From baraza to cyberbaraza: interrogating publics in the context of the 2015 Zanzibar electoral impasse

Bibliography

• Anglin, Douglas G. “Zanzibar: Political Impasse and Commonwealth Mediation.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 18, no. 1 (2000): 39–66. doi: 10.1080/025890000111968
   Google Scholar
• Arnold, Nathalie. “Placing the Shameless: Approaching Poetry and the Politics of Pemban-ness in Zanzibar, 1995–2001.” Research in African Literatures 33, no. 3 (2002): 140–166. doi: 10.2979/RAL.2002.33.3.140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askew, Kelly M., and Richard R. Wilk. The Anthropology of Media: A Reader. Malden MA: Blackwell, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Bakari, Mohammed A., and Alexander B. Makulilo. “Beyond Polarity in Zanzibar? The ‘Silent’ Referendum and the Government of National Unity.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 30, no. 2 (2012): 195–218. doi: 10.1080/02589001.2012.669565
   Google Scholar
• Bakari, Mohammed A. The Democratisation Process in Zanzibar: A Retarded Transition. Hamburg: Institute for African Affairs, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Bakari, Mohammed A. “Understanding Obstacles to Political Reconciliation in Zanzibar: Actors, Interests and Strategies.” In Understanding Obstacles to Peace. Actors, Interests and Strategies in Africa’s Great Lakes Region, edited by Mwesiga Baregu, 222–270. Kampala: Fountain, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Bakhtin, Mikhail M. The Dialogic Imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Biersteker, Ann. Kujibizana. Questions of Language and Power in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Poetry in Kiswahili. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson, Deborah F. “Dar es Salaam as a ‘Harbour of Peace’ in East Africa. Tracing the Role of Creolized Urban Ethnicity in Nation-State Formation.” In Urbanization and Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives , Series: UNU-WIDER Studies in Development Economics, edited by Jo Beall, Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis, and Ravi Kanbur, 219–234. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, Thomas. “Cinema, Bell Bottoms, and Miniskirts: Struggles Over Youth and Citizenship in Revolutionary Zanzibar.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 35, no. 2/3 (2002): 287–313. doi: 10.2307/3097615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan, Pat, and Farouk Topan, eds. Swahili Modernities. Culture, Politics and Identity on the East Coast of Africa. Trenton, NJ; Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Castoriadis, Cornelius. The Imaginary Institution of Society. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Julie E. “Cyberspace as/and Space.” Columbia Law Review 107, no. 1 (2007): 210–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruijn, Miriam, Nyamnjoh, Francis, and Inge Brinkman, eds. Mobile Phones: The New Talking Drums of Everyday African. Bamenda: Langaa, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• De Zúñiga, Homero G., Jung, Nakwon, and Sebastián Valenzuela. “Social Media Use for News and Individuals’ Social Capital, Civic Engagement and Political Participation.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17 (2012): 319–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickey, Sara. “Anthropology and Its Contributions to Studies of Mass Media.” International Social Science Journal 49 (1997): 413–427. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2451.1997.tb00033.x
   Google Scholar
• Diepeveen, Stephanie. “Politics in Everyday Kenyan Street-Life: The People’s Parliament in Mombasa, Kenya.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 10, no. 2 (2016): 266–283. doi: 10.1080/17531055.2016.1187806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekine, Sokari. SMS Uprising: Mobile Activism in Africa. Oxford: Pambazuka Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Eko, Lyombe. “The Art of Satirical Deterritorialization: Shifting Cartoons from Real Space to Cyberspace in Sub-Sharan Africa.” The International Communication Gazette 77, no. 3 (2015): 248–266. doi: 10.1177/1748048514568759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fair, Laura. Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890–1945. Oxford: James Currey, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Fenton, Natalie. “New Media, Politics and Resistance.” In Alternatives Media and the Politics of Resistance. Perspectives and Challenges, edited by Mojca Pajnik and J.D.H. Downing, 61–80. Ljubljana: Peace Institute, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Fouéré, Marie-Aude. “Reinterpreting Revolutionary Zanzibar in the Media Today: The Case of Dira Newspaper.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 6, no. 4 (2012): 672–689. doi: 10.1080/17531055.2012.729781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagliardone, Iginio. “New Media and the Developmental State in Ethiopia.” African Affairs 113, no. 451 (2014): 279–299. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adu017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman, Jonathon. “Sorting out the Tribes: The Creation of Racial Identities in Colonial Zanzibar’s Newspaper Wars.” The Journal of African History 41, no. 3 (2001): 395–428. doi: 10.1017/S0021853799007677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman, Jonathon. War of Words, War of Stones; Racial Thought and Violence in Colonial Zanzibar. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, Jürgen, Lennox, Sara, and Frank Lennox. “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964).” New German Critique 3 (1974): 49–55. doi: 10.2307/487737
   Google Scholar
• Hariman, Robert. “Political Parody and Public Culture.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 94, no. 3 (2008): 247–272. doi: 10.1080/00335630802210369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, Emma. Political Thought and the Public Sphere in Tanzania: Freedom, Democracy and Citizenship in the Era of Decolonization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Kresse, Kai. “Kenya: Twendapi?: Re-reading Abdilatif Abdalla’s Pamphlet Fifty Years after Independence.” Africa 86, no. 1 (2016): 1–32. doi: 10.1017/S0001972015000996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kresse, Kai. “Knowledge and Intellectual Practice in a Swahili Context: ‘Wisdom’ and the Social Dimensions of Knowledge.” Africa 79, no. 1 (2009): 148–167. doi: 10.3366/E000197200800065X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kresse, Kai. “Muslim Politics in Postcolonial Kenya: Negotiating Knowledge on the Double-periphery.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 15: 76–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9655.2009.01543.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kresse, Kai. Philosophising in Mombasa: Knowledge, Islam and Intellectual Practice on the Swahili Coast. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, Kjersti. Knowledge, Renewal and Religion: Repositioning and Changing Ideological and Material Circumstances among the Swahili on the East African Coast. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, Kjersti. “Spirit Possession as Historical Narrative. The Production of Identity and Locality in Zanzibar Town.” In Locality and Belonging, edited by Nadia Lovell, 125–149. London: Routdledge, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Loimeier, Roman. “The Baraza. A Grassroots Institution.” ISIM Review 16 (2005): 26–27.
