Youth, the Kenyan state and a politics of contestation

Bibliography

• Abbink, Jon, ed. Vanguard or Vandals: Youth, Politics and Conflict in Africa. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Abdullah, Ibrahim. “Bush Path to Destruction: the Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front/Sierra Leone.” Journal of Modern African Studies 36, no. 2 (1998): 203–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, David M. “Vigilantes, Violence and the Politics of Public Order in Kenya.” African Affairs 101, no. 405 (2002): 531–555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, David M., and Jacob McKnight. “Understanding al-Shabaab: Clan, Islam and Insurgency in Kenya.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 9, no. 3 (2015): 536–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argenti, Nicolas. “Youth in Africa: a Major Resource for Change.” In Young Africa: Realizing the Rights of Children and Youth, edited by Alex de Waal, and Nicolas Argenti, 123–153. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, Gary, and Christine Ricardo. “Young men and the Construction of Masculinity in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for HIV/AIDS, Conflict, and Violence.” In The Other Side of Gender: Men’s Issues in Development, edited by Ian Bannon, and Maria Correia, 159–194. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Botha, Anneli. Terrorism in Kenya and Uganda: Radicalization from a Political Socialization Perspective. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre. Sociology in Question. London: Sage, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• British Council. Next Generation Kenya: Listening to the Voices of the Young People. Nairobi: British Council, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, Gary, and Andrew Burton. “Introduction.” In Generations Past: Youth in East African History, edited by Andrew Burton, and Helene Charton-Bigot, 1–24. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, Maya M., and Mats Utas. “Mercenaries of Democracy: The ‘Politricks’ of Remobilized Combatants in the 2007 General Elections, Sierra Leone.” African Affairs 107, no. 429 (2008): 515–539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen, Catrine, Mats Utas, and Henrik E. Vigh. Navigating Youth, Generating Adulthood: Social Becoming in an African Context. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Cincotta, Richard P. “Half a Chance: Youth Bulges and Transitions to Liberal Democracy.” Environmental Change and Security Program Report 13 (2008): 10–18.
   Google Scholar
• Cincotta, R., and J. Doces. “The Age-Structural Maturity Thesis.” In Political Demography: How Population Changes are Reshaping International Security and National Politics, edited by Jack A. Goldstone, Eric P. Kaufmann, and Monica Duffy Toft, 98–116. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Cincotta, Richard P., Robert Engelman, and Daniele Anastasion. The Security Demographic: Population and Civil Conflict After the Cold War. Washington, DC: Population Action International-Security Demographic, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff. “Reflections on Youth, From the Past to the Postcolony.” In Makers and Breakers: Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, edited by Alcinda Honwana, and Filip de Boeck, 19–30. Oxford: James Currey, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Cruise O’Brien, Donal. Symbolic Confrontations: Muslims Imaginging the State un Africa. London: C. Hurst, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• De Boeck, Filip, and Marie-Françoise Plissart. Kinshasa: Tales Ofthe Invisible City. Tervuren: Leuven University Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• De Smedt, Johan. “‘No Raila, No Peace!’Big man Politics and Election Violence at the Kibera Grassroots.” African Affairs 108, no. 433 (2009): 581–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diouf, Mamadou. “Engaging Postcolonial Cultures: African Youth and Public Space.” African Studies Review 46, no. 2 (2003): 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Durham, Deborah. “Youth and the Social Imagination in Africa: Introduction to Parts 1 and 2.” Anthropological Quarterly 73, no. 3 (2000): 113–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durham, Deborah. “Disappearing Youth: Youth as a Social Shifter in Botswana.” American Ethnologist 31, no. 4 (2004): 589–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Kenz, Ali. “Youth and Violence.” In Africa Now: People, Politics and Institutions, edited by Stephen Ellis, 42–57. London: James Currey, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Fredericks, R. ““The old man is Dead”: hip hop and the Arts of Citizenship of Senegalese Youth”.” Antipode 46, no. 1 (2014): 130–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, Gary, and Forrest R. Pitts. “Youth Cohorts and Political Unrest in South Korea.” Political Geography Quarterly 9 (1990): 9–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin, Michelle. “Africa’s Restless Youth.” In Beyond Humanitarianism: What you Need to Know About Africa and why it Matters, edited by P.N. Lyman, and P. Dorff, 69–83. New York, NY: Council of Foreign Affairs/Foreign Relations, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstone, Jack A. “Demography, Environment and Security: An Overview.” In Demography and National Security, edited by Maryon Weiner and Sharon Russel, 38–61. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstone, Jack A. “Youth Bulges and the Social Conditions of Rebellions.” World Politics Review (WPR). November 20, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, Stig Jarle. Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, Danny. The war Machines: Young men and Violence in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Honwana, Alcinda. “Innocent and Guilty: Child Soldiers as Interstitial and Tactical Agents.” In Makers and Breakers: Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, edited by Alcinda Honwana, and Filip de Boeck, 31–52. London: James Currey, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Honwana, Alcinda Manuel. The Time of Youth: Work, Social Change, and Politics in Africa. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Honwana, Alcinda. “‘Waithood’: Youth Transitions and Social Change.” In Development and Equity, edited by Dick Foeken, Ton Dietz, Leo de Haan, and Linda Johnson, 28–40. Leiden: Brill, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Honwana, Alcinda, and Filip De Boeck, ed. Makers & Breakers: Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa. London: James Currey, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Huntington, Samuel. “The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order”. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Ighobor, Kingsley. Africa’s Youth: A ‘Ticking Time Bomb’ or an Opportunity?” United Nations Africa Renewal, 2013. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/may-2013/africa’s-youth-“ticking-time-bomb”-or-opportunity.
