The jogo de capoeira and the fallacy of ‘creole’ cultural forms

References

• Abreu , P. 1886 . Os Capoeiras , Rio de Janeiro , , Brazil : Da Escola de Sarafim Jose Alves de Brito .
   Google Scholar
• The American , August 24 , 1820 .
   Google Scholar
• Allain , É. 1886 . Rio-de-Janeiro: Quelques Données sur la Capitale et sur l’Administration du Brésil , Paris , , France : L. Frinzine .
   Google Scholar
• Anburey , T. 1969 . Travels through the interior parts of America , New York : New York Times .
   Google Scholar
• Arquivo Nacional , Rio de Janeiro Ij6-166, 6/9/1833 ‘Extrato das partes’ .
   Google Scholar
• Assunção , M.R. , 2005 . Capoeira: a history of an Afro-Brazilian martial art . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Auster , L. 1990 . The path of national suicide: an essay on immigration and multiculturalism , Monterey , CA : American Immigration Control Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Berlin , I. 1996 . From Creole to African: Atlantic creoles and the origins of African–American society in mainland North America . The William and Mary quarterly , 53 ( 2 ) : 251 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , S.R. 2005 . Seaborne conversions, 1700–1800 . Thesis (PhD) . Duke University .
   Google Scholar
• Bibb , H. 1969 . “ Narrative of the life and adventures of Henry Bibb, an American slave ” . In Puttin’ On Ole Massa: the slave narratives of Henry Bibb, William Wells Brown and Solomon Northrup , Edited by: Osofsky , G. 51 – 171 . New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Brathwaite , E.K. 1977 . “ Caliban, Arien and Unprospero in the conflict of creolization: a study of the slave revolt in Jamaica ” . In Comparative perspectives on slavery in New World plantation societies , Edited by: Rubin , V. and Tuden , A. 41 – 62 . New York : New York Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Bressa , A. 1901 . A Gíria Portuguesa , Lisboa : Gomes de Carvalho .
   Google Scholar
• Buisseret , D. 2000 . “ Introduction ” . In Creolization in the Americas , Edited by: Buisseret , D. and Reinhardt , S.G. 3 – 18 . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University .
   Google Scholar
• Capoeiras . 1872 . Diário do Rio de Janeiro , 5 Mar .
   Google Scholar
• Condé , M. 1998 . Créolité without the creole language? Caribbean creolization: reflections on the cultural dynamics of language, literature, and identity , Gainsville , FL : University Press of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Conroy , T. 1980 . Boxing . Hoplos , 2 ( 6 ) : 5 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Dalrymple , W. 2002 . White Mughals: love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India , London : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• DeCamp , D. 1977 . “ The development of pidgin and creole studies ” . In In: Pidgin and creole linguistics , 13 – 20 . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Degraff , M. 2004 . Linguists’ most dangerous myth: the fallacy of creole exceptionalism . Language in society , 34 : 533 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desch-Obi , T.J. 2008 . Fighting for honor: African martial arts in the Atlantic world , Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Desch-Obi , T.J. 2009 . Black terror: bill Richmond's revolutionary boxing . Journal of sport history , 36 ( 1 ) : 99 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• de Souza Tavares , J.C. 1998 . Gingando and cooling out: the embodied philosophies of the African diaspora . Thesis (PhD) . University of Texas Austin .
   Google Scholar
• Egan , P. 1812 . Boxiana; or, sketches of ancient and modern pugilism , London : G. Smeeton .
   Google Scholar
• Faux , W. 1823 . Memorable days in America: being a journal of a tour to the United States , London : W. Simpkin and R. Marshall .
   Google Scholar
• Filho , M.M. 1979 . Festas e Tradições Populares do Brasil , São Paulo : Livraria Itatiaia Editora .
   Google Scholar
• Fishkin , S.F. 1995 . Interrogating ‘whiteness’, complicating ‘blackness’: remapping American culture . American quarterly , 47 ( 3 ) : 428 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , J. 1971 . Prizefighting: the age of regency Boximania , South Brunswick , NJ : Great Albion Books .
   Google Scholar
• Giovambattista , G. 2006 . African matrilineages in American Creole cattle: evidence of two independent continental sources . Animal genetics , 37 ( 4 ) : 379 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorn , E.J. 1985 . ‘Gouge and bite, pull hair and scratch’: the social significance of fighting in the southern backcountry . American historical review , 90 ( 1 ) : 18 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorn , E.J. 1987 . ‘Good-bye boys, I die a true American’: homicide, nativism, and working-class culture in Antebellum New York City . The journal of american history , 74 ( 2 ) : 388 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorn , E.J. 1997a . “ The meaning of prizefighting ” . In The new american sport history , Edited by: Pope , S.W. 225 – 250 . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois .
   Google Scholar
• Gorn , E.J. 1997b . Sports through the nineteenth century . In: Pope The new American sport history: recent approaches and perspectives . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois , 33 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Gorn , E.J. 2000 . “ Boxing ” . In Encyclopedia of ethnicity & sports in the US , Edited by: Kirsh , G.B. 73 – 74 . Westport , CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Gottschild , B.D. 1996 . Digging the Africanist presence in American performance: dance and other context , Westport , CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hahner , J.E. 1986 . Poverty and politics: the urban poor in Brazil, 1870–1920 , Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , G.M. 2001 . Myths about creole culture in Louisiana . Louisiana cultural vistas , 12 ( 2 ) : 78 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , J., 1821 . History of the Brazil . London : Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Heywood , L.M. 2002 . “ Portuguese into African: the eighteenth-century central African background to Atlantic creole cultures ” . In Central Africans and cultural transformations , Edited by: Heywood , L.M. 91 – 116 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heywood , L.M. and Thornton , J.K. 2007 . Central Africans, Atlantic creoles, and the foundation of the Americas, 1584–1660 , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holloway , T.H. 1993 . Policing Rio de Janeiro: repression and resistance in a 19th-century city , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jansen , C.W. 1935 [1807] . Strangers in America, 1793–1806 , New York : Press of the Pioneers .
   Google Scholar
• Karasch , M. 1987 . Slave life in Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1850 , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Khan , A. 2003 . Isms and schisms: interpreting religion in the Americas . Anthropological quarterly , 76 ( 4 ) : 767 – 768 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krzemienski , E.D. 2004 . Fulcrum of change: boxing and society at a crossroads . International journal of the history of sport , 21 ( 2 ) : 175 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Manfredi , V. 2004 . Philological perspectives on the southeastern Nigeria Diaspora . Contours , 2 : 239 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Matory , J.L. 2005 . Black Atlantic religion: tradition, transnationalism, and matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , J. 1988 . Way of death: merchant capitalism and the Angolan slave trade, 1730–1830 , Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , J. 2002 . Central Africa during the era of the slave trade, c. 1490s–1850s . In: Heywood Central Africans and cultural transformations in the American Diaspora . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press , 21 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Mintz , S. and Price , R. 1992 . The birth of African-American culture: an anthropological perspective , Boston , MA : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed , P. 2002 . “ The ‘creolization’ of Indian women in Trinidad ” . In Questioning creole: creolization discourses in Caribbean culture , Edited by: Shpherd , V. and Richards , G.L. 130 – 147 . Kingston , , Jamaica : Randle .
   Google Scholar
• Morning Courier and New York Enquirer , 11 Dec , 1834 .
   Google Scholar
• Morse , J. 1812 [1793] . American universal geography , Boston , MA : Thomas & Andrews .
   Google Scholar
• Mühlhäuser , P. 1986 . Pidgin & creole linguistics , New York : Basil Blackwood .
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz , F. 1970 [1947] . Cuban counterpoint: tobacco and sugar , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Palmié , S., 2004 . Ekpe/Abakuá in middle passage: time, space and units of analysis in African American historical anthropology . Paper presented to the University of Georgia , 4 Mar [online]. Available from www.arches.uga.edu/~rroman/palmie.pdf [Accessed 1 July 2006] .
   Google Scholar
• Parramore , T. 1974 . Gouging in early North Carolina . North Carolina folklore journal , 22 : 55 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Preto , L. 2005 . Jogo do Pau: the ancient art and modern science of Portuguese stick fighting , Highland Village , TX : Chivalry Bookshelf .
   Google Scholar
• Price , R. 2006 . African diaspora and anthropology . Paper presented to the African Diaspora Studies and the Disciplines Conference , Madison , WI .
   Google Scholar
• Reddock , R. 2002 . “ Contestations over culture, class, gender and identity in Trinidad and Tobago ” . In Questioning creole: creolization discourses in Caribbean culture , Edited by: Shpherd , V. and Richards , G.L. 111 – 129 . Kingston , , Jamaica : Randle .
   Google Scholar
• Riess , S.A. 1997 . “ Professional sports and New York's Tammany machine 1890–1920 ” . In Major problems in American sport history , Edited by: Reiss , S.A. 159 – 167 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Schwegler , A. 2000 . On the (sensational) survival of Kikongo in 20th century Cuba . Journal of pidgin and creole languages , 15 : 159 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel , M. 1987 . The world they made together: black and white values in eighteenth-century Virginia , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University .
   Google Scholar
• Steigleder , C.S. , Almeida , E.A. and Weimer , T.A. 2004 . Diversidad genética del bovino criollo brasileño utilizando catorce loci de microsatellites . Archivos de Zootecnia , 53 ( 201 ) : 3 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , W.O. 1940 . Pistols at ten paces , Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Taliaferro , H.E. 1977 [1859] . Fisher's river (North Carolina) scenes and characters , New York : Arno Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , J. 1988 . The art of war in Angola, 1575–1680 . Comparative studies in society and history , 30 : 360 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tigges , G. 1990 . The history of capoeira in Brazil . Thesis (PhD) . Brigham Young University
   Google Scholar
• Usner , D. 2000 . “ The facility offered by the country: the creolization of agriculture in the lower Mississippi valley ” . In Creolization in the Americas , Edited by: Buisseret , D. and Reinheart , S. 35 – 36 . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University .
   Google Scholar
• Wade , P. 2004 . Images of Latin American mestizaje and the politics of comparison . Bulletin of latin american research , 23 ( 3 ) : 355 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Wetherell , J. 1860 . Brazil: stray notes from Bahia , Liverpool : Webb and Hunt .
   Google Scholar
• White , S. 2002 . Stories of freedom in black New York , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar