Explaining the non-governmental organization (NGO) boom: the case of HIV/AIDS NGOs in Kenya

References

• Abrahamsen, R. “The Power of Partnerships in Global Governance.” Third World Quarterly 25, no. 8 (2004): 1453–1467. 10.1080/0143659042000308465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agence France-Presse (AFP). “AIDS a National Disaster but Condoms Not the Answer: Kenya's Moi.” Agence France-Presse, November 26, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Ahlberg, B. Women, Sexuality and the Changing Social Order: The Impact of Government Policies on Reproductive Behavior in Kenya. Philadelphia, PA: Gordon & Breach, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Ayers, A. “Demystifying Democratisation: The Global Constitution of (Neo)Liberal Polities in Africa.” Third World Quarterly 27, no. 2 (2006): 321–333. 10.1080/01436590500432606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkan, J. D. “Kenya after Moi.” Foreign Affairs 83, no. 1 (2004): 87–100. 10.2307/20033831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkan, J. D. “The Rise and Fall of a Governance Realm in Kenya.” In Governance and Politics in Africa, edited by M. Bratton and G. Hyden, 167–192. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Bebbington, A., and R. Riddell. “The Direct Funding of Southern NGOs by Donors: New Agendas and Old Problems.” Journal of International Development 7, no. 6 (1995): 879–893. 10.1002/jid.3380070607
   Google Scholar
• Booth, K. Local Women, Global Science: Fighting AIDS in Kenya. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Bor, J. “The Political Economy of AIDS Leadership in Developing Countries: An Exploratory Analysis.” Social Science and Medicine 64, no. 8 (2007): 1585–1599. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton, M. “The Politics of Government–NGO Relations in Africa.” World Development 17, no. 4 (1989): 569–587. 10.1016/0305-750X(89)90263-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S. “Authoritarian Leaders and Multiparty Elections in Africa: How Foreign Donors Help to Keep Kenya's Daniel Arap Moi in Power.” Third World Quarterly 22, no. 5 (2001): 725–739. 10.1080/01436590120084575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, T., and B. W. Carroll. “The Rapid Emergence of Civil Society in Botswana.” Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 42, no. 3 (2004): 333–355. 10.1080/1466204042000326172
   Google Scholar
• Chabal, P. “A Few Considerations on Democracy in Africa.” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944–) 74, no. 2 (1998): 289–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charnovitz, S. “Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance.” Michigan Journal of International Law 18, no. 2 (1997): 183–286.
   Google Scholar
• Chege, S. “Donors Shift More Aid to NGOs: But Cooperation between Governments and NGOs Is Critical for Greater Effectiveness.” Africa Recovery 13, no. 1 (1999): 6–7.
   Google Scholar
• Daily Nation. “Government Hospitals to Stock HIV/Aids Drugs from September.” Daily Nation (Kenya), August 3, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Daily Nation. “Kibaki to Launch Ministry Campaign Against HIV/AIDs.” Daily Nation (Kenya), March 23, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Daily Nation. “Pregnant Women to Be Tested for HIV.” Daily Nation (Kenya), August 11, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Eade, D., ed., Development, NGOs and Civil Society. Boulder, CO: Kumarian, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• East African Standard. “Kenyan Paper Says HIV/AIDS Drugs Subsidies Welcome but not Enough.” East African Standard, September 23, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• East African Standard. “President Moi Concerned Over Rising Deaths from AIDS.” East African Standard, August 24, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU). Country Profile Series Kenya. Economic Intelligence Unit, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, M., and A. Fowler. The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. London: Earthscan, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, M., and D. Hulme, eds., Non-Governmental Organizations – Performance and Accountability: Beyond the Magic Bullet. London: Earthscan, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, M., and D. Hulme. “Scaling Up NGO Impact on Development: Learning from Experience.” Development in Practice 2, no. 2 (1992): 77–91. 10.1080/096145249100076691
   Google Scholar
• Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA). “Kenya: 1997 Presidential Election Results.” http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/ken1997results.htm/.
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, A. “NGOs and the Globalization of Social Welfare: Perspectives from East Africa.” In Service Provision Under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs, & People's Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda, edited by J. Semboja and O. Therkildsen, 51–69. Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, A. “The Role of NGOs in Changing State–Society Relations: Perspectives from Eastern and Southern Africa.” Development Policy Review 9, no. 1 (1991): 53–84. 10.1111/j.1467-7679.1991.tb00175.x
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F. State-building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Gideon, J. “The Politics of Social Service Provision Through NGOs: A Study of Latin America.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 17, no. 3 (1998): 303–321. 10.1111/j.1470-9856.1998.tb00127.x
   Google Scholar
• Government of Kenya. “NGO Co-ordination Board Website.” http://www.ngobureau.or.ke/.
   Google Scholar
• Grodsky, B. “From Neo-Corporatism to Delegative Corporatism? Empowerment of NGOs during Early Democratization,” Democratization 16, no. 5 (2009): 898–921. 10.1080/13510340903162093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, G. “Post-Conditionality Politics and Administrative Reform: Reflections on the Cases of Uganda and Tanzania” Development and Change 32, no. 4 (2001): 657–679. 10.1111/1467-7660.00221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugerud, A. The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Hearn, J. “African NGOs: The New Compradors?” Development and Change 38, no. 6 (2007): 1095–1110. 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00447.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearn, J. “The ‘Invisible’ NGO: US Evangelical Missions in Kenya.” Journal of Religion in Africa 32, no. 1 (2002): 32–60. 10.1163/15700660260048465
   Google Scholar
• Hearn, J. “The ‘NGO-isation’ of Kenyan Society: USAID & the Restructuring of Health Care.” Review of African Political Economy 25, no. 75 (1998): 89–100. 10.1080/03056249808704294
   Google Scholar
• Hyden, G. “Bringing Voluntarism Back In: Eastern Africa in Comparative Perspective.” In Service Provision Under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs, & People's Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda, edited by J. Semboja and O. Therkildsen, 35–50. Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Hyden, G. No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development Management in Perspective. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS). Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Kamaara, E. K. Gender, Youth Sexuality & HIV/AIDS: A Kenyan Experience. Eldoret: AMECEA Gaba, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Kameri-Mbote, P. The Operational Environment and Constraints for NGOs in Kenya: Strategies for Good Policy and Practice. Geneva, Switzerland: International Environmental Law Research Centre, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Kanyinga, K. “The Politics of Development Space in Kenya: State and Voluntary Organizations in the Delivery of Basic Services.” In Service Provision Under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs, & People's Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda, edited by J. Semboja and O. Therkildsen, 70–86. Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Kenya AIDS NGOs Consortium (KANCO). “Introduction.” http://www.kanco.org/web/guest/home/.
   Google Scholar
• Kenya Network of Women with AIDS (KENWA). “Our Organization.” http://www.kenwa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16&Itemid=16/.
   Google Scholar
• Klees, S. J. “NGOs: Progressive Force or Neo-Liberal Tool?” Current Issues in Comparative Education 1, no. 1 (1998): 49–54.
