‘No sex until marriage!’: moralism, politics and the realities of HIV prevention in Uganda, 1986–1996

References

• AIDS Surveillance Report. Third Quarter, Entebbe: Ministry of Health/AIDS Control Programme, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Ankrah, E. M., M. Lubega, and S. Nkumbi. “The Family and Care-giving in Uganda.” In International Conference on AIDS, June 4–9, 1989; 5:1015 ( abstract no. W.G.P.32).
   Google Scholar
• Ankrah, E. M., S. Nkumbi, and M. Kisembira. “AIDS and the Church Clergy.” In International Conference on AIDS, June 20–23, 1990; 6:281 ( abstract no. F.D.79).
   Google Scholar
• Ankrah, E. M., and Steven Ouma. AIDS in Uganda. Social and Behavioral Dimensions of the Epidemic. Kampala: Ministry of Health, Makerere University, WHO, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Ankrah, E. M., and S. O. Ouma. “Impact of AIDS on Rural and Urban Behaviour in Uganda.” In International Conference on AIDS, June 4–9, 1989; 5:973 ( abstract no. M.G.O.15).
   Google Scholar
• Ankrah, E. Maxine, and Charles B. Rwabukwali. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) Study for School Health Education: Implications for AIDS Control. Kampala: UNICEF, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Aral, S. O. “Behavioral Aspects of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Core Groups and Bridge Populations.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 27, no. 6 (2000): 327–328. doi:10.1097/00007435-200007000-00005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, Jill. Uganda’s AIDS Crisis. Its Implications for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Bakibinga, P., and A. Kasozi. “Overcoming Difficulties in Changing Behaviour in Uganda.” In International Conference on AIDS, July 19–24, 1992; 8:201 ( abstract no. PuD 9015).
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, Tony, and Piers Blaikie. AIDS in Africa. Its Present and Future Impact. New York: Guilford Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Batwala, I. J. “Speech by the Deputy Minister of Health Dr. I. J. Batwala at the Launching of an AIDS Seminar in the Kampala City Council on 25th September 1986.” Health Information Quarterly 2 (1986): 19–23.
   Google Scholar
• Boahene, K. “The IXth International Conference on AIDS and STD in Africa.” AIDS Care 8 (1996): 609–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukenya, A. L. Pastoral Care in Ugandan Schools. A Sociological Perspective. Kampala: Marinum, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Carswell, W. “AIDS in Uganda – A Review.” Health Information Quarterly 2 (1986): 22–29.
   Google Scholar
• Chin, James. The AIDS Pandemic. The Collision of Epidemiology with Political Correctness. Reprinted. Oxford: Radcliffe, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Culotta, Elizabeth. “Forecasting the Global AIDS Epidemic.” Science 253, no. 5022 (1991): 852–854. doi:10.1126/science.1876845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, Shane. Before HIV. Sexuality, Fertility and Mortality in East Africa, 1900–1980. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, Elaine. And Banana Trees Provided the Shade. The Story of AIDS in Uganda. Kampala: Uganda AIDS Commission, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Editorial. “Fortress WHO: Breaching the Ramparts for Health's Sake.” The Lancet 345, no. 8944 (1995): 203–204. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90215-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, Douglas E. “Conclusion, It's Not Just about AIDS – The Underlying Agenda to Control HIV in Africa.” In AIDS, Culture and Africa, edited by Douglas A. Feldman, 276–283. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Forster, Sarah J., and Kemlin E. Furley. “1988 Public Awareness Survey on AIDS and Condoms in Uganda.” AIDS 3, no. 3 (1989): 147–154. doi:10.1097/00002030-198903000-00005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghys, Peter, Neff Walker, and Catherine Hankins. “Correspondence.” The Lancet 360 (2002): 1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, R. M., N. Hellmann, P. Nsubuga, C. Walker, I. Tager, R. Leblond, S. Baingi-Baingana, and E. Mbidde. “Trends of HIV Seroprevalence and Risk Behaviors in STD Patients in Uganda.” In International Conference on AIDS, July 19–24, 1992; 8:C248 ( abstract no. PoC 4022).
   Google Scholar
• Green, Edward C., Daniel T. Halperin, Vinand Nantulya, and Janice A. Hogle. “Uganda's HIV Prevention Success: The Role of Sexual Behavior Change and the National Response.” AIDS and Behavior 10, no. 4 (2006): 335–346. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9073-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmsworth, Josephine Wanja. “The Ugandan Family in Transition.” In Beyond Crisis. Development Issues in Uganda, edited by Paul D. Wiebe and Cole P. Dodge, 91–100. Hillsboro: MISR & African Studies Association, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Henige, David. “Oral Tradition as a Means of Reconstructing the Past.” In Writing African History, edited by John E. Philips, 169–190. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Hogle, Janice, ed. What Happened in Uganda? Declining HIV Prevalence, Behavior Change, and the National Response. Washington, DC: USAID, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper, Edward. Slim: A Reporter’s Own Story of AIDS in East Africa. London: Bodley Head, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, Christopher P., Anselm J. M. Hennis, Peter Kataaha, Graham Lloyd, A. Timothy Moore, Gordon M. Sutehall, Rod Whetstone, Tim Wreghitt, and Abraham Karpas. “Risk Factors for the Spread of AIDS in Rural Africa: Evidence from a Comparative Seroepidemiological Survey of AIDS, Hepatitis B and Syphilis in Southwestern Uganda.” AIDS 2, no. 4 (1988): 255–260. doi:10.1097/00002030-198808000-00003.