   Google Scholar
• Kagwanja, P. M. “Courting Genocide: Populism, Ethno-Nationalism and the Informalisation of Violence in Kenya’s 2008 Post-Election Crisis.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 27, no. 3 (2009): 365–387.
   Google Scholar
• Kagwanja, Peter Mwangi. “Politics of Marionettes: Extra-Legal Violence and the 1997 Elections in Kenya.” In Out for the Count: The 1997 General Elections and Prospects for Democracy in Kenya, edited by Marcel Rutten, Alamin Mazrui, and Francois Grignon, 72–100. Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Kagwanja, Peter Mwangi. “Clash of Generations? Youth Identity, Violence and the Politics of Transition in Kenya, 1997-2002.” In Vanguards or Vandals: Youth, Politics and Conflict in Africa, edited by Jon Abbink, 83–108. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Kahura, Dauti. “Saba Saba at 30: The Gains We Have Lost.” The Elephant, July 7, 2020. https://www.theelephant.info/features/2020/07/07/saba-saba-at-30-the-gains-we-have-lost/.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, Robert D. “The Coming Anarchy”. New York: Vintage Books, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Kimari, W. “Activists, Care Work, and the ‘cry of the Ghetto’in Nairobi, Kenya.” Palgrave Communications 4, no. 1 (2018): 23.
   Google Scholar
• Kimari, W. “Africa Needs to Drop the ‘Youth Bulge’ Discourse.” New Internationalist, January 1, 2018, https://newint.org/features/2018/01/01/youth-bulge.
   Google Scholar
• Kirschner, Andrea. “Youth Terror or Terrorized Youth: Youth Violence in Nigeria: Redefining Spaces of Politics and Belonging.” In Engaging Terror: A Critical and Interdisciplinary Approach, edited by Haig, Vardalos, Karzai, Letts and Texeirra, 369–388. Boca Raton: Brown Walker Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Lauterbach, Karen. “Becoming a Pastor: Youth and Social Aspirations in Ghana.” Young 18, no. 3 (2010): 259–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lia, Brynjar. Globalization and the Future of Terrorism: Patterns and Predictions. London: Routledge, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Lonsdale, John. “Agency in Tight Corners: Narrative and Initiative in African History.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 13, no. 1 (2000): 5–16.
   Google Scholar
• Lund, Christian. “Twilight Institutions: Public Authority and Local Politics in Africa.” Development and Change 37, no. 4 (2006): 685–705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, R. Political Spiritualities: the Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Meagher, Kate. “Hijacking Civil Society: the Inside Story of the Bakassi Boys Vigilante Group of South-Eastern Nigeria.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 45, no. 1 (2007): 89–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchiorre, J. Luke. “Building Nations, Making Youth: Institutional Choice, Nation-State Building, and the Politics of Youth Activism in Kenya and Tanzania.” Doctoral Dissertation, University of Toronto, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Melchiorre, Luke. “Creating a ‘Monster’: the National Youth Service pre-University Training Programme, Student Activism, and the Kenyan State, 1978-1990.” Africa S89, no. S1 (2019): S65–S89.
