References
- Aalen , Lovise . Ethnic Federalism in a Dominant Party State: The Ethiopian Experience 1991–2000 . Report R 2002:2 . Norway : Chr. Michelsen Institute , 2002 .
- Ashenafi , Z.T. and Leader-Williams , N. 2005 . Indigenous Common Property Resource Management in Central Highlands of Ethiopia . Human Ecology , 33 ( 4 ) : 539 – 563 .
- Abegaz , Berhanu . “Aid and Reform in Ethiopia.” Aid and Reform in Africa Project of the World Bank, 1999 . http://www.worldbank.org/research/aid/africa/ethiopia2.pdf
- Agrawal , Arun. 2001 . Common Property Institutions and Sustainable Governance of Resources . World Development , 29 ( 10 ) : 1649 – 72 .
- Agrawal , Arun and Gibson , Clark . 1999 . Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation . World Development , 27 ( 4 ) : 629 – 49 .
- Agrawal , Arun and Ostrom , Elinor . 2001 . Collective Action, Property Rights and Decentralization in Resource Use in India and Nepal . Politics & Society , 29 ( 4 ) : 485 – 514 .
- Bariagaber , Assefaw. 2006 . Conflict and the Refugee Experience: Flight, Exile, and Repatriation in the Horn of Africa , London : Ashgate .
- Bariagaber , Assefaw. 1998 . The Politics of Cultural Pluralism in Ethiopia and Eritrea: Trajectories of Ethnicity and Constitutional Experiments . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 21 ( 6 ) : 1056 – 69 .
- Berkes , Fikret. 2004 . Rethinking Community–Based Conservation . Conservation Biology , 18 ( 3 ) : 621 – 30 .
- Bewket , Woldeamlak. 2001 . The Need for a Participatory Approach to Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) in the Ethiopian Highlands: A Case Study in Chemoga Watershed, East Gojjam . East Africa Social Science Research Review , 17 ( 2 ) : 43 – 68 .
- Black , R. and Watson , E.E. 2006 . Local Community, Legitimacy, and Cultural Authenticity in Postconflict Natural Resource Management: Ethiopia and Mozambique . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 24 ( 2 ) : 263 – 82 .
- Bondestam , Lars. 1974 . People and Capitalism in the North-eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia . The Journal of Modern African Studies , 12 ( 3 ) : 423 – 439 .
- Bromley , Daniel W. Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice, and Policy . San Francisco , CA : ICS Press , 1992 .
- Brosius , J. Peter and Tsing , Anna Lowenhaupt . 1998 . Representing Communities; Histories and Politics of Community-Based Natural Resource Management . Society & Natural Resources , 11 ( 2 ) : 157 – 68 .
- Castellani , Luca G. Recent Developments in Land Tenure Law in Eritrea, Horn of Africa . LTC Working Paper No. 3 . Madison , WI : Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison , 2000 .
- Cernea , Michael M and Bromley , Daniel W . 1989 . Management of Common Property Natural Resources: Some Conceptual and Operational Fallacies , Washington , DC : The World Bank Group .
- Clay , Jason W. Bonnie K . Holcomb . Politics and the Ethiopian Famine, 1984–1985: An Investigation into Conditions of Resettlement after the Famine . Cambridge : Cultural Survival, Inc. , 1986
- Cleaver , Frances. 2000 . Moral Ecological Rationality, Institutions and the Management of Common Property Resources . Development and Change , 31 ( 2 ) : 361 – 83 .
- Dejene , Alemneh . Integrated Natural Resources Management to Enhance Food Security: The Case for Community-Based Approaches in Ethiopia . Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 16 . Rome : FAO , 2003 .
- Deininger , Klaus and Songqing Jin . Tenure Security and Land-related Investment: Evidence from Ethiopia . World Band Development Research Group, 1818 H. St., Washington D.C. 20433, USA 2005 (Available on line) .
- Dejene , A. 1990 . Environment, Famine, and Politics in Ethiopia: A View from the Village , London and Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner publishers .
- Evans , Peter . “The State and Economic Transformation: Toward an Analysis of the Conditions Underlying Effective Intervention.” In Bringing the State Back In Peter B. Evans , Dietrich Rueschemeyer Theda Skocpol , 44 77 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1985 .
- Eweg , H.P.A. , R. Van Lammeren , H. Deurloo Z. Woldu . 1999 . “Analyzing Degradation and Rehabilitation for Sustainable Land Management in the Highlands of Ethiopia.” Land Degradation and Development 9 , 6 1999 : 529 42 .