   Google Scholar
• Laird, S. “Rolling Back the African State: Implications for Social Development in Ghana.” Social Policy and Administration 41, no. 5 (2007): 465–486. 10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00568.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, D. The Management of Non-Governmental Development Organizations: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, E. S. Boundaries of Contagion: How Ethnic Politics Have Shaped Government Responses to AIDS. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, G. “Moi: The Making of an African ‘Big-Man.’” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2, no. 1 (2008): 18–43. 10.1080/17531050701846708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maina, W. “Kenya: The State, Donors and the Politics of Democratization” in Civil Society and the Aid Industry: The Politics and Promise, edited by A. van Rooy, 134–167. London: Earthscan, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Matanga, F. K. “Civil Society and Politics in Africa: The Case of Kenya.” Paper presented at the 4th International Conference of the ISTR, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Mawdsley, E., J. Townswend, G. Porter, and P. Oakley. Knowledge, Power and Development Agendas: NGOs North and South. Oxford: INTRAC, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• McNeil Jr, D. G. “Obama is Criticized on AIDS Plan.” New York Times, December 8, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Michael, S. Undermining Development: The Absence of Power Among Local NGOs in Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Mkandawire, T., and C. Soludo. Our Continent, Our Future: African Perspectives on Structural Adjustment. Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Morisky, D., and W. J. Jacob, eds., Overcoming AIDS: Lessons Learned from Uganda. Greenwich: Information Age, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Muhumuza, W. “State–Civil Society Partnership in Poverty Reduction in Uganda.” Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 26, no. 1 (2010): 1–21. 10.1353/eas.0.0015
   Google Scholar
• Murunga, G., and S. Nasong'o. “Bent on Self-Destruction: The Kibaki Regime in Kenya.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 24, no. 1 (2006): 1–28. 10.1080/02589000500513713
   Google Scholar
• Mwiria, K. “Kenya's Harambee Secondary School Movement: The Contradictions of Public Policy.” Comparative Education Review 34, no. 3 (1990): 350–368. 10.1086/446951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National AIDS Control Council (NACC). Kenya National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan 2000–2005. Nairobi: Government of Kenya, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• National AIDS Control Council (NACC). Kenya National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan 2005/06–2009/10. Nairobi: Government of Kenya, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Ngau, P. M. “Tensions in Empowerment: The Experience of the ‘Harambee’ (Self-Help) Movement in Kenya.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 35, no. 3 (1987): 523–538. 10.1086/451602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obadare, E. “Revalorizing the Political: Towards a New Intellectual Agenda for African Civil Society Discourse.” Journal of Civil Society 7, no. 4 (2011): 427–442. 10.1080/17448689.2011.626211
   Google Scholar
• Parkhurst, J., and L. Lush. “The Political Environment of HIV: Lessons from a Comparison of Uganda and South Africa.” Social Science and Medicine 59, no. 9 (2004): 1913–1924. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.02.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, A. S. The Politics of AIDS in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. “Development, NGOs and Civil Society: The Debate and Its Future.” In Development, NGOs and Civil Society, edited by D. Eade, 15–43. Boulder, CO: Kumarian, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Perlez, J. “U.S. Legislators Warn Kenya Rights Record Endangers Aid.” The New York Times, November 16, 1990.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poku, N., and A. Whiteside. Political Economy of AIDS in Africa. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Rajab, A. “Will Kenya's Economy Survive Political Turbulence?” African Business 224 (1997): 10–12.
   Google Scholar
• Roessler, P. G. “Donor-Induced Democratization and the Privatization of State Violence in Kenya and Rwanda.” Comparative Politics 37, no. 2 (2005): 207–227. 10.2307/20072883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabar-Friedman, G. “Church and State in Kenya, 1986–1992: The Churches’ Involvement in the ‘Game of Change.’” African Affairs 96, no. 382 (1997): 25–52. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southall, R. “Moi's Flawed Mandate: The Crisis Continues in Kenya.” Review of African Political Economy 25, no. 75 (1998): 101–111. 10.1080/03056249808704295
   Google Scholar
• Stiglitz, J. E. Globalization and Its Discontents. London: Penguin, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Strayer, R. W. The Making of Mission Communities in East Africa: Anglicans and Africans in Colonial Kenya, 1875–1935. London: Heinemann, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Throup, D. “Elections and Political Legitimacy in Kenya.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 63, no. 3 (1993): 371–396. 10.2307/1161427
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Economic and Social Affairs (ECOSOC). “Introduction to ECOSOC Consultative Status.” http://www.un.org/esa/coordination/ngo/.
   Google Scholar
• US Agency for International Development (USAID). “Private Voluntary Organizations.” http://intranet.dimen-intl.com/usaid/index.html/.
   Google Scholar
• US State Department. “Kenya – Planned Funding Amount and Percentage by Program Area (FY 2005).” http://www.pepfar.gov/progress/76936.htm/.
   Google Scholar
• Widner, J. A. The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya: From “Harambee” to “Nyayo!”Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. “World Development Indicators.” http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. World Bank–Civil Society Collaboration – Progress Report for Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the Development of a National AIDS Prevention and Control Programme. Geneva: WHO, 1988.
   Google Scholar