   Google Scholar
• Muna, Wilson K., Anne Stanton, and Diana M. Mwau. “Deconstructing Intergenerational Politics Between ‘Young Turks’ and ‘Old Guards’ in Africa: an Exploration of the Perceptions on Leadership and Governance in Kenya.” Journal Of Youth Studies 17, no. 10 (2014): 1378–1394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutunga, Willy. “Saba Saba at 30: The Struggle for Progressive Alternative Political Leadership in Kenya Continues.” The Elephant, July 10, 2020. https://www.theelephant.info/op-eds/2020/07/10/saba-saba-at-30-the-struggle-for-progressive-alternative-political-leadership-in-kenya-continues/.
   Google Scholar
• Mwangola, Mshai S. “Leaders of Tomorrow? The Youth and Democratisation in Kenya.” In Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy, edited by Godwin Murunga, and Shadrack Nasong’o, 129–163. Dakar: Codesria, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Otuka, Neville. “Kenya’s Youth Percentage among the Highest Globally.” Business Daily, August 27, 2017. https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/economy/Kenya-youth-percentage-among-the-highest-globally/3946234-4072946-jvv2(2/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, Jacob. “Mungiki as Youth Movement: Revolution, Gender and Generational Politics in Nairobi, Kenya.” Young 18, no. 3 (2010): 301–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, Jacob. “Inside the System, Outside the law: Operating the Matatu Sector in Nairobi.” Urban Forum 23, no. 4 (2012): 415–432.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, Jacob. “'We are the True Blood of the Mau Mau': The Mungiki Movement in Kenya.” In Global Gangs: Street Violence Across the World, edited by Jennifer Hazen, and Dennis Rodgers, 213–235. Minnessota: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, Paul. Fighting for the Rain Forest: war, Youth & Resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: James Currey, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Schatzberg, Michael. Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Schuberth, Moritz. “Hybrid Security Governance, Post-Election Violence and the Legitimacy of Community-Based Armed Groups in Urban Kenya.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 2 (2018): 386–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, Dorothea. “Mapping Cosmopolitan Identities: rap Music and Male Youth Culture in Mali.” In Hip Hop Africa: new African Music in a Globalizing World, edited by Eric Charry, 129–146. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Seekings, J. Heroes or Villains?: Youth Politics in 1980s South Africa. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Simone, Abdou Maliq. “Waiting in African Cities.” In Indefensible Space: The Architecture of the National Insecurity State, edited by Michael Sorkin, 97–110. New York: Routledge, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Sommers, Marc. “Governance, Security and Culture: Assessing Africa’s Youth Bulge.” International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) 5, no. 2 (2011): 292–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacey, Paul, and Christian Lund. “In a State of Slum: Governance in an Informal Urban Settlement in Ghana.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 54, no. 4 (2016): 591–615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukarieh, Mayssoun, and Stuart Tannock. “The Global Securitisation of Youth.” Third World Quarterly 39, no. 5 (2018): 854–870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme, Tatiana A. “The “Hustle” Amongst Youth Entrepreneurs in Mathare's Informal Waste Economy.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 7, no. 3 (2013): 389–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Throup, David, and Charles Hornsby. Multi-party Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta & Moi States & the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, Victor. Forest of Symbols: Aspects of the Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967.
   Google Scholar
• Urdal, Henrik. “A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence.” International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 3 (2006): 607–629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utas, Mats. “Victimcy, Girlfriending, Soldiering: Tactic Agency in a Young Woman's Social Navigation of the Liberian war Zone.” Anthropological Quarterly 78, no. 2 (2005): 403–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gennep, Arnold. The Rites of Passage. London: Routledge, 1960.
   Google Scholar
• Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi, and Ronald Kassimir. Youth, Globalization, and the law. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Wagschal, U., and T. Metz. “A Demographic Peace? Youth Bulges and Other Population-Related Causes of Domestic Conflict.” Stat Pol Pol. 7, no. 1-2 (2016): 55–97.
   Google Scholar
• Waller, R. “Rebellious Youth in Colonial Africa.” Journal of African History 47 (2006): 77–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, H. “Demography and Democracy: the Impact of Youth Cohort Size on Democratic Stability in the World.” Democratization 20, no. 2 (2013): 335–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, Justin, and George Gona. “Pwani C Kenya? Memory, Documents and Secessionist Politics in Coastal Kenya.” African Affairs 112, no. 446 (2012): 48–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar