The Role of Value Orientations and Media Attention in Predicting the Personal Norm and Public Intention to Consume Produce of Urban Farms

References

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arlt, D., Hoppe, I., & Wolling, J. (2011). Climate change and media usage: Effects on problem awareness and behavioral intentions. International Communication Gazette, 73(1-2), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048510386741
   Google Scholar
• Ates, H. (2020). Merging theory of planned behavior and value identity personal norm model to explain pro-environmental behaviors. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 24, 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 815–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaudoin, C. E., & Thorson, E. (2004). Testing the cognitive mediation model: The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought. Communication Research, 31(4), 446–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650204266098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkeley Food Institute. (2022). The need to diversify food systems. https://food.berkeley.edu/about-us/centers/dfs/the-need-to-diversify-food-systems/.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg. (2018, July). Technology helps grow better produce at Bowery Farming. https://www.bloomberg.com/company/stories/technology-helps-grow-better-produce-bowery-farming/.
   Google Scholar
• Borusiak, B., Szymkowiak, A., Horska, E., Raszka, N., & Żelichowska, E. (2020). Toward building sustainable consumption: A study of second-hand buying intentions. Sustainability, 12(3), 875. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfman, N. C., Cisternas, P. C., López-Vázquez, E., de la Maza, C., & Oyanedel, J. C. (2015). Understanding attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors in a Chilean community. Sustainability, 7(10), 14133–14152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71014133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & S. J. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Buba, A. K., Ibrahim, O., & Shehzad, H. M. F. (2021). Behavioral intention model for green information technology adoption in Nigerian manufacturing industries. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 74(1), 158–180. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-05-2021-0128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carfora, V., Conner, V. M., Caso, D., & Catellani, P. (2020). Rational and moral motives to reduce red and processed meat consumption. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50(12), 744–755. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12710
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M.-F. (2015). An examination of the value-belief-norm theory model in predicting pro-environmental behavior in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 18(2), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M.-F. (2020). Selecting environmental psychology theories to predict people’s consumption intention of locally produced organic foods. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 44(5), 455–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitrakar, B., Zhang, M., & Bhandari, B. (2021). Improvement strategies of food supply chain through novel food processing technologies during COVID-19 pandemic. Food Control, 125, 108010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chwialkowska, A., Bhatti, W. A., & Glowik, M. (2020). The influence of cultural values on pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, 122305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical power analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783
   Google Scholar
• Dalvi-Esfahani, M., Ramayah, T., & Rahman, A. A. (2017). Moderating role of personal values on managers’ intention to adopt Green IS. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 582–604. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-02-2016-0049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot, J. I. M., & Steg, L. (2008). Mean or green: Which values can promote stable pro-environmental behavior? Conservation Letters, 2(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2009.00048.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot, J. I. M., & Steg, L. (2009). Morality and prosocial behavior: The role of awareness, responsibility, and norms in the norm activation model. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(4), 425–449. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.4.425-449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Statistics Singapore. (2021). Singapore residents by age group, ethnic group and sex. https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M810011.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz, C. (2021, April 7). 3 Ways Singapore’s urban farms are improving food security. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/04/singapore-urban-farms-food-security-2030/.
   Google Scholar
• Dinev, T., & Hu, Q. (2007). The centrality of awareness in the formation of user behavioral intention toward protective information technologies. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 8(7), 386–408. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, Z., Wen, X., Zuo, J., & Chen, Y. (2023). Determinants of contractor’s construction and demolition waste recycling intention in China: Integrating theory of planned behavior and norm activation model. Waste Management, 161, 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap, R. E., & Van Liere, K. D. (1978). The “new environmental paradigm”: A proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results. Journal of Environmental Education, 9(4), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1978.10801875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falke, A., Schröder, N., & Hofmann, C. (2021). The influence of values in sustainable consumption among millennials. Journal of Business Economics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-021-01072-7
   Google Scholar
• Feng, Z. (2020, May 26). 10 cities that promote urban farming. Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize. https://www.leekuanyewworldcityprize.gov.sg/resources/features/advancing-agriculture/
   Google Scholar
• Fenitra, R. M., Premananto, G. C., Sedera, R. M. H., Abbas, A., & Laila, N. (2022). Environmentally responsible behavior and knowledge-belief-norm in the tourism context: The moderating role of types of destinations. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 10(3), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2022.05.001
   Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gollust, S. E., Attanasio, L., Dempsey, A., Benson, A. M., & Frowler, E. F. (2013). Political and news media factors shaping public awareness of the HPV vaccine. Women’s Health Issues, 23(3), e143–e151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2013.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govaerts, F., & Olsen, S. O. (2022). Exploration of seaweed consumption in Norway using the norm activation model: The moderator role of food innovativeness. Food Quality and Preference, 99, 104511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grebitus, C., Printezis, I., & Printezis, A. (2017). Relationship between consumer behavior and success of urban agriculture. Ecological Economics, 136, 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, W., Wang, Y., & Scott, M. (2021). Social media activation of pro-environmental personal norms: An exploration of informational, normative and emotional linkages to personal norm activation. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(6), 568–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1969319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, Y., & Hansen, H. (2012). Determinants of sustainable food consumption: A meta-analysis using a traditional and a structural equation modelling approach. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(1), 22–45. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v4n1p22
