A pragmatic randomized controlled trial to compare a novel group physiotherapy programme with a standard group exercise programme for managing chronic low back pain in primary care

References

• Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet 2012;379(9814):482–91. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60610-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfort G, Maiers MJ, Evans RL, Schulz CA, Bracha Y, Svendsen KH, et al. Supervised exercise, spinal manipulation, and home exercise for chronic low back pain: a randomised clinical trial. Spine J 2011;11(7):585–98. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2011.01.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong J, Reed C, Novick D, Happich M. Costs associated with treatment of chronic low back pain: an analysis of the UK general practice research database. Spine 2013;38(1):75–82. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318276450f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffett J, Richardson G, Sheldon T, Maynard A. Back pain: its management and costs to society. York: Centre for Health Economics, University of York; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• UK BEAM Trial Team. United Kingdom back pain exercise and manipulation (UK BEAM) 31 randomised trial: cost effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. BMJ 2004;329(7479):1381. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38282.607859.AE
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICE Clinical guidelines CG88 Low back pain: early Management of persistent non-specific low back pain. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2009 [Document on the Internet]. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/CG88.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis A, Morris ME, Walsh C. Are physiotherapy exercises effective in reducing chronic low back pain? Phys Ther Rev 2008;13(1):37–44. doi: 10.1179/174328808X252000
   Google Scholar
• Critchley DJ, Ratcliffe J, Noonan S, Jones RH, Hurley MV. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three types of physiotherapy used to reduce chronic low back pain disability. Spine 2007;32(14):1474–81. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318067dc26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heymans MW, Van Tulder MW, Esmail R, Bombardier C, Koes BW. Back Schools for non-specific low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(4):CD000261. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000261.pub2.
   Google Scholar
• Klaber Moffett JA, Frost H. Back to fitness programme: the manual for physiotherapists to set up classes. Physiother 2000;86(6):295–305. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9406(05)61003-6
   Google Scholar
• MacPherson H. Pragmatic clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2004;12(2):136–40. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2004.07.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of physicians and the American pain society. Ann Intern Med 2007;147(7):478–91. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill JC, Dunn KM, Lewis M, Mullis R, Main CJ, Foster NE, et al. A primary care back pain screening tool: identifying patient subgroups for initial treatment. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59(5):632–41. doi: 10.1002/art.23563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowling A. Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. 3rd ed. England: McGraw-Hill House; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsh A, Atchison J, Berger J, Waxenberg L, Lafayette-Lucey A, Bulcourf BB, et al. Patient satisfaction with treatment for chronic pain: predictors and relationship to compliance. Clin J Pain 2005;21(4):302–10. doi: 10.1097/01.ajp.0000113057.92184.90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feise RJ, Menke M. Functional rating index. A new valid and reliable instrument to measure the magnitude of clinical change in spinal conditions. Spine 2001;26(1):78–87. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200101010-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feise RJ, Menke M. Functional rating index: literature review. Med Sci Monit 2010;16(2):RA25–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabin R, Oemar M, Oppe M. EQ-5D-5L user guide: basic information on how to use the EQ-5D-5L instrument. 2011 [Document on the Internet]. Available from: www.euroquo.org.
   Google Scholar
• Childs JD, Piva SR, Fritz JM. Responsiveness of the numeric pain relating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine 2005;30(11):1331–4. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000164099.92112.29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liamputtong P. Focus group methodology: principles and practice. London: Sage; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan GW, Bernard HR. Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods 2003;15(1):85–109. doi: 10.1177/1525822X02239569
   Google Scholar
• Sokunbi O, Cross V, Watt P. Experiences of individuals with chronic low back pain during and after their participation in a spinal stabilisation exercise programme- a pilot qualitative study. Man Ther 2010;15(2):179–84. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade SC, Molloy E, Keating JL. ‘Listen to me, tell me’: a qualitative study of partnership in care for people with non-specific chronic low back pain. Clin Rehabil 2009;23(3):270–80. doi: 10.1177/0269215508100468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy SE, Blake C, Power C K, Fullen BM. The effectiveness of a stratified group intervention using the Start Back screening tool in patients with LBP- a non-randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013;14(1):1356. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidani S. Health intervention research: understanding research design and methods. London: Sage; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Hurley DA, Tully MA, Lonsdale C, Boreham CG, van Mechelen W, Daly L, et al. Supervised walking in comparison with fitness training for chronic back pain in physiotherapy: results of the swift single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Pain 2015;156(1):131–47. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.0000000000000013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr JL, Klaber Moffett JA, Howarth E, Richmond SJ, Torgerson DJ, Jackson DA, et al. A randomized trial comparing a group exercise programme for back pain patients with individual physiotherapy in a severely deprived area. Disabil Rehabil 2005;27(16):929–37. doi: 10.1080/09638280500030639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unsgaard-Tondel M, Fladmark AM, Salvesen O, Vasselijen O. Motor control exercises, sling exercises, and general exercises for patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Phys Ther 2010;90(10):1426–40. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20090421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magalhães MO, Muzi LH, Comachio J, Burke TN, Renovato França FJ, Vidal Ramos LA, et al. The short-term effects of graded activity versus physiotherapy in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Man Ther 2015;20(4):603–9. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood MR, Harding G, Klaber Moffett J. Patient perceptions of physical therapy within a trial for back pain treatments (UK BEAM). Rheumatology 2006;45(6):751–6. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kei254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade SC, Molloy E, Keating JL. People with non-specific chronic low back pain who have participated in exercise programs have preferences about exercise: a qualitative study. Aust J Physiother 2009;55(2):115–21. doi: 10.1016/S0004-9514(09)70041-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macedo G, Maher L, Hancock CG, Kamper SJ. Predicting response to motor control exercises and graded activity for patients with low back pain: pre-planned secondary analysis of a RCT. Phys Ther 2014;94(11):1543–54. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20140014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manek NJ, MacGregor AJ. Epidemiology of back disorders: prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005;17(2):134–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddle SD, Baxter DG, Gracey JH. Chronic low back pain: patients’ experiences, opinions and expectations for clinical management. Disabil Rehabil 2007;29(24):1899–909. doi: 10.1080/09638280701189895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar