606
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Camel herders, middlewomen, and urban milk bars: the commodification of camel milk in Kenya

, , &
Pages 383-404 | Received 15 Aug 2011, Published online: 19 Jun 2012

References

  • Africa Watch [now Africa Division of Human Rights Watch] . Kenya: Taking Liberties . New York : Human Rights Watch , July 1991 .
  • Al Ain Dairy . “ All Things Camel .” http://sites.google.com/site/allthingscamel/camel-milk-dairies/al-ain-dairy-farm-united-arab-emirates-or-u-a-e- (last accessed February 5, 2011) .
  • Anderson , D.M. “ Rehabilitation, Resettlement, and Restocking: Ideology and Practice in Pastoralist Development ”. In The Poor Are Not Us: Poverty and Pastoralism in Eastern Africa , David M. Anderson and Vigdis Broch-Due , 240 – 56 . Oxford : James Currey , 1999 .
  • Behnke , R.H. , C.K. Kerven , and P.M. Sikana . “ From Subsistence to Specialised Commodity Production: Commercialism and Pastoral Dairying in Africa ”. Overseas Development Institute, Working Paper , 1997 . http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/papers/34d.pdf (last accessed January 26, 2011 .
  • Campbell , E.H. “ Formalizing the Informal Economy: Somali Refugee and Migrant Trade Networks in Nairobi ”. Global Migration Perspectives , no. 47 2005 .
  • Campbell , E.H. 2006 . Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration . Journal of Refugee Studies , 19 ( 3 ) : 396 – 413 .
  • CARE Kenya . “ A Report on the Camel Milk Marketing Clusters in Garissa .” Nairobi : CARE Report , 2009 . http://www.elmt-relpa.org/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/elmt/201003/Report%20on%20Camel%20Milk%20Hygiene%20and%20Business%20Skills%20Training_CARE%20Kenya.pdf (last accessed January 26, 2011) .
  • Cashmore , T.H.R. “ Studies in District Administration in the East African Protectorate ”. PhD thesis , Cambridge University , 1966 .
  • Castagno , A.A. 1964 . The Somali–Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future . Journal of Modern African Studies , 2 ( 2 ) : 165 – 88 .
  • Dahl , G. 1990 . “ Mats and Milk Pots: The Domain of Borana Women ” . In The Creative Communion: African Folk Models of Fertility and the Regeneration of Life , Edited by: Jacobson-Widder , A. and Van Beek , W. 129 – 36 . Uppsala : Ata Universitatis Upsalinensis .
  • Dalleo , P.T. “ The Somali Role in Organized Poaching in Northeastern Kenya, C. 1909–1939 .” International Journal of African Historical Studies 12 , no. 3 1979 : 472 – 82 .
  • Dalleo , P.T. “ Trade and Pastoralism: Economic Factors in the History of the Somali of Northeastern Kenya, 1890–1948 .” PhD thesis , Syracuse University , 1975 .
  • de Waal , A. 1997 . Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
  • Degen , A.A. , A. Nunow , A.F.M. Zaal , D.A. Otieno , and J.C. Hoorweg . “ Market Dependence for Pastoralists in Kenya and Israel ”. NIRP Research for Policy Series , 8 2008 . http://www.dprn.nl/drupal/sites/dprn.nl/files/file/publications/nirp/nirp08.pdf (last accessed January 26, 2011) .
  • Dietz , T. and F. Zaal . “ Of Markets, Meat, Maize and Milk ”. In The Poor Are Not Us: Poverty & Pastoralism in Eastern Africa , David M. Anderson and Vigdis Broch-Due , 163 – 98 . Oxford : James Currey , 1997 .
  • Dolan , C. “ The Good ‘Wife’: Struggles over Resources in the Kenyan Horticulture Sector .” Journal of Development Studies 37 , no. 3 2001 : 39 – 70 .
  • Eaton , D. “ Violence, Revenge and the History of Cattle Raiding along the Kenya–Uganda Border, c.1830—2008 .” PhD thesis , Dalhousie University , 2008 .
  • Elliott , H. “ Drinking Culture: Looking at Somali Responses to Displacement through the Lens of the Camel Milk Market in Nairobi's Eastleigh Estate ”. MA thesis , School of Oriental and African Studies , 2011
  • FAO . “ The Next Thing: Camel Milk .” Posted April 18 , 2006 . http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000275/index.html (last laccessed January 27, 2011 .