   Google Scholar
• Iliffe, John. The African AIDS Epidemic. A History. London: James Currey, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Kaharuza, F., R. Moodie, A. Katahoire, D. Balikowa, J. Busuulwa, T. Barton, and W. Naamara. “Risk Perception in Rural Ugandans as a Guide to Planners and Educators.” In International Conference on AIDS, July 19–24, 1992; 8:D447 ( abstract no. PoD 5361).
   Google Scholar
• Kaleeba, Noerine. Open Secret: People Facing up to HIV and AIDS in Uganda. London: ActionAid, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Kengeya-Kayondo, J., A. Nunn, S. Malamba, H. Wagner, and D. Mulder. “HIV-1 Incidence in Adults and Risk Factors for Seroconversion in a Rural Population in Uganda: 3 Years of Follow-up.” In International Conference on AIDS, August 7–12, 1994; 10:24 ( abstract no. 068C).
   Google Scholar
• Kinsman, John. AIDS Policy in Uganda. Evidence, Ideology and the Making of an African Success Story. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Kinsman, J., S. Harrison, J. Kengeya-Kayondo, E. Kanyesigye, S. Musoke, and J. Whitworth. “Implementation of a Comprehensive AIDS Education Programme for Schools in Masaka District, Uganda.” AIDS Care 11, no. 5 (2010): 591–601. doi:10.1080/09540129947749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, Douglas. “Changes in Sexual Behaviour Leading to the Decline in the Prevalence of HIV in Uganda: Confirmation from Multiple Sources of Evidence.” Sexually Transmitted Infections 84, suppl. 2 (2008): ii35–ii41. doi:10.1136/sti.2008.029892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konde-Lule, Joseph. “The Declining HIV Seroprevalence in Uganda: What Evidence?” Health Transition Review 5, suppl. (1995): 28.
   Google Scholar
• Konde-Lule, Joseph K., Seth F. Berkley, and Robert Downing. “Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Concerning AIDS in Ugandans.” AIDS 3, no. 8 (1989): 513–518. doi:10.1097/00002030-198908000-00005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhanen, Jan. “‘Balinsalamu Embawo?’ The Context of Sexual Behaviour Change and Adjustment in Rakai, Uganda, c. 1975–90.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 4, no. 1 (2010): 20–43. doi:10.1080/17531050903550108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhanen, Jan. “‘ Deadly Gonorrhea’: History, Collective Memory and Early HIV Epidemiology in East Central Africa.” The African Journal of AIDS Research, forthcoming.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhanen, Jan. “The Historiography of HIV and AIDS in Uganda.” History in Africa 35 (2008): 301–325. doi:10.1353/hia.0.0009.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, Maryinez. “The Point of View: Perspectives on AIDS in Uganda.” In AIDS in Africa and the Caribbean, edited by George C. Bond, John Kresnike, Isa Susser, and Joan Vincent, 131–146. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health. “Release of Key Results of the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey, June 2012.” Accessed September 7, 2012. http://www.tasouganda.org.
   Google Scholar
• Moodie, Rob, Anne Katahoire, Frank Kaharuza, David Ouma Balikowa, Sesse Busuulwa, and Tom Barton. An Evaluation Study of Uganda AIDS Control Programme’s Information Education and Communication Activities. Draft Report. s.l.: Ministry of Health AIDS Control Programme & WHO/GPA, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Mulder, Daan, Andrew Nunn, Anatoli Kamali, and Jane Kengeya-Kayondo. “Decreasing HIV-1 Seroprevalence in Young Adults in a Rural Ugandan Cohort.” BMJ 311, no. 7009 (1995): 833–836. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7009.833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musagara, M., J. Konde-Lule, S. Musgrave, D. Serwadda, M. Wawer, and N. Sewankambo. “Recent Changes in Behaviour and Practices in Relation to the HIV Epidemic in Rakai, Uganda.” In International Conference on AIDS, June 20–23, 1990; 6:161 ( abstract no. Th.C.109).
   Google Scholar
• Museveni, Yoweri K. “Report on Political Commitment and Accountability.” Paper presented at the XIV International Conference of AIDS and STDs, Bangkok, July 12, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Museveni, Yoweri K. What Is Africa’s Problem? Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Nabaitu, J., E. Kajura, J. Seeley, and D. Mulder. “Community Perceptions of Determinants of Sexual Behaviour in Rural Uganda.” In International Conference on AIDS, July 19–24, 1992; 8:D471 ( abstract no. PoD 5508).