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Environmental Protection Authority . The 3rd National Report on the Implementation of the UNCCD/NAP in Ethiopia . Addis Ababa, Ethiopia , 2004 .
- Feeny , David , Fikret Berkes , Bonnie J. McCay James M. Acheson . “The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-Two Years Later.” Human Ecology 18 , 1 1990 : 1 19 .
- Folke , Carl , Carpenter , Steve , Elmqvist , Thomas , Gunderson , Lance , Holling , C.S. and Walker , Brian . 2002 . Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations . AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment , 31 ( 5 ) : 437 – 40 .
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) . A Human Catastrophe Looms in the Horn of Africa . Special Alert No. 306 . Rome : FAO , 2000 .
- Getachew , Kassa . An Overview of Root Causes of Problems that Currently affect Borana Pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia . Paper presented at the Workshop on Human Adaptation in African drylands, Khartoum, Sudan (Dec. 8, and 9 1998) .
- Government of Eritrea . National Environmental Management Plan for Eritrea . Asmara , , Eritrea : Eritrean Agency for the Environment , 1995 .
- Habte Selassie , Bereket. 1998 . Creating a Constitution for Eritrea . Journal of Democracy , 9 ( 2 ) : 164 – 74 .
- Haque , Shamsul M. 2000 . Environmental Discourse and Sustainable Development: Linkages and Limitations . Ethics and the Environment , 5 ( 1 ) : 3 – 21 .
- Harbeson , John W. 1998 . A Bureaucratic Authoritarian Regime . Journal of Democracy , 9 ( 4 ) : 62 – 9 .
- Hardin , Garrett. 1968 . The Tragedy of the Commons . Science , 162 ( 3859 ) : 1243 – 8 .
- Harrison , Elizabeth. 2002 . The Problem with the Locals: Partnership and Participation in Ethiopia . Development and Change , 33 ( 4 ) : 587 – 610 .
- Henze , Paul B. 2000 . Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia , New York : St Martin's Press .
- Henze , Paul B. 1998 . A Political Success Story . Journal of Democracy , 9 ( 4 ) : 40 – 54 .
- Homann , S. , G. Dalle B. Rischkowsky . Potentials and Constraints of Indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Range and Water Development in Pastoral and Land use Systems of Africa: A Case Study in the Borana Lowlands of Southern Ethiopia . GTZ, Tropical Ecology Support Program (TOEB), Germany 2004 .
- Immergut , Ellen M. 1998 . The Theoretical Core of the New Institutionalism . Politics and Society , 26 ( 1 ) : 5 – 34 .
- Iyob , Ruth. 2000 . The Ethiopian–Eritrean Conflict: Diasporic vs. Hegemonic States in the Horn of Africa, 1991–2000 . Journal of Modern African Studies , 38 : 659 – 82 .
- Jalata , Asafa . Oromia and Ethiopia: State Formation and Ethnonational Conflict, 1868–2004 . Lawrenceville , NJ : Red Sea Press 2005 .
- Joireman , Sandra F. 1996 . The Minefield of Land Reform: Comments of the Eritrean Land Proclamation . African Affairs , 95 ( 379 ) : 269 – 85 .
- Kamara , Abdul B. , Swallow , Brent and Kirk , Michael . 2004 . Policies, Interventions and Institutional Change in Pastoral Resource Management in Borana, Southern Ethiopia . Development Policy Review , 22 ( 4 ) : 381 – 403 .
- Kebebew , F. , D. Tsegaye G. Synnevag . Traditional Coping Strategies of the Afar and Borana Pastoralists in Response to Drought . Report No. 17 . Norway : Drylands Coordination Group (DCG) , 2000 .
- Kebede , Berket. 2002 . Land Tenure and Common Pool Resources in Rural Ethiopia: A Study Based on Fifteen Sites . African Development Review , 14 ( 13 ) : 113 – 49 .
- Keeley , James and Scoones , Ian . 2000 . Knowledge, Power and Politics: The Environmental Policy-making Process in Ethiopia . Journal of Modern African Studies , 38 : 89 – 120 .
- Keller , Edmond J. 1992 . Drought, War, and the Politics of Famine in Ethiopia and Eritrea . The Journal of Modern African Studies , 30 ( 4 ) : 609 – 624 .
- Kellert , Stephen R. , Mehta , Jai N. , Ebbin , Syma A. and Lichtenfeld , Laly L. 2000 . Community Natural Resource Management: Promise, Rhetoric, and Reality . Society and Natural Resources , 13 ( 8 ) : 705 – 15 .
- Kibreab , Gaim. 2001 . Property Rights, Development Policy and Depletion of Resources: The Case of the Central Rain Lands of the Sudan, 1940s–1980s . Environment and History , 7 : 57 – 108 .
- Kloos , Helmut. 1982 . Develoment, Drought, Famine in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia . Africa studies Review , 14 ( 4 ) : 21 – 48 .
- Latta , Leenco. 2000 . Ethiopian State at the Crossroads: Decolonization and Democratization or Disintegration? , Lawrenceville , NJ : Red Sea Press .
- Latta , Lencho . “Ethiopia: The Path to War, and the Consequences of Peace.” In Unfinished Business: Ethiopia and Eritrea at War Dominique Jacquin–Berdal Martin Plaut , 37 56 Lawrenceville , NJ : Red Sea Press , 2005 .
- Leach , Melissa , Mearns , Robin and Scoones , Ian . 1999 . Environmental Entitlements: Dynamics and Institutions in Community–based Natural Resources Management . World Development , 27 ( 2 ) : 225 – 47 .
- Legesse , Asmerom. 1973 . Gada: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society , New York : Free Press .
- Legesse , Asmerom. 2000 . Oromo Democracy: An Indigenous African Political System , Lawrenceville , NJ : Red Sea Press .
- Mehari , Abraham , B. Schultz H. Depeweg . “Where Indigenous Water Management Practices Overcome Failures of Structures: The Wadi Laba Spate Irrigation System in Eritrea.” Irrigation and Drainage 4 , 1 2005 : 1 14 .
- Mengisteab , Kidane . “Ethiopia's Ethnic-Based Federalism: 10 Years After.” African Issues 29 , 1/2 , Ethnicity and Recent Democratic Experiments in Africa 2001 : 20 5 .
- Mengisteab , Kidane. 1997 . New Approaches to State Building in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia's Ethnic–Based Federalism . African Studies Review , 40 ( 3 ) : 111 – 32 .
- Mengisteab , Kidane and Ogbazghi , Yohannes . 2005 . Anatomy of an African Tragedy: Political, Economic and Foreign Policy Crisis in Post–independence Eritrea , Lawrenceville , NJ : Africa World Press .
- Murphree , M. Communities as Resource Management Institutions . Gatekeeper Series No. 36. Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Program, International Institute for Environment and Development , 1993 .
- Murtaz , Niaz. 1998 . The Pillage of Sustainability in Eritrea, 1660s–1990s: Rural Communities and the Creeping Shadows of Hegemony , Westport , CT : Greenwood Press .
- Naty , Alexander. 2002 . Environment, Society, and the State in Western Eritrea . Africa , 72 ( 4 ) : 569 – 97 .
- Negash , Tekeste and Tronvoll , Kjetil . 2001 . Brothers at War: Making Sense of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War , Athens , OH : Ohio University Press .
- North , Douglas C. 1990 . Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Nyssen , Jan , Haile , Mitiku , Moeyersons , Jan , Poesen , Jan and Deckers , Jozef . 2004 . Environmental policy in Ethiopia: A Rejoinder to Keeley and Scoones . The Journal of Modern African Studies , 42 ( 1 ) : 137 – 147 .
- Oba , Gufu . Assessment of Indigenous Range Management Knowledge of the Borana pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia . GTZ, Borana Lowland Pastoral Development Programme , 1998 .
- Oelschlaeger , Max Postmodern Environmental Ethics . Albany , NY : State University of New York Press , 1995 .
- Ostrom , Elinor. 1990 . Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Ostrom , Elinor , Burger , Joanna , Field , Christopher B. , Norgaard , Richard B. and Policansky , David . 1999 . Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges . Science , 284 ( 5412 ) : 278 – 82 .
- Ottaway , Marina S. 1999 . Africa's New Leaders: Democracy or State Reconstruction? , Washington , DC : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
- Pausewang , S. , K. Tronvoll L. Aalen Ethiopia since the Derg: A Decade of Democratic Pretension and Performance . London : Zed Books , 2002 .
- Pool , David. 2001 . From Guerrillas to Government: The Eritrean People's Liberation Front , Athens , OH : Ohio University Press .
- Reid , Richard. 2005 . Caught in the Headlights of History: Eritrea, the EPLF and the Postwar Nation State . Journal of Modern African Studies , 43 ( 3 ) : 467 – 88 .
- Repetto , Robert and Holmes , Thomas . 1983 . The Role of Population in Resource Depletion in Developing Countries . Population and Development Review , 9 ( 4 ) : 609 – 32 .
- Ribot , Jesse C. 2004 . Decentralization, Participation and Accountability in Sahelian Forestry: Legal Instruments of Political Administrative Control . Africa , 69 ( 1 ) : 23 – 65 .
- Ribot , Jesse C. 2007 . Representation, Citizenship and the Public Domain in Democratic Decentralization . Development , 50 ( 1 ) : 43 – 9 .
- Ribot , Jesse C . Waiting for Democracy: The Politics of Choice in Natural Resource Decentralization . Washington , DC : World Resources Institute , 2004 . http://pdf.wri.org/wait_for_democracy.pdf
- Roe , Dilys , James Mayers , Maryanne Grieg-Gran , Ashish Kothari , Christo Fabricius Ross Hughes . Evaluating Eden: Exploring the Myths and Realities of Community-Based Wildlife Management: Series Overview . Evaluating Eden, No. 8 . London : International Institute for Environment and Development , 2000 .
- Rotberg , Robert I. Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa . Washington , DC : Brookings Institution Press , 2005 .
- Satishkumar , Belliethathan , Yitbarek Weldesemaet Araya Asfaw . “Civil Society Participation in International Environmental Governance: Ethiopia.” http://www.yale.edu/envirocenter/envdem/docs/ , 2008
- Scott , James C. 1998 . Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
- Shehim , Kassim. 1985 . Ethiopia, Revolution and the Question of Nationalities: The Case of the Afar . The Journal of Modern African Studies , 23 ( 2 ) : 331 – 348 .
- Shiferaw , B. and Holden , S. 1999 . Soil Erosion and Smallholders’ Conservation Decisions in the Highlands of Ethiopia . World Development , 27 ( 4 ) : 739 – 52 .
- Singleton , Sara . “Cooperation or Capture? The Paradox of Co-management and Community Participation in Natural Resource Management and Environmental Policymaking.” Environmental Politics 9 , 2 2000 : 1 21
- Skocpol , Theda . “Bringing the State Back: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research.” In Bringing the State Back In Peter B. Evans , Dietrich Rueschemeyer Theda Skocpol , 3 43 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Swallow , Brent M. and Bromley , Daniel W. 1995 . Institutions, Governance and Incentives in Common Property Regimes for African Rangelands . Environmental and Resource Economics , 6 ( 2 ) : 99 – 118 .
- Tache , Boku Ben Irwin . Traditional Institutions, Multiple Stakeholders and Modern Perspectives in Common Properties: Accompanying Change within Borana Pastoral Systems . Securing the Commons No. 4 . London : SOS Sahel International UK and IIED , 2003 .
- Tekle , Amare Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation . Lawrenceville , NJ : Red Sea Press , 1994
- Tesfamicael , Berket A. 2005 . Poverty and Natural Resource Management in the Central Highlands of Eritrea , Groningen : University of Groningen .
- Tikabo , Mahari O . “Land Tenure in the Highlands of Eritrea: Economic Theory and Empirical Evidence.” PhD diss. no. 2003: 27, Agricultural University of Norway , 2003 .
- Tronvoll , Kjetil. 1998 . The Process of Nation-building in Post-War Eritrea: Created from Below or Directed from Above? . Journal of Modern African Studies , 36 ( 3 ) : 461 – 82 .
- Turner , Matthew D. 1999 . Conflict, Environmental Change, and Social Institutions in Dryland Africa: Limitations of the Community Resource Management Approach . Society and Natural Resources , 12 ( 7 ) : 643 – 57 .
- United Nations General Assembly . Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development . A/RES/42/187. 96th Plenary Meeting, December 11 , 1987 .
- United States Institute of Peace . Terrorism in the Horn of Africa . Special Report No. 113 . Washington , DC : United States Institute of Peace , 2004 . htp://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr113.pdf .
- Vaughan , Sara Kjetil Tronvoll . The Culture of Power in Contemporary Ethiopian Political Life . Sidastudies No. 10 . Stockholm : Sida , 2005 .
- Watson , Elizabeth E. 2003 . Examining the Potential of Indigenous Institutions for Development: A Perspective from Borana, Ethiopia . Development and Change , 34 ( 2 ) : 287 – 309 .
- Welde Giorgis , Dawit. 1989 . Red Tears: War, Famine, and Revolution in Ethiopia , Lawrenceville , NJ : Africa World Press .