  • Farah , M.I. 1993 . From Ethnic Response to Clan Identity: A Study of State Penetration among Somali Nomadic Pastoral Society of the Northeast Kenya , Stockholm : University of Uppsala .
  • Fletcher , A. “ Camel Milk: The Dairy Product of the Future .” Bederwanaag News Online. http://www.bederwanaag.com/English_News/Camel%20milk.html (last accessed January 26, 2011 .
  • Fratkin , E. and Roth , E.A. 2005 . As Pastoralists Settle , New York : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Fratkin , E. , Roth , E.A. and Nathan , M.A. 2004 . Pastoral Sedentarization and Its Effects on Children's Diet, Health and Growth Among Rendille of Northern Kenya . Human Ecology , 32 ( 5 ) : 531 – 59 .
  • Goldsmith , P. “ Cattle, Khat and Guns: Trade, Conflict and Security on Northern Kenya's Highland–Lowland Interface ”. Nairobi : APPEAL-KENYA , 1997 .
  • Goldsmith , P. “ The Somali Impact on Kenya, 1990–1993: The View From Outside the Camps .” In Mending Rips in the Sky: Options for Somali Communities in the 21st Century , Hussein Adam and R. Ford. Lawrenceville , NJ : Red Sea Press , 1997 .
  • Herren , U.J. “ The Commercial Sale of Camel Milk from Pastoral Herds in the Mogadishu Hinterland, Somalia ”. Overseas Development Institute, Working Paper , 1990 . http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/papers/30a.pdf (last accessed January 26, 2011) .
  • Hjort , A. 1990 . “ Town-based Pastoralism in Eastern Africa ” . In Small Town Africa: Studies in Rural–Urban Interaction , Edited by: Baker , J. 143 – 160 . Uppsala : Scandinavian Institute of African Studies .
  • Hogg , R. 1986 . The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya . Africa , 56 ( 3 ) : 319 – 33 .
  • Horst , C. 2006 . Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya , Oxford : Berghahn .
  • Hussein , A.A. “ Town Camels and Milk Villages: The Growth of Camel Milk marketing in the Somali Region of Ethiopia .” Future Agricultures Consortium, Research Update 3 , November 2010 . http://www.future-agricultures.org/index.php?option = com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1076&Itemid=510 (last accessed August 11, 2011) .
  • Hussein , A.A. , A.M. Ali , and A.E. Tahir . “ Town Camels: Pastoral Innovation in a Fast Changing World: Case Study from Gode Town, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia .” Future Agricultures . Feinstein International Center , December 2010 . http://www.futureagricultures.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1151&Itemid=510 (last accessed August 13, 2011) .
  • Jaramogi , P. “ Uganda: Kisenyi – a Haven for Somali Tranquility Or Scams? ” New Vision ( Kampala ), September 27 , 2007 ( last accessed January 26, 2011 ).
  • Kenya National Archives . 1953 Marsabit Annual Report, PC/NFD1/2/5 .
  • Lewis , I.M. Modern History of the Somali . Rev./4th ed . Athens : Ohio University Press , 2003 .
  • Lindley , A. 2010 . The Early Morning Phone Call: Somali Refugees’ Remittances , New York : Berghahn .
  • Little , P.D. 1992 . The Elusive Granary: Herder, Farmer, and State in Northern Kenya , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Little , P.D. 1994 . “ Maidens and Milk Markets: The Sociology of Dairy Marketing in Southern Somalia ” . In African Pastoralist Systems: An Integrated Approach , Edited by: Fratkin , E. , Galvin , K.A. and Roth , E.A. 165 – 84 . Boulder , CO : Lynne Reinner .
  • Lochery , E. “ When Citizens are Rendered Stateless: The Kenyan State's Somali Screening Exercise .” MSc diss. in African Studies , University of Oxford , 2008 .
  • Mahmoud , H.A. “ Breaking Barriers: The Construction of a New Burji Identity through Livestock Trade in Northern Kenya .” Working Paper 113. Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology , 2009 .
  • Mahmoud , H.A. “ Camel Marketing in the Northern Kenya/Southern Ethiopia Borderlands .” Future Agricultures Consortium, Research Update 5 , November 2010 . http://www.future-agricultures.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1077&Itemid=510 (last accessed August 11, 2011) .
  • Mahmoud , H.A. “ Innovations in Pastoral Livestock Marketing: The Emergence and the Role of ‘Somali Cattle Traders-Cum-Ranchers’ in Kenya .” In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa: Research and Policy Challenges , John G. McPeak and Peter D. Little , 129 – 44 . Warwickshire , , UK : ITDG Publications , 2006 .
  • Mburu , N. 2005 . Bandits on the Border: The Last Frontier in the Search for Somali Unity , Trenton , NJ : Red Sea Press .
  • Musinga , M. , D. Kimenye , and P. Kivolonzi . “ The Camel Milk Industry in Kenya .” SNV Report , 2006 . http://www.ebpdn.org/download/download.php?table = resources&id = 2337 (last accessed January 26, 2011) .
  • Muthengi , A. “ Kenya's Little Mogadishu Celebrates ”. BBC News , August 29 , 2000 . http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/901424.stm (last accessed August 11, 2011) .
  • Nori , M. , Kenyanjui , M.B. , Yusuf , M.A. and Mohamed , F.H. 2006 . Milking Drylands: The Marketing of Camel Milk in North-East Somalia . Nomadic Peoples , 10 ( 1 ) : 9 – 28 .
  • Nori , M. , J.D. Van de Ploeg , and L. Omodei Zorini . “ Ungoverned Markets: The Emergence of Camel Milk Markets in Stateless Somali Areas ”. Posted 2004 . http://milkingdrylands.ominiverdi.org/docs/MD_article_x_EEA.pdf (last accessed January 26, 2011).
  • Oba , G. “ Changing Property Rights among Settling Pastoralists: An Adaptive Strategy to Declining Pastoral Resources .” In Property, Poverty and People: Changing Rights in Property and Problems of Pastoral Development , Paul Baxter and Richard Hogg , 38–44 . Manchester : University of Manchester , 1990 .
  • Oba , G. The Importance of Pastoralists’ Indigenous Coping Strategies for Planning Drought Management . Nomadic Peoples 5 , no. 1 2001 : 89 – 119 .
  • Oduor , A. “ Plans Underway to Install Camel Milk Dispensers in Towns .” Standard Online , January 13 , 2011 . http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/archives/InsidePage.php?id=2000026649&cid=4 (last accessed January 26, 2011) .
  • Roba , A.W. and Witsenburg , K.M. 2004 . Surviving Pastoral Decline: Pastoral Sedentarization, Natural Resource Management and Livelihood Diversification in Marsabit District, Northern Kenya , Amsterdam : University of Amsterdam .
  • Schlee , G. 1985 . Interethnic Clan Identities among Cushitic-Speaking Pastoralists . Africa , 55 ( 1 ) : 17 – 38 .
  • Schlee , G. 1989 . Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya , Nairobi : Gideon S. Were Press .
  • Simons , A. 1995 . Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone , Oxford : Westview Press .
  • Sobania , N. “ Pastoralist Migration and Colonial Policy: A Case Study from Northern Kenya .” In The Ecology of Survival: Case Studies from Northeastern African History , Douglas H. Johnson and David M. Anderson , 219 – 39 . London : Crook Greene , 1988 .
  • Vital Camel Milk Ltd . “ Products .” http://www.vitalcamelmilk.com/products.html (last accessed January 30, 2011) .
  • Wahome , M. “ Focus Shifts to the Camel as Next Cash Cow .” Daily Nation , January 17 , 2011 .
  • Warsame , A.M. “ Crisis or Opportunity? Somali Women Traders and the War .” In Somalia – the Untold Story: The War Through the Eyes of Somali Women , Judith Gardner and Judy El Bushra , 116 – 38 . London : Pluto Press , 2004 .
  • Whittaker . H. “ Pursuing Pastoralists: The Stigma of Shifta during the ‘Shifta War’ in Kenya, 1963–8 .” Eras 10 2008 . http://arts.monash.edu.au/publications/eras/edition-10/whittaker-article.pdf .
  • Zaal , F. 1999 . Pastoralism in a Global Age: Livestock Marketing and Pastoral Commercial Activities in Kenya and Burkina Faso , Amsterdam : Thela Thesis .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.