40,518
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Who are Kenya’s 42(+) tribes? The census and the political utility of magical uncertainty

Pages 43-62 | Received 16 Oct 2019, Accepted 07 Dec 2020, Published online: 25 Dec 2020

Bibliography

  • Anderson, D. “‘Yours in Struggle for Majimbo’: Nationalism and the Party Politics of Decolonization in Kenya, 1955–1964.” Journal of Contemporary History 40, no. 3 (2005): 547–564.
  • Anderson, D. “Majimboism: The Troubled History of an Idea.” In Our Turn to Eat: Politics in Kenya Since 1950, edited by D. Branch, N. Cheeseman, and L. Gardner, 23–52. Berlin: Lit, 2010.
  • Anderson, D., and E. Lochery. “Violence and Exodus in Kenya's Rift Valley, 2008: Predictable and Preventable?” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2, no. 2 (2008): 328–343.
  • Appadurai, A. “Number in the Colonial Imagination.” In Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, edited by Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer, 314–339. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.
  • Balaton-Chrimes, S. “Counting as Citizens: Recognition of the Nubians in the 2009 Kenyan Census.” Ethnopolitics 10, no. 2 (2011): 205–218.
  • Balaton-Chrimes, S. “Statelessness, Identity Cards and Citizenship as Status in the Case of the Nubians of Kenya.” Citizenship Studies 18, no. 1 (2014): 15–28.
  • Balaton-Chrimes, S. Ethnicity, Democracy and Citizenship in Africa: Marginalization of Kenya's Nubians. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2015.
  • Berry, S. “Hegemony on a Shoestring: Indirect Rule and Access to Agricultural Land.” Africa 62, no. 3 (1992): 327–355.
  • Boru, Abdullahi. “Burji Recognition in Kenya Constitution.” Cultural Survival Quarterly 28, no. 2 (2004). https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/burji-recognition-kenya-constitution.
  • Branch, D., and N. Cheeseman. “The Politics of Control in Kenya: Understanding the Bureaucratic Executive State, 1952–78.” Review of African Political Economy 33, no. 107 (2006): 11–31.
  • Branch, D., N. Cheeseman, and L. Gardner. Our Turn to Eat: Politics in Kenya Since 1950. Berlin: Lit, 2010.
  • Bratton, M., and M. S. Kimenyi. “Voting in Kenya: Putting Ethnicity in Perspective.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2, no. 2 (2008): 272–289.
  • Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development [Kenya]. Kenya Population Census 1979, Vol. I. Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development [Kenya], 1980.
  • Central Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Vice President, Ministry of Planning and National Development [Kenya]. Kenya Population Census 1989, Vol. I. Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Vice President, Ministry of Planning and National Development [Kenya], 1994.
  • Cheeseman, N., K. Kanyinga, G. Lynch, M. Ruteere, and J. Willis. “Kenya’s 2017 Elections: Winner-Takes-All Politics as Usual?.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 13, no. 2 (2019): 215–234.
  • Colony and Protectorate of Kenya. Report on the Census of the Non-Native Population of Kenya Colony and Protectorate on the Night of 25th February, 1948. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1949.
  • D'Arcy, Michelle, and Agnes Cornell. “Devolution and Corruption in Kenya: Everyone’s Turn to Eat?” African Affairs 115, no. 459 (2016): 246–273.
  • Das, Veena. “The Signature of the State: The Paradox of Illegibility.” In Anthropology in the Margins, edited by Veena Das and Deborah Poole, 225–252. Santa Fe: SAR Press, 2004.
  • Dillon, S. “Reinscribing De Quincey’s Palimpsest: The Significance of the Palimpsest in Contemporary Literary and Cultural Studies.” Textual Practice 19, no. 3 (2005): 243–263.
  • East African Statistical Department. Geographical and Tribal Studies. Nairobi: East African Statistical Department, 1950.
  • Ferree, K. E., C. C. Gibson, and J. D. Long. “Voting Behavior and Electoral Irregularities in Kenya's 2013 Election.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8, no. 1 (2014): 153–172.
  • Fontein, J. “Anticipating the Tsunami: Rumours, Planning and the Arbitrary State in Zimbabwe.” Africa 79, no. 3 (2009): 369–398.
  • Fontein, J. “Remaking the Dead, Uncertainty and the Torque of Human Materials in Northern Zimbabwe.” In Governing the Dead: Sovereignty and the Politics of Dead Bodies, edited by F. Stepputat, 114–140. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014.
  • Gertzel, C. The Politics of Independent Kenya, 1963–8. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1970.
