Globalizing Trends or Identities through Time? The longue durée in KaramojongFootnote1

1. Karamojong is used as a generic term for the dominant plains tribes of Karamoja: , Jie, and Karimojong, who all share a significant degree of original and cultural, if not political, unity. Raiding repeatedly breaks out these and between Karimojong territorial sections.

Ethnography

References

• Barber , James . Imperial Frontier: A Study of Relations between the British and the Pastoral Tribes of North East Uganda . Nairobi : East African Publishing House , 1968 .
   Google Scholar
• Barber , James . “The Moving Frontier of British Imperialism in Northern Uganda.” Uganda Journal 29 , no. 1 (1965) : 27 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Bataringaya , B. K. Report of the Karamoja Security Committee . Entebbe : Government Printer , 1961 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , Walter D. M. Karamojo Safari . London : Gollancz , 1949 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , Walter D. M. . Wanderings of an Elephant Hunter . London : Country Life , 1923 .
   Google Scholar
• Belshaw , Deryke , and M. Malinga . “The Kalashnikov Economies of the Eastern Sahel: Cumulative or Cyclical Differentiation between Nomadic Pastoralists?” Paper presented at the first workshop of the Study Group on Conflict and Security of the Development Studies Association, South Bank University, London, March 1999 .
   Google Scholar
• Bollig , M. 2000 . “Staging Social Structures: Ritual and Social Organisation in an Egalitarian Society. The Pastoral Pokot of Northern Kenya” . Ethnos , 65 ( 3 ) : 341 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Brasnett , J. “Basic Administration.” In Looking Back at the Uganda Protectorate , Douglas and Marcelle Brown . Dalkeith : Douglas Brown , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Broch-Due , Vigdis. “The Fertility of Houses and Herds: Producing Kinship and Gender among Turkana Pastoralists.” In Rethinking Pastoralism in Africa: Gender, Culture and the Myth of the Patriarchal Pastoralist , Dorothy L. Hodgson . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2000 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , D. 1953 . “Death and Burial Ceremonies among the Karamojong” . Uganda Journal , 17 ( 1 ) : 176 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , D. . “A Karamojong Wedding.” Uganda Journal 16 , no. 2 (1952) : 75 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Connerton , Paul. 1989 . How Societies Remember , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Docherty , A. J. 1957 . “The Karamojong and the Suk” . Uganda Journal , 21 ( 1 ) : 30 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Dyson-Hudson , Neville. 1966 . Karimojong Politics , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dyson-Hudson , Neville. . “The Karamojong and the Suk.” Uganda Journal 22 , no. 2 (1958) : 173 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Dyson-Hudson , V. R. , and N. Dyson-Hudson . “Marriage Economy: The Karamojong.” Natural History 71 , no. 5 (1962) : 44 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Fleisher , Michael. “Cattle Raiding and Household Demography among the Kuria of Tanzania.” Africa 99 , no. 2 (1999) : 238 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galaty , J. G. “Pastoralists and Forced Migration”. Paper presented in the Forced Migration series in Queen Elizabeth House , University of Oxford, November 1998 .
   Google Scholar
• Garretson , P. “Vicious Cycles: Ivory, Slaves and Arms on the New Maji Frontier.” In The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology , Donald Donham and Wendy James . Oxford: James Currey, 1986 .
   Google Scholar
• Gourlay , K. A. “Studies in Karimojong Musical Culture.” Ph.D. diss., University of East Africa, Kampala , 1971 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , Sandra “A Memory of Loss: Ecological Politics, Local History, and the Evolution of Karimojong Violence.” Human Organisation 59 , no. 4 (2000) : 401 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , Sandra , M. Sundal , B. Wiebusch , and M. A. Little . “Cattle Raiding, Cultural Survival and Adaptability of East African Pastoralists.” Current Anthropology 44 , no. 5 (2003) : 3 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulliver , P. H. 1955 . The Family Herds , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Gulliver , P. H. . “Jie Marriage.” African Affairs 52 , no. 207 (1953) : 149 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Hastrup , Kirsten. 1992 . Other Histories , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hussein , Karim , James Sumberg and David Seddor . “Increasing Violent Conflict between Herders and Farmers in Africa: Claims and Evidence.” Development Policy Review , 17 (1999) : 397 – 418 .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , Sharon E. Nuer Dilemmas: Coping with Money, War and the State . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , Sharon E. . “Rising Divorce among the Nuer, 1936–83.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 25 , no. 3 (1990) : 393 – 411 .
   Google Scholar