   Google Scholar
• Loimeier, Roman. “The Baraza in Zanzibar: Local Sitting and Transnational Thinking in a Cosmopolitan Setting.” In Unpacking the New. Critical Perspectives on Cultural Syncretization in Africa and Beyond, edited by Afe Adogame, Magnus Echtler, and Ulf Vierke, 143–173. Wien: Lit Verlag, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Loimeier, Roman. “Baraza as Markers of Time in Zanzibar.” In Knowledge Renewal and Religion. Repositioning and Changing Ideological and Material Circumstances among the Swahili on the East African Coast, edited by K. Larsen, 177–196. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Matheson, Archie. “Maridhiano: Zanzibar’s Remarkable Reconciliation and Government of National Unity.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 6, no. 4 (2012): 591–612. doi: 10.1080/17531055.2012.729773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazrui, Alamin. “Conservationism and Liberalism in Swahili Poetry: The Linguistic Dimension.” Research in African Literature 23, no. 4 (1992), 67–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazrui, Alamin M., and Ibrahim N. Shariff. The Swahili: Idiom and Identity of an African People. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Mbembe, Achille. On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed, Said A. “Utangulizi.” In Machozi Yamenishiya, edited by Mohammed K. Ghassani, xi–xxviii. Bonn: Zanzibar Daima Publishing, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Nyamnjoh, Francis. “Press Cartoons and Politics: The Case of Cameroon.” In Cartooning in Africa, edited by John A. Lent, 97–111. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Moss, Sigrun M., and Kjetil Tronvoll. “We Are All Zanzibari! Identity Formation and Political Reconciliation in Zanzibar.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 9, no. 1 (2015): 91–109. doi: 10.1080/17531055.2014.985357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustapha, Abdul R. “The Public Sphere in 21st Century Africa: Broadening the Horizons of Democratisation.” Africa Development XXXVII, no. 1 (2012): 27–41.
   Google Scholar
• Nassor, Aley S., and Jose, Jim. “Power-Sharing in Zanzibar: From Zero-Sum Politics to Democratic Consensus?” Journal of Southern African Studies 40, no. 2 (2014): 247-265. doi: 10.1080/03057070.2014.896719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogola, George. “Kenya’s Diasporic Cyber ‘Publics’ and the ‘Virtual’ Negotiation of Identities: Exploring the Disjunctures and Conjunctures.” In Rethinking Eastern African Literary and Intellectual Landscapes, edited by James Ogude, Grace A. Musila, and Dina Ligaga, 359–379. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Ohly, Rajmund. Swahili-English Slang Pocket-dictionary. Vienna: Afro-Pub, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, Jan. “Blogging Practices: An Analytical Framework.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (2007): 1409–1427. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00379.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheriff, Abdul. Dhow Culture of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism, Commerce and Islam. London: Hurst, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Shivji, Issa G. Pan-Africanism or Pragmatism? Lessons of the Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, William E. Nyerere of Tanzania. London: Victoria Gollancz, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Topan, Farouk. “From Coastal to Global: The Erosion of the ‘Swahili Paradox’.” In The Global Worlds of the Swahili: Interfaces of Islam, Identity and Space in 19th and 20th-century East Africa, edited by Roman Loimeier and Rüdiger Seesemann, 55–66. Münster: Lit Verlag, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Zanzibar. Ripoti ya Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Zanzibar, Wajumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi na Madiwani Mwaka 2015, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, Michael. Publics and Counterpublics. New York: Zone Books, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, Herman. “Mobile Phones, Popular Media, and Everyday African Democracy: Transmissions and Transgressions.” Popular Communication 9 (2011): 146–158. doi: 10.1080/15405702.2011.562097
   Google Scholar
• Willems, Wendy. “Interrogating Public Sphere and Popular Culture as Theoretical Concepts on Their Value in African Studies.” Africa Development XXVII, no. 1 (2012): 11–26.
   Google Scholar