Doing business out of war. An analysis of the UPDF's presence in the Democratic Republic of Congo

References

• Afedraru , Lominda . “ Judge Saves Kazini from Court Martial .” The Monitor , April 16 , 2009 .
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International . Democratic Republic of Congo: Arming the East . http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR62/006/2005/en (accessed January 17, 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , David and Browne , Adrian . 2011 . The Politics of Oil in Eastern Africa . Journal of Eastern African Studies , 5 ( 2 ) : 369 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augé , Benjamin . “ Border Conflicts Tied to Hydrocarbons in the Great Lakes Region of Africa .” In Governance of Oil in Africa: Unfinished Business , Jacques Lesourne and William C. Ramsey , 165 – 93 . IFRI online. www.ifri.org (accessed January 17, 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• Ayebare , Adonia . “ Kabila Falls Out with his Allies .” East African Alternatives , September–October 1998 , p. 9.
   Google Scholar
• Bategeka , Lawrence et al. Oil Discovery in Uganda: Managing Expectations . Working paper of the Economic Policy Research Centre and Makerere University , 2010 . http://mak.ac.ug/documents/EPRCUDICPaper.pdf (accessed January 17, 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• Bayart , Jean-François , Ellis , Stephen and Hibou , Béatrice . 1999 . The Criminalization of the State in Africa , Oxford , Bloomington : James Currey/Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Callaghy , Thomas M. , Kassimir , Ronald and Latham , Robert . 2001 . Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chapleau , Philippe and Misser , François . 1998 . Mercenaires S.A , Paris : Desclée de Brouwer .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , John. 2001 . Explaining Ugandan Intervention in Congo: Evidence and Interpretations . The Journal of Modern African Studies , 39 ( 2 ) : 261 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuvelier , Jeroen. 2004 . Réseaux de l'ombre et configurations régionales: le cas du commerce de coltan en République Démocratique du Congo . Politique africaine , 93 : 82 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Cuvelier , Jeroen The Complexity of Resource Governance in a Context of State Fragility. The Case of Eastern RDC . Antwerp/London : IPIS/International Alert , 2010 .
   Google Scholar
• Danssaert , Peter , and Finardi Sergio . The Arms Flyers: Commercial Aviation, Human Rights and the Business of War and Arms . 2011 . www.ipisresearch.be/arms-trade.php (accessed January 17, 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Dietrich Chris , “ The Commercialisation of Military Deployment in Africa .” African Security Review 19 , no. 1 2000 . http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/asr/9No1/Commerciallisation.html (accessed July 21, 2010) .
   Google Scholar
• Duffield , Mark. 1997 . Post-modern Conflict, Aid Policy and Humanitarian Conditionality , Birmingham : University of Birmingham .
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen , Stein Sondstol . “ The Congo War and the Prospects for State Formation: Rwanda and Uganda Compared .” Third World Quarterly 26 , no. 7 2005 : 1097 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahey , Dan . “ Explaining Uganda's Involvement in the DR Congo, 1996–2008 .” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA's 50th Annual Convention “Exploring the Past, Anticipating the Future,” New York Marriott Marquis , New York , February 15 , 2009 .
   Google Scholar
• Geffray , Christian. 1990 . La Cause des armes au Mozambique. Anthropologie d'une guerre civile , Paris : Karthala-Credu .
   Google Scholar
• Giustozzi , Antonio . The Debate on Warlordism: The Importance of Military Legitimacy . Crisis States Development Research Centre Working Paper . London : LSE , October 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Global , Witness. 2010 . Donor Engagement in Uganda's Oil and Gas Sector: An Agenda for Action , London : Global Witness .
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch (HRW) . Uganda in Eastern DRC: Fuelling Political and Ethnic Strife . New York : HRW , March 2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Kennes , Erik . “ Le Secteur minier au Congo: déconnexion et descente aux enfers .” In L'Afrique des Grands Lacs, Annuaire 1999–2000 , Stefaan Marysse and Filip Reyntjens , 305 – 48 . Paris : Karthala , 2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Kopytoff , Igor. 1987 . The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies , Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lund , Christian. 2007 . Twilight Institutions: Public Authority and Local Politics in Africa , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• MacGaffey , Janet. 1987 . Entrepreneurs and Parasites , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacGaffey , Janet The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and other Unofficial Activities in the National Wealth . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• Meagher , Kate. 1990 . The Hidden Economy: Informal and Parallel Trade in North-eastern Uganda . Review of African Political Economy , 17 ( 47 ) : 64 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Mwanasali , Musifiky . “ The View from Below .” In Greed and Grievance , Mats Berdal and David Malone . Boulder , , CO/London : Lynne Rienner , 2000 .