   Google Scholar
• Nyanzi, Stella, Barbara Nyanzi-Wakholi, and Bessie Kalina. “Male Promiscuity. The Negotiation of Masculinities by Motorbike Taxi-drivers in Masaka, Uganda.” Men and Masculinities 12 (2008): 1–17. doi:10.1177/1097184X07309503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okware, Samuel. “Giving AIDS a New Face.” World Health October (1989): 18–20.
   Google Scholar
• Okware, S. I. “Towards a National AIDS-control Program in Uganda.” The Western Journal of Medicine 147 (1987): 726–729.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olowo-Freers, Bernadette, ed. Sociocultural Aspects of Sexual Behaviour Practices That Contribute to the Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Uganda. Kampala: UNICEF, Republic of Uganda, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Opio, A., J. Musinguzi, G. Asiimwe-Okiror, C. Byabamazima, P. Turyaguma, E. Madraa, P. Nsubuga, and D. Kawesa. “Sexual Behavior Change Due to HIV/AIDS: Results from Population Based Surveys Conducted in Five Districts of Uganda.” In International Conference on AIDS, July 7–12, 1996; 11:35 ( abstract no. LB.D.6069).
   Google Scholar
• Owor, M. F. “Education, Information, Communication.” In International Conference on AIDS, June 4–9, 1989; 5:936 ( abstract no. E.805).
   Google Scholar
• Parkhurst, Justin O. “The Response to HIV/AIDS and the Construction of National Legitimacy: Lessons from Uganda.” Development and Change 36, no. 3 (2005): 571–590. doi:10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00424.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkhurst, Justin O. “The Ugandan Success Story? Evidence and Claims of HIV-1 Prevention.” The Lancet 360, no. 9326 (2002): 78–80. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09340-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkhurst, Justin O. “‘ What Worked?’: The Evidence Challenges in Determining the Causes of HIV Prevalence Decline.” AIDS Education and Prevention 20, no. 3 (2008): 275–283. doi:10.1521/aeap.2008.20.3.275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, Amy. The Politics of AIDS in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Piot, Peter. No Time to Lose. A Life in Pursuit of Deadly Viruses. New York: W. W. Norton, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Plummer, M., D. Ross, D. Wight, J. Changalucha, G. Mshana, J. Wamoyi, J. Todd, A. Anemona, F. Mosha, A. Obasi, and R. Hayes. “‘ A Bit More Truthful’: The Validity of Adolescent Sexual Behaviour Data Collected in Rural Northern Tanzania Using Five Methods.” Sexually Transmitted Infections 80, suppl. 2 (2004): ii49–ii56. doi:10.1136/sti.2004.011924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeley, Janet. HIV and East Africa. Thirty Years in the Shadow of an Epidemic. London: Routledge, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Seidel, Gill. “‘ Thank God I Said No to AIDS’: On the Changing Discourse of AIDS in Uganda.” Discourse & Society 1, no. 1 (1990): 61–84. doi:10.1177/0957926590001001004.
   Google Scholar
• Ssali, A., T. Barton, G. Katongole, and J. Seeley. “Exploring Sexual Terminology in a Vernacular in Rural Uganda: Lessons for Health Education.” In International Conference on AIDS, July 19–24, 1992; 8:D472 ( abstract no. PoD 5513).
   Google Scholar
• The AIDS Epidemic. The Message of the Catholic Bishops of Uganda. Kampala: Marianum, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, Robert. Unimagined Community: Sex, Networks and AIDS in Uganda and South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Timberg, Craig, and Daniel Halperin. Tinderbox. How the West Sparked the AIDS Epidemic and How the World Can Finally Overcome It. New York: Penguin Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Uganda AIDS Commission. “Multi-sectoral Approach to AIDS Control in Uganda.” 1993. Accessed December 12, 2006. http://www.aidsuganda.org/pdf/maca_executive_summary.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF/SYFA. New Phase of UNICEF Support for AIDS Control in Uganda. Summary Document. Kampala: The Government of Uganda, UNICEF, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• USAID. “The ‘ABC's’ of HIV Prevention.” Report on ‘ABC’ Experts Technical Meeting, Washington, DC: USAID, September 17, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• USAID. USAID Action Plan FY 1989/90: Uganda. Washington, DC: USAID, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Waal, Alex de. AIDS and Power. Why There Is No Political Crisis – Yet. London: Zed Books, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Wawer, Maria, Nelson Sewankambo, Seth Berkley, David Serwadda, Stanley Musgrave, Ronald Gray, Maako Musagara, Rebecca Satlings, and Joseph Konde-Lule. “Incidence of HIV-1 Infection in a Rural Region of Uganda.” BMJ 308, no. 6922 (1994): 171–173. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6922.171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wawer, M., N. Sewankambo, and R. Gray. “Trends in Crude Prevalence May Not Reflect Incidence in Communities with Mature Epidemics.” In International Conference on AIDS, August 7–12, 1994; 10:84 ( abstract no. 289C).
   Google Scholar
• Westway, Elizabeth, Janet Seeley, and Edward Allison. “Feckless and Reckless or Forbearing and Resourceful? Looking behind the Stereotypes of HIV and AIDS in ‘Fishing Communities.’” African Affairs 106, no. 425 (2007): 663–679. doi:10.1093/afraf/adm055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar