, 54(1), 115–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018414554730
- Shapiro, M. A., & Park, H. W. (2018). Climate change and YouTube: Deliberation potential in post-video discussions. Environmental Communication, 12(1), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1289108
- Sharman, A. (2014). Mapping the climate sceptical blogosphere. Global Environmental Change, 26, May 2014, 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.03.003
- Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll, K., & Bar, F. (2017). Political rumoring on Twitter during the 2012 US presidential election: Rumor diffusion and correction. New Media & Society, 19(8), 1214–1235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816634054
- Stampler, L. (2019). Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Calls Out Facebook, Google, Microsoft For ‘Implicit Support’ Of Climate Change Denial 11(5), 1–20, Fortune.com. https://fortune.com/2019/01/28/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-calls-out-facebook-google-microsoft-for-implicit-support-of-climate-change-denial/
- Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Echo chambers: Bush v. Gore, impeachment, and beyond. Princeton University Press.
- Sunstein, C. R. (2007). Republic. Com 2.0. Princeton University.
- Treen, K. M. d., Williams, H. T. P., & O’Neill, S. J. (2020). Online misinformation about climate change. WIREs Climate Change, 11(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.665
- Uldam, J., & Askanius, T. (2013). Online Civic cultures: Debating climate change activism on YouTube. International Journal of Communication, 7, 20, 1185–1204. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1755
- van Eck, C. W., Mulder, B. C., & Dewulf, A. (2020). Online climate change polarization: Interactional framing analysis of climate change blog comments. Science Communication, 42(4), 454–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020942228
- Walter, S., Brüggemann, M., & Engesser, S. (2018). Echo chambers of denial: Explaining user comments on climate change. Environmental Communication, 12(2), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1394893
- Wikipedia. (2021a). Wikipedia: About. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia
- Wikipedia. (2021b). Wikipedia: Academic Use. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Academic_use
- Williams, H. T. P., McMurray, J. R., Kurz, T., & Lambert, F. H. (2015). Network analysis reveals open forums and echo chambers in social media discussions of climate change. Global Environmental Change, 32, May 2015, 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.006
- Wright, S., & Street, J. (2007). Democracy, deliberation and design: The case of online discussion forums. New Media & Society, 9(5), 849–869. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807081230
- Zannettou, S., Caulfield, T., De Cristofaro, E., Kourtelris, N., Leontiadis, I., Sirivianos, M., Stringhini, G., & Blackburn, J. (2017). The web centipede: understanding how web communities influence each other through the lens of mainstream and alternative news sources, Proceedings of the 2017 Internet Measurement Conference, ACM, 405–417.
- Zhang, B., & Pinto, J. (2021).: Changing the world one meme at a time: The effects of climate change memes on civic engagement intentions. Environmental Communication, 15(6), 749–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2021.1894197