   Google Scholar
• Mwenda , Andrew M . “ How UPDF lost Kisangani I, II, III .” The Monitor , June 23 , 2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Mwenda , Andrew M. 2007 . Personalizing Power in Uganda . Journal of Democracy , 18 ( 3 ) : 23 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien , K . “ Private Military Companies and African Security 1990–98 .” In Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma , A-F Musah and K. Fayemi , 43 – 75 . London : Pluto Press , 2000 .
   Google Scholar
• Okumu , Wafula . “ Resources and Border Disputes in Eastern Africa .” Journal of Eastern African Studies 4 , no. 2 2010 : 279 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrot , Sandrine . “ Entrepreneurs de l'insécurité: la face cachée de l'armée ougandaise .” Politique africaine 75 ( October 1999 ): 60 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Pole Institute . Shifting Sands: Oil Exploration in the Rift Valley and the Congo Conflict . Goma , 2003 . www.pole-institute.org/documents/heritage05.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Porter Commission . “ Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations into Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and other Forms of Wealth in the Democratic Republic of Congo .” Kampala , 2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Prunier , Gerard. 2004 . Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986–99) . African Affairs , 103 ( 412 ) : 359 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prunier , Gerard. 1999 . L'Ouganda et les guerres congolaises . Politique africaine , 75 : 43 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Raeymaekers , Timothy. 2002 . Network War: An Introduction to Congo's Privatised Conflict Economy , Antwerp : IPIS .
   Google Scholar
• Raeymaekers , Timothy , and Vlassenroot Koen . “ Reshaping Congolese Statehood in the Midst of Crisis and Transition. ” In Respacing Africa , Ulf Engel and Paul Nugent , 139 – 67 . Leiden : Brill , 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Raeymaekers , Timothy . The Central Margins. Congo's Transborder Economy and State-Making in the Borderlands . Copenhagen : Danish Institute for International Studies Working Paper , 2009 .
   Google Scholar
• Reno , William. 1998 . Warlord Politics and African States , Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Reno , William . War, Debt and the Role of Pretending in Uganda's International Relations . University of Copenhagen Occasional Paper . Copenhagen : Centre of African Studies , July 2000 .
   Google Scholar
• Roitman , Janet . “ Productivity in the Margins: The Reconstitution of State Power in the Chad Basin .” In Anthropology in the Margins of State , Veena Das and Deborah Poole , 225 – 52 . Santa Fe , , NM/Oxford : School of American Research Press/James Currey , 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• Schomerus , Mareike . “‘ They Forget What They Came For’: Uganda's Army in Sudan ,” Journal of Eastern African Studies 6 , no. 1 2012 : 124 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangri , Roger and Mwenda , Andrew M. 2003 . Military Corruption and Ugandan Politics since the Late 1990s . Review of African Political Economy , 30 ( 98 ) : 539 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Titeca , Kristof. 2011 . Access to Resources and Predictability in Armed Rebellion: The FAPC's Short-lived ‘Monaco’ in Eastern Congo . Africa Spectrum , 46 ( 2 ) : 43 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations . “ Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC). Special Report on the Events in Ituri, January 2002 to December 2003, S/2004/573. ” New York : United Nations , July 16 , 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council . “ Final Report of the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2009/603 .” New York : United Nations , November 29 , 2009 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Schendel , Willem . “ Spaces of Engagement: How Borderlands, Illicit Flows, and Territorial States Interlock .” In Illicit Flows and Criminal Things. States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalisation , Willem van Schendel and Itty Abraham . Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Veit , Peter , Excell Carole , and Zomer Alisa . Avoiding the Resource Curse: Spotlight on Oil in Uganda . WRI working paper , 2011 . www.wri.org/project/equity-poverty-environment (accessed January 17, 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• Vlassenroot , Koen , and Perrot Sandrine . “ Ugandan Military Entrepreneurialism on the Congo Border .” In African Conflicts and Informal Power, Big Men and Networks , Mats Utas . London : Zed Books , 2012 .
   Google Scholar
• Vlassenroot , Koen , and Raeymaekers Timothy . “ The Politics of Rebellion and Intervention in Ituri: The Emergence of a New Political Complex? ” African Affairs 103 , no. 412 ( July 2004 ): 475 – 484 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakise , A. , and Mukasa Henry . “ Uganda: Who is Major General James Kazini? ” The New Vision , March 27 , 2008 .
   Google Scholar