   Google Scholar
• He, Q., Duan, Y., Wang, R., & Fu, Z. (2018). Factors affecting consumers’ purchase intention of eco-friendly food in China: The evidence from respondents in Beijing. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43(5), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, X., & Zhan, W. (2018). How to activate moral norm to adopt electric vehicles in China? An empirical study based on an extended norm activation theory. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3546–3556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S. S., Goh, T. J., Chuah, A. S. F., Leung, Y. W., Bekalu, M. A., & Viswanath, K. (2020). Past debates, fresh impact on nano-enabled food: A multigroup comparison of presumed media influence model based on spillover effects of attitude toward GM food. Journal of Communication, 70(4), 598–621. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqaa019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S. S., Goh, T. J., & Leung, Y. W. (2022). Let’s nab fake science news: Predicting scientists’ support for interventions using the influence of presumed media influence model. Journalism, 23(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920937488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede Insights. (2023). Country comparison. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/singapore,the-usa/.
   Google Scholar
• Holbert, R. L., Kwak, N., & Shah, D. V. (2003). Environmental concern, patterns of television viewing, and pro-environmental behaviors: Integrating models of media consumption and effects. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47(2), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4702_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, H. (2016). Media use, environmental beliefs, self-efficacy, and pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Business Research, 69(6), 2206–2212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiatkawsin, K., & Han, H. (2017). Young travelers’ intention to behave pro-environmentally: Merging the value-belief-norm-theory and the expectancy theory. Tourism Management, 59, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E., Jung, J., Hapsari, G., Kang, S., Kim, K., Yoon, S., Lee, M., Han, M., Choi, Y., & Choe, J. K. (2018). Economic and environmental sustainability and public perceptions of rooftop farm versus extensive garden. Building and Environment, 146, 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.09.046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, W., Chen, C., & Jeong, C. (2022). Food waste reduction from customers’ plates: Applying the norm activation model in South Korean context. Land, 11(1), 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klinkenberg, E., McCall, P. J., Wilson, M. D., Amerasinghe, F. P., & Donnelly, M. J. (2008). Impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in Accra, Ghana. Malaria Journal, 7(151), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-7-151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2008). Informational utility. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), International encyclopaedia of communication (pp. 2273–2276). Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Knolobch-Westerwick, S., & Kleinman, S. B. (2012). Preelection selective exposure: Confirmation bias versus informational utility. Communication Research, 39(2), 170–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211400597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C.-J., Kim, K., & Kang, B.-A. (2018). A moderated mediation model of the relationship between media, social capital, and cancer knowledge. Health Communication, 34(6), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1428850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., & Cho, M. (2020). The effects of consumers’ media exposure, attention, and credibility on pro-environmental behaviors. Journal of Promotion Management, 26(3), 434–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2019.1699629
   Google Scholar
• Little, A. (2021, October 2). How $30-A-pound micro-broccoli will help feed the world. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-10-02/factory-grown-food-isn-t-science-fiction-anymore.
   Google Scholar
• MacFie, H. (2007). Consumer-led food product development. Woodhead.
   Google Scholar
• Markus, H., & Zajonc, R. B. (1985). The cognitive perspective in social psychology. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 137–229). Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, C., & Czellar, S. (2017). Where do biospheric values come from? A connectedness to nature perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 52(12), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.04.009
   Google Scholar
• McDougall, R., Kristiansen, P., & Rader, R. (2018). Small-scale urban agriculture results in high yields but requires judicious management of inputs to achieve sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(1), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809707115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megtag, J. (2020). What drives science media use? Predictors of media use for information about science and research in digital information environments. Public Understanding of Science, 29(6), 561–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662520935062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar, M. G., & Millar, K. U. (2000). Promoting safe driving behaviors: The influence of message framing and issue involvement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(4), 853–866. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02827.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment. (2020, July 18). Speech at the opening session of the citizens’ workgroup on increasing demand for local produce-Dr Amy Khor [Press release]. https://www.mse.gov.sg/resource-room/category/2020-07-18-speech-at-the-opening-session-of-the-citizens-workgroup-on-increasing-demand-for-local-produce/.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M. M., & Yang, J. Z. (2020). Using eco-guilt to motivate environmental behavior change. Environmental Communication, 14(4), 522–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1692889
   Google Scholar
• Mueller-Herbst, J. M., Xenos, M. A., Scheufele, D. A., & Brossard, D. (2020). Saw it on Facebook: The role of social media in facilitating science issue awareness. Social Media + Society, 6(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120930412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, J. S. (2017, November 10). More rooftop gardens, urban farms planned. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/more-rooftop-gardens-urban-farms-planned.