• Jain , Ravindra K. Text and Context: The Social Anthropology of Tradition . Philadelphia , PA : Institute for the Study of Human Issues , 1977 .
   Google Scholar
• James , Wendy . The Ceremonial Animal: A New Portrait of Anthropology . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Knighton , Ben . “Christian Enculturation in Karamoja, Uganda.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Durham, 2. vols , 1990 .
   Google Scholar
• Knighton , Ben . “How Far Does the Western Rationality of Economics Apply to Nomadic Pastoralists? A Case study of the Karamojong in Uganda.” Paper presented at the “Christians in Development” seminar, University of East Anglia , April 2000 .
   Google Scholar
• Knighton , Ben . “Karamojong: Criminals or Warriors?” Paper presented at the BIEA/IFRA conference on “Crime in Eastern Africa: Past and Present Perspectives”, Naivasha, Kenya, July 2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Knighton , Ben . “The Meaning of God and the Meaninglessness of Well-Meaning Christian Mission: The Experience of Christian Enculturation in Karamoja, Uganda.” Transformation 16 , no. 4 (1999) : 20 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Knighton , Ben . “The State as Raider among the Karamojong: ‘Where There Are No Guns, They Use the Threat of Guns’.” Africa 73 , no. 3 (2003) : 427 – 455 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knighton , Ben . The Vitality of Karamojong Religion: Enduring Faith or Dying Tradition? Aldershot : Ashgate , forthcoming .
   Google Scholar
• Lamphear , John . “The Evolution of Ateker ‘New Model Armies’: Jie and Turkana.” In Ethnicity and Conflict in the Horn of Africa , edited by K. Fukui and J. Markakis . London : James Currey , 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamphear , John . The Traditional History of the Jie of Uganda . London : Oxford University Press , 1976 .
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald , J. R. L. “Journeys to the North of Uganda: I.” Geographical Journal 14 , no. 2 (1899) : 130 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald , J. R. L. . “Notes on the Ethnology of Tribes met with During Progress of the Juba Expedition of 1897–99.” Journal of the Anthropological Institute 29 (1899) : 226 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall Thomas , Elizabeth . Warrior Herdsmen . London : Secker & Warburg , 1966 .
   Google Scholar
• Mirzeler , Mustafa , and Crawford Young . “Pastoral Politics in the Northeast Periphery in Uganda: AK-47 as Change Agent.” Journal of Modern African Studies 38 , no. 3 (2000) : 407 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mkutu , Kennedy . Pastoral Conflict and Small Arms: The Kenya–Uganda Border Region . London : Saferworld , 2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Mkutu , Kennedy . “Pastoralism and Conflict in the Horn of Africa.” Africa Peace Forum/Saferworld/University of Bradford, 2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Novelli , Bruno . Karimojong Traditional Religion . Kampala : Comboni Missionaries , 1999 .
   Google Scholar
• Oba , Gufu . Ecological Factors in Land Use Conflicts, Land Administration and Food Insecurity in Turkana, Kenya . London : ODI , 1992 .
   Google Scholar
• Okudi , Ben . “Pastoral Crisis in Northeastern Uganda: The Changing Significance of Cattle Raids.” Paper presented at the ‘Pastoralism, Crisis and Transformation in Karamoja’ workshop, Makerere University, Uganda, August 1992 .
   Google Scholar
• Oxfam . “Conflict's Children: The Human Cost of Small Arms in Kitgum and Kotido.” Oxford : Oxfam , 2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Paget Wilkes , A. H. trans. Lok ong – Tells His Story . London : Bible Churchrien's Missionary Society , 1932 .
   Google Scholar
• Persse , E. M. “Ethnological Notes on the Karimojong.” Uganda Journal 1 , no. 2 (1934) : 112 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Powell-Cotton , Percy H. G. In Unknown Africa: A Narrative of Twenty Months Travel and Sport In Unknown Lands and Among New Tribes . London : Hurst & Blackett , 1904 .
   Google Scholar
• Radcliffe-Brown , A. R. , and Daryll Forde . African Systems of Kinship and Marriage . London : Oxford University Press , 1950 .
   Google Scholar
• Ranger , Terence O. “The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa.” In Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth Century Africa , edited by Terence O. Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan . London : Macmillan , 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Tornay , S. “Un Système Générationnel: les Nyangatom du sud-ouest de l'Ethiopie et les Peuples Apparentés.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Paris X, Nanterre , 1989 .
   Google Scholar
• UNDP . “Uganda Census.” 2001 . Available from www.undp-org/popin/softproj/pmappl/uganda-private/morufeli.htm ; INTERNET .
   Google Scholar
• Wayland , E. J. “Preliminary Studies of the Tribes of Karamoja.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 61 (1931) : 187 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Weatherby , J. M. “Intertribal Warfare on Mount Elgon.” Uganda Journal 26 (1962) : 200 – 12 .
   Google Scholar