4,661
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Dissent as cybercrime: social media, security and development in Tanzania

ORCID Icon
Pages 442-463 | Received 29 May 2020, Accepted 30 Jun 2021, Published online: 18 Jul 2021

Bibliography

  • Ackland, Robert J., and Kyosuke Tanaka. Development Impact of Social Media. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2015. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/373231467994583078/pdf/102964-WP-Box394845B-PUBLIC-WDR16-BP-SocialMedia-Ackland.pdf.
  • Afrobarometer. “Afrobarometer (R6 2014/2015) (Tanzania).” Accessed February 3, 2020. https://www.afrobarometer.org/online-data-analysis/analyse-online.
  • Afrobarometer. “Afrobarometer (R7 2016/2018) (Tanzania).” Accessed February 3, 2020. https://www.afrobarometer.org/online-data-analysis/analyse-online.
  • Aiko, Rose. Effect of Police Integrity, Government Performance in Fighting Crime and Accessibility of Police Stations on Reporting of Crime in Tanzania. Afrobarometer Policy Paper 20, 2015.
  • Ayalew, Yohannes Eneyew. “The Internet Shutdown Muzzle(s) Freedom of Expression in Ethiopia: Competing Narratives.” Information and Communications Technology Law 28, no. 2 (2019): 208–224.
  • Becker, Felicitas. “Remembering Nyerere: Political Rhetoric and Dissent in Contemporary Tanzania.” African Affairs 112, no. 447 (2013): 238–261.
  • Bergère, Clovis. “‘Don’t Tax My Megabytes’: Digital Infrastructure and the Regulation of Citizenship in Africa.” International Journal of Communication 13 (2019): 4309–4326.
  • Brennan, James R. “The Short History of Political Opposition and Multi-Party Democracy in Tanganyika.” In In Search of a Nation: Histories of Authority and Dissidence in Tanzania, edited by Gregory H. Maddox and James R. Giblin, 221–246. Oxford: James Currey, 2005.
  • Brennan, James R. “Youth, the TANU Youth League and Managed Vigilantism in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1925–73.” Africa 76, no. 2 (2006): 221–246.
  • Bunge la Tanzania. “Majadiliano ya Bunge. Mkutano wa Kumi na Saba. ” Parliament of Tanzania. 8 November 2019. http://parliament.go.tz/polis/uploads/documents/1574424750-08%20NOVEMBA,%202019.pdf.
  • Cross, Charlotte. “Community Policing and the Politics of Local Development in Tanzania.” Journal of Modern African Studies 52, no. 4 (2014): 517–540.
  • Cross, Charlotte. “Cybercrime and the Policing of Politics in Tanzania.” In Social Media and Politics in Africa: Democracy, Censorship and Security, edited by Maggie Dwyer and Thomas Molony, 195–213. London: Zed Books, 2019.
  • De Gregorio, Giovanni, and Nicole Stremlau. “Internet Shutdowns and the Limits of Law.” International Journal of Communication 14 (2020): 4224–4243.
  • Department for International Development. DFID Digital Strategy 2018 to 2020: Doing Development in a Digital World. Department for International Development policy paper, 2018. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/701443/DFID-Digital-Strategy-23-01-18a.pdf.
  • Diamond, Larry. “Liberation Technology.” In Liberation Technology: Social Media and the Struggle for Democracy, edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, 3–17. Boston: John Hopkins University Press, 2012.
  • Donovan, Kevin P., and Aaron K. Martin. “The Rise of African SIM Registration: The Emerging Dynamics of Regulatory Change.” First Monday 19, no. 2–3 (2014). https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/4351/3820.
  • Fouéré, Marie-Aude. “Julius Nyerere, Ujamaa, and Political Morality in Contemporary Tanzania.” African Studies Review 57, no. 1 (2014): 1–24.
  • Freedom House. “Sudan.” Freedom on the Net, 2018. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2018/sudan.
  • Gagliardone, Iginio. “New Media and the Developmental State in Ethiopia.” African Affairs 113, no. 451 (2014): 279–299.
  • Gagliardone, Iginio, Nicole Stremlau, and Gerawork Aynekulu. “A Tale of Two Publics? Online Politics in Ethiopia’s Election.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 13, no. 1 (2019): 192–219.
  • Green, Maia. “After Ujamaa? Cultures of Governance and the Representation of Power in Tanzania.” Social Analysis 54, no. 1 (2010): 15–34.
  • Green, Maia. The Development State: Aid, Culture and Civil Society in Tanzania. Woodbridge: James Currey, 2014.
  • Gukurume, Simbarashe. “#ThisFlag and #ThisGown Cyberprotests in Zimbabwe: Reclaiming Political Space.” African Journalism Studies 38, no. 2 (2017): 49–70.
  • Howard, Philip N., Sheetal D. Agarwal, and Muzammil M. Hussain. “When Do States Disconnect Their Digital Networks? Regime Responses to the Political Uses of Social Media.” The Communication Review 14, no. 3 (2011): 216–232.
  • Human Rights Watch. “As Long as I Am Quiet, I Am Safe”: Threats to Independent Media and Civil Society in Tanzania. Human Rights Watch, 2019.
  • Hydén, Göran. “Top-Down Democratization in Tanzania.” Journal of Democracy 10, no. 4 (1999): 123–136.
  • ICT Policy Centre for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA). Despots and Disruptions: Five Dimensions of Internet Shutdowns in Africa. Kampala: CIPESA, 2019.
  • ICT Policy Centre for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA). State of Internet Freedom in Africa 2019: Mapping Trends in Government Internet Controls, 1999–2019. Kampala: CIPESA, 2019.
  • Jenkins, Sarah. “The Politics of Fear and the Securitization of African Elections.” Democratization 27, no. 5 (2020): 836–853.
  • Joseph, Natasha. “Bulldozing His Way Through the Media: Tanzania’s Current President Has Been Nicknamed ‘The Bulldozer’ and the Media is in His Sight.” Index on Censorship 46, no. 3 (2017): 75–77.
  • Kalathil, Shanthi, and Taylor C. Boas. Open Networks Closed Regimes: The Impact of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003.
  • Kelsall, Tim, and Claire Mercer. “Empowering People? World Vision and ‘Transformatory Development’ in Tanzania.” Review of African Political Economy 30, no. 96 (2003): 293–304.
  • Ksherti, Nir. “Diffusion and Effects of Cyber-Crime in Developing Economies.” Third World Quarterly 31, no. 7 (2010): 1057–1079.
  • Lamoureaux, Siri, and Timm Sureau. “Knowledge and Legitimacy: The Fragility of Digital Mobilisation in Sudan.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 13, no. 1 (2019): 35–53.
  • Logan, Carolyn, and Peter Penar. Are Africans’ Freedoms Slipping Away? Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 55, 2019.
  • Luckham, Robert, and Tom Kirk. Security in Hybrid Political Contexts: an End-User Approach. JSRP Paper 2, The Justice and Security Research Programme, 2012.
  • Lynch, Gabrielle, Nic Cheeseman, and Justin Willis. “From Peace Campaigns to Peaceocracy: Elections, Order and Authority in Africa.” African Affairs 118, no. 473 (2019): 603–627.
  • Marchant, Eleanor, and Nicole Stremlau. “A Spectrum of Shutdowns: Reframing Internet Shutdowns from Africa.” International Journal of Communication 14 (2020): 4327–4342.
  • Mare, Admire. “Social Media: The New Protest Drums in Southern Africa?” In Social Media in Politics: Case Studies on the Political Power of Social Media, edited by Bogdan Pătruţ and Monica Pătrut, 315–335. Basel: Springer, 2014.
  • Michaelsen, Marcus, and Marlies Glasius. “Authoritarian Practices in the Digital Age.” International Journal of Communication 12 (2018): 3788–3794.
  • Moyo, Dumisani. “Citizen Journalism and the Parallel Market of Information in Zimbabwe’s 2008 Election.” Journalism Studies 10, no. 4 (2009): 551–567.
  • Mutsvairo, Bruce, and Kate Wright. “Postscript: Research Trajectories in African Digital Spheres.” In Social Media and Politics in Africa: Democracy, Censorship and Security, edited by Maggie Dwyer and Thomas Molony, 279–288. London: Zed Books, 2019.
  • Nyabola, Nanjala. Digital Democracy, Analogue Politics: How the Internet Era is Transforming Politics in Kenya. London: Zed Books, 2018.
  • Paget, Dan. “Again, Making Tanzania Great: Magufuli’s Restorationist Developmental Nationalism.” Democratization (2020). doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1779223.
  • Paget, Dan. “Tanzania: Shrinking Space and Opposition Protest.” Journal of Democracy 28, no. 3 (2017): 153–167.
  • Parks, Lisa, and Rachel Thompson. “The Slow Shutdown: Information and Internet Regulation in Tanzania from 2010 to 2018 and Impacts on Online Content Creators.” International Journal of Communication 14 (2020): 4288–4308.
  • Pedersen, Rasmus Hundsbæk, and Thabit Jacob. Political Settlement and the Politics of Legitimation in Countries Undergoing Democratisation: Insights from Tanzania. Effective States and Inclusive Development Working Paper 124, University of Manchester, 2019.
  • Phillips, Kristin D. “Nyerere’s Ghost: Political Filiation, Paternal Discipline, and the Construction of Legitimacy in Multiparty Tanzania.” In Remembering Julius Nyerere in Tanzania: History, Memory, Legacy, edited by Marie-Aude Fouéré, 97–126. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota, 2015.
  • Phillips, Kristin D. “Pater Rules Best: Political Kinship and Party Politics in Tanzania’s Presidential Elections.” PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 33, no. 1 (2010): 109–132.
  • Phillips, Kristin D. “Hunger, Healing and Citizenship in Rural Tanzania.” African Studies Review 52, no. 1 (2009): 23–45.
  • Privacy International. Track, Capture, Kill: Inside Communications Surveillance and Counterterrorism in Kenya. Privacy International, 2017.
  • Schneider, Leander. “High on Modernity? Explaining the Failings of Tanzanian Villagisation.” African Studies 66, no. 1 (2007): 9–38.
  • Schneider, Leander. Government of Development: Peasants and Politicians in Postcolonial Tanzania. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014.
  • Serianu. Demystifying Africa’s Cyber Security Poverty Line: Tanzania Cyber Security Report 2017. Dar es Salaam: Serianu, 2017.
  • Shahbaz, Adrian. Freedom on the Net 2018: The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism. Freedom House, 2018.
  • Srinivasan, Sharath, Stephanie Diepeveen, and George Karekwaivanane. “Rethinking Publics in Africa in a Digital Age.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 13, no. 1 (2019): 2–17.
  • Tanzania Police Force. Crime and Traffic Incidents Statistics Report: January to December 2016. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Police Force, 2017.
  • Transparency International. The East African Bribery Index2017. Nairobi: Transparency International-Kenya, 2017.
  • Twaweza. Speaking Truth to Power? Citizens’ Views on Politics in Tanzania. Sauti za Wananchi Brief No. 48, July 2018.
  • United Republic of Tanzania. Crime and Traffic Incidents Statistics Report: January to December 2016. Tanzania Police Force, 2017.
  • United Republic of Tanzania. National Information and Communications Technology Policy. Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication, 2016.
  • United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania Development Vision 2025. United Republic of Tanzania Planning Commission, 1999. https://mof.go.tz/mofdocs/overarch/vision2025.htm.