  • Glassman, J. War of Words, War of Stones: Racial Thought and Violence in Colonial Zanzibar. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
  • Hirschman, C. “The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classifications.” The Journal of Asian Studies 46, no. 3 (1987): 555–582.
  • Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). Ethnic Affiliation. Nairobi: KNBS, 2013. https://www.knbs.or.ke/ethnic-affiliation/.
  • Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume IV Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics. Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2020.
  • Kenya Regional Boundaries Commission. Kenya: Report of the Regional Boundaries Commission. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1962.
  • Kertzer, D. I., and D. Arel. “Censuses, Identity Formation, and the Struggle for Political Power.” In Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity and Language in National Censuses, edited by D. I. Kertzer and D. Arel, 1–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Lonsdale, J. M. “Moral Ethnicity and Political Tribalism.” In Inventions and Boundaries: Historical and Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism, IDS Occasional Paper No. 11, edited by P. Kaarsholm and J. Hultin, 131–132. Roskilde: Roskilde University, 1994.
  • Lynch, G. “Becoming Indigenous in the Pursuit of Justice: The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Endorois Decision.” African Affairs 111, no. 422 (2012): 24–45.
  • Lynch, G. “Durable Solution, Help or Hindrance? The Failings and Unintended Implications of Relief and Recovery Efforts for Kenya’s Post-Election IDPs.” Review of African Political Economy 122 (2009): 604–613.
  • Lynch, G. I Say to You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2011.
  • Maina, W. What Tyranny of Numbers? Inside Mutahi Ngunyi’s Numerology. Nairobi: African Center for Open Governance; Katiba Institute, 2013.
  • Martin, C. J. “The East African Population Census: Planning and Enumeration.” Population Studies 3 (1949): 303–320.
  • Morgan, W. T. W. “Ethnic Geography of Kenya.” Erdkunde 54, no. 1 (2000): 76–87.
  • Mueller, S. D. “The Political Economy of Kenya's Crisis.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2, no. 2 (2008): 185–210.
  • National Gender and Equality Commission (NGEC). 2017–18 Annual Report. Nairobi: NGEC. https://www.ngeckenya.org/Downloads/NGEC%20Annual%20Report%202017-2018.pdf.
  • National Gender and Equality Commission (NGEC). Who and Where? Unmasking Ethnic Minorities and Marginalized Communities in Kenya. Nairobi: NGEC, 2018.
  • Owiti, J. “Political Drivers of Inequality in Kenya.” Development 57, no. 3–4 (2014): 547–558.
  • Parsons, T. “Being Kikuyu in Meru: Challenging the Tribal Geography of Colonial Kenya.” Journal of African History 53, no. 1 (2012): 65–86.
  • Ranger, T. O. “The Invention of Tradition Revisited.” In Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth Century Africa, edited by T. Ranger and O. Vaughan, 62–111. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995.
  • Rothchild, D. “Ethnic Inequalities in Kenya.” Journal of Modern African Studies 7 (1969): 689–711.
  • Scharrer, T. “‘Ambiguous Citizens’: Kenyan Somalis and the Question of Belonging.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 3 (2018): 494–513.
  • Shellam, Tiffany. “‘Our Natives’ and ‘Wild Blacks’: Enumeration as a Statistical Dimension of Sovereignty in Colonial Western Australia.” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 13, no. 3 (2012): 1–19.
  • Statistics Division, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development [Kenya]. Kenya Population Census 1962: Vol. III: African Population. Nairobi: Statistics Division, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development [Kenya], 1966.
  • Statistics Division, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development [Kenya]. Kenya Population Census 1969, Vol. I. Nairobi: Statistics Division, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development [Kenya], 1970.
  • Tamarkin, M. “The Roots of Political Stability.” African Affairs 77, no. 308 (1978): 297–320.
  • Tapscott, R. “The Government Has Long Hands: Institutionalized Arbitrariness and Local Security Initiatives in Northern Uganda.” Development and Change 48, no. 2 (2017): 263–285.
  • Taylor, Charles. Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003.
  • Throup, D. “Elections and Political Legitimacy in Kenya.” Africa 63, no. 3 (1993): 371–396.
  • Weitzburg, Keren. “The Unaccountable Census: Colonial Enumeration and its Implications for the Somali People of Kenya.” The Journal of African History 56, no. 3 (2015): 409–428.