   Google Scholar
• Nogeire-Mcrae, T., Ryan, E. P., Jablonski, B. B. R., Carolan, M., Arathi, H. S., Brown, C. S., Saki, H. H., McKeen, S., Lapansky, E., & Schipanski, M. E. (2018). The role of urban agriculture in a secure, healthy, and sustainable food system. BioScience, 68(10), 748–759. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onag, G. (2021, August 17). IoT sensors enable urban farming in Singapore. FUTUREiOT. https://futureiot.tech/iot-sensors-enable-urban-farming-in-singapore/.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, L. (2019, June 11). More locally grown organic food in store after farm gets first-of-its-kind certification. TODAY. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/more-locally-grown-organic-food-set-hit-supermarket-shelves-after-farm-here-wins-first.
   Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology Readiness Index (TRI): A multiple-item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal of Service Research, 2(4), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050024001
   Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, A., & Colby, C. L. (2015). An updated and streamlined Technology Readiness Index: TRI 2.0. Journal of Service Research, 18(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670514539730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J., & Ha, S. (2014). Understanding consumer recycling behavior: Combining the theory of planned behavior and the norm activation model. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 42(3), 278–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcsr.12061
   Google Scholar
• Paulo, D. A., Smalley, R., & Yip, C. (2021, April 15). From Singapore to Hong Kong, how urban farming can help tackle food waste—But is it enough? DBS Bank. https://www.dbs.com/livemore/food/from-singapore-to-hong-kong-how-urban-farming-can-help-tackle-food-waste-but-is-it-enough.html.
   Google Scholar
• Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J. (1990). Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 1(1), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779108401856
   Google Scholar
• Plumer, B. (2016). The real value of urban farming. (Hint: It’s not always the food). Vox. https://www.vox.com/2016/5/15/11660304/urban-farming-benefits.
   Google Scholar
• Prpić, K. (2011). Science, the public, and social elites: How the general public, scientists, top politicians and managers perceive science. Public Understanding of Science, 20(6), 733–750. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662510366363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall, D. M., & Gibson, A. M. (1991). Ethical decision making in the medical profession: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(2), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00383614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaei, R., Safa, L., Damalas, C. A., & Ganjkhanloo, M. M. (2019). Drivers of farmers’ intention to use integrated pest management: Integrating theory of planned behavior and norm activation model. Journal of Environmental Management, 236, 328–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberger, A. (2016). Twelve organizations promoting urban agriculture around the world. Foodtank. https://foodtank.com/news/2016/12/twelve-organizations-promoting-urban-agriculture-around-world/.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, S. (2018). Motivations to seek science videos on YouTube: Free-choice learning in a connected society. International Journal of Science Education, Part B, 8(1), 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/21548455.2017.1371357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, S., & Ho, K. L. (2020). Minding other people’s business: Community attachment and anticipated negative emotion in an extended norm activation model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 69, 101439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäfer, M. S., Füchslin, T., Metag, J., Kristiansen, S., & Rauchfleisch, A. (2018). The different audiences of science communication: A segmentation analysis of the Swiss population’s perceptions of science and their information and media use patterns. Public Understanding of Science, 27(7), 836–856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662517752886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, M., & Shuva, P. (1992). Resource mobilization versus the mobilization of people. In A. D. Morris & C. M. Mueller (Eds.), Frontiers in social movements (pp. 205–223). Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 221–279). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H., & David, A. B. (1976). Responsibility and helping in an emergency: Effects of blame, ability and denial of responsibility. Sociometry, 39(4), 406–415. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033505
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H., & Howard, J. A. (1981). A normative decision-making model of altruism. In P. J. Rushton & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior: Social, personality, and developmental perspectives (pp. 189–211). Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Severson, K. (2021, July 6). No soil. No growing seasons. Just add water and technology. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/06/dining/hydroponic-farming.html.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, J., Zheng, D., Zhang, X., & Ou, M. (2020). Investigating rural domestic waste sorting intentions based on an integrative framework of planned behavior theory and norm activation models: Evidence from Guanzhong Basin, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, Y. H., & Hancer, M. (2016). The role of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and moral norm in the intention to purchase local food products. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 19(4), 338–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2016.1181506
   Google Scholar
• Shin, Y. H., Im, J., Jung, S. E., & Severt, K. (2018). The theory of planned behavior and the norm activation model approach to consumer behavior regarding organic menus. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 69, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M., & Cvetkovich, G. (2001). Better negative than positive? Evidence of a bias for negative information about possible health dangers. Risk Analysis, 21(1), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.211102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., Goodall, C. E., & Hayes, A. F. (2009). Self-reported news attention does assess differential processing of media content: An experiment on risk perceptions utilizing a random sample of U.S. local crime and accident news. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01407.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommerville, M., Essex, J., & Le Billon, P. (2014). The ‘Global Food Crisis’ and the geopolitics of food security. Geopolitics, 19(2), 239–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2013.811641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, P., Shepherd, R., & Frewer, L. J. (1995). Assessing and structuring attitudes toward the use of gene technology in food-production: The role of perceived ethical obligation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16(3), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1603_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steg, L., Perlaviciute, G., van der Werff, E., & Lurvink, J. (2014). The significance of hedonic values for environmentally relevant attitudes, preferences, and actions. Environment and Behavior, 46(2), 163–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512454730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Tabuchi, H., & Plumer, B. (2021, March 2). How green are electric vehicles? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/02/climate/electric-vehicles-environment.html.
   Google Scholar
• T’ing, L. C., Moorthy, K., Gunasaygaran, N., Chong, S. L., Omapathi, D., Ho, J. Y., Anandan, K., & Sivakumar, K. (2021). Intention to reduce food waste: A study among Malaysians. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 71(7), 890–905. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.1900001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ünal, A. B., Steg, L., & Granskaya, J. (2019). “To support or not to support, that is the question.” Testing the VBN theory in predicting support for car use reduction policies in Russia. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 119, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.10.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Department of Agriculture. (2021, October 25). Vertical farming for the future. https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2018/08/14/vertical-farming-future.
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Agriculture. (2022). Urban agriculture. https://www.nal.usda.gov/legacy/aglaw/urban-agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Vaish, A., Grossman, T., & Woodward, A. (2008). Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(4), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Werff, E., & Steg, L. (2015). One model to predict them all: Predicting energy behaviors with the norm activation model. Energy Research & Social Science, 6, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk, H., Fischer, A. R. H., & Frewer, L. J. (2011). Consumer responses to integrated risk-benefit information associated with the consumption of food. Risk Analysis, 31(3), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01505.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Kunasekaran, P., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Understanding over-order behavior in social dining: Integrating mass media exposure and sense of ‘Mianzi’ into the norm activation model. The Service Industries Journal, https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2022.2138356
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X., van der Werff, E., Bouman, T., Harder, M. K., & Steg, L. (2021). I am vs. we are: How biospheric values and environmental identity of individuals and groups can influence pro-environmental behaviour. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 618956. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.618956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, N., Chao, N., & Wang, C. (2021). Predicting the intention of sustainable commuting among Chinese commuters: The role of media and morality. Environmental Communication, 15(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2020.1855222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Win, T. L. (2018, January 11). Urban farms ‘critical’ to combat hunger and adapt to climate change. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-agriculture-urbanisation-idUSKBN1F01A9.
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg, I., Blöbaum, A., & Matthies, E. (2018). Environmental motivations for energy use in PV households: Proposal of a modified norm activation model for the specific context of PV households. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 55, 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020, April 20). Urban development. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview#1.
   Google Scholar
• World Food Summit. (1996). Rome declaration on World Food Security. https://www.fao.org/3/w3613e/w3613e00.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Zepeda, L., & Deal, D. (2009). Organic and local food consumer behavior: Alphabet theory. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 33(6), 697–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2009.00814.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, B., Lai, K.-H., Wang, B., & Wang, Z. (2019). From intention to action: How do personal attitudes, facilities accessibility, and government stimulus matter for household waste sorting? Journal of Environmental Management, 223, 447–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.059
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Liu, J., & Zhao, K. (2018). Antecedents of citizens’ environmental complaint intention in China: An empirical study based on norm activation model. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 134, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X. (2012). Personal values and environmental concern in China and the US: The mediating role of informational media use. Communication Monographs, 79(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2012.672999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, Y., Liu, X., Yu, M., & Deng, Y. (2023). Linking cultural tightness, components of norm activation and COVID-19 prevention behaviors among university students: Evidence from Beijing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4905. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064905
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuckerman, M., & Reis, H. (1978). Comparison of three models for predicting altruistic behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(5), 498–510. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.5.498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar