Neutrality and impartiality in Midwestern U.S. newspapers: community-oriented newspaper journalists reporting of environmental water problems in agricultural and ranching states

References

• Diamond E. Understanding rural identities and environmental policy attitudes in America. Perspect Polit. 2023;21(2):502–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward M, Jones R, Brender J, de Kok T, Weyer P, Nolan B, et al. Drinking water nitrate and human health: an updated review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(7):1557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans AE, Mateo-Sagasta J, Qadir M, Boelee E, Ippolito A. Agricultural water pollution: key knowledge gaps and research needs. Curr Opin Environ Sust. 2019;36:20–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerit J, Zhao Y, Tan M, Wheeler M. Differences between national and local media in news coverage of the Zika virus. Health Commun. 2019;34(14):1816–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocatta G, Mayes E, Hess K, Hartup ME. The trouble with ‘quiet advocacy’: local journalism and reporting climate change in rural and regional Australia. Media Cult Soc. 2023;45(1):157–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Shay S, Day AM, Islam K, McElmurry SP, Seeger MW. Boil water advisories as risk communication: consistency between CDC guidelines and local news media articles. Health Commun. 2022;37(2):152–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voyer M, Dreher T, Gladstone W, Goodall H. Who cares wins: the role of local news and news sources in influencing community responses to marine protected areas. Ocean Coast Manag. 2013;85:29–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield SEL, Elliott SJ. Constructing the news: the role of local newspapers in environmental risk communication. Prof Geogr. 2003;55(2):216–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinescu V, Mitu B. Introduction. In: Marinescu V, Mitu B, editors. The power of the media in health communication. London: Routledge; 2016. p. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Hupp Williamson S. What’s in the water? How media coverage of corporate GenX pollution shapes local understanding of risk. Crit Criminol. 2018;26(2):289–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramondt S, Ramírez AS. Media reporting on air pollution: Health risk and precautionary measures in national and regional newspapers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6516. Article 18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali C, Radcliffe D, Schmidt TR, Donald R. Searching for Sheboygans: on the future of small market newspapers. Journalism. 2020;21(4):453–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateo-Sagasta J, Marjani Zadeh S, Turral H. Water pollution from agriculture: a global review. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2017. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/i7754e/i7754e.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. The global water quality challenge & SDGs. UNESCO; n.d. Available from: https://en.unesco.org/waterquality-iiwq/wq-challenge.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. International decade for action “Water for Life” 2005–2015. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; 2014 Oct 23. Available from: https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/quality.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Exner ME, Hirsh AJ, Spalding RF. Nebraska’s groundwater legacy: nitrate contamination beneath irrigated cropland. Water Resour Res. 2014;50(5):4474–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juntakut P, Snow DD, Haacker EMK, Ray C. The long term effect of agricultural, vadose zone and climatic factors on nitrate contamination in Nebraska’s groundwater system. J Contam Hydrol. 2019;220:33–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T, Kuroda H, Nakasone H. Runoff characteristics of nutrients from an agricultural watershed with intensive livestock production. J Hydrol. 2009;368(1):79–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croen LA, Todoroff K, Shaw GM. Maternal exposure to nitrate from drinking water and diet and risk for neural tube defects. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(4):325–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouattara BS, Puvvula J, Abadi A, Munde S, Kolok AS, Bartelt-Hunt S, et al. Geospatial distribution of age-adjusted incidence of the three major types of pediatric cancers and waterborne agrichemicals in Nebraska. GeoHealth. 2022;6(2):e2021GH000419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuval HI, Gruener N. Epidemiological and toxicological aspects of nitrates and nitrites in the environment. Am J Public Health. 1972;62(8):1045–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallington SF, Blake KD, Taylor-Clark K, Viswanath K. Challenges in covering health disparities in local news media: an exploratory analysis assessing views of journalists. J Community Health. 2010;35(5):487–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwitzer G, Mudur G, Henry D, Wilson A, Goozner M, Simbra M, et al. What are the roles and responsibilities of the media in disseminating health information? PloS Med. 2005;2(7):e215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman JM, Casarett D. Mass media and medicine: when the most trusted media mislead. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(3):291–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenterelidou C. Framing public health issues: the case of smoking ban in Greece, public health policy framing equals healthy framing of public policy? J Commun Healthcare. 2012;5(2):116–28.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman R, Thorson E, Wilkins L. Testing the effect of framing and sourcing in health news stories. J Health Commun. 2011;16(9):941–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holton A, Lee N, Coleman R. Commenting on health: a framing analysis of user comments in response to health articles online. J Health Commun. 2014;19(7):825–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho S. Network news coverage of breast cancer, 1974–2003. J Mass Commun Q. 2006;83(10):16–30.
   Google Scholar
• Veloudaki A, Zota D, Karnaki P, Petralias A, Saranti Papasaranti E, Spyridis I, et al. Reporting health in Europe: situation and needs. J Commun Healthcare. 2014;7(3):158–70.
   Google Scholar
• Olien CN, Donohue GA, Tichenor PJ. The community editor’s power and the reporting of conflict. Journal Q. 1968;45(2):243–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossow MD, Dunwoody S. Inclusion of “useful” detail in newspaper coverage of a high-level nuclear waste siting controversy. Journal Q. 1991;68(1–2):87–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S.D.A. Focus on croplands in the northern plains. United States Department of Agriculture Climate Hubs; n.d. Available from: https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/hubs/northern-plains/topic/focus-croplands-northern-plains#:~:text=Major%20crops%20are%20corn%20(26,%25)%20and%20sugarbeets%20(30%25).
   Google Scholar
• U.S.D.A. State Facts. USDA Economic Research Service; 2024 Feb 7. Available from: https://data.ers.usda.gov/reports.aspx?StateFIPS=05&StateName=Arkansas&ID=17854.
   Google Scholar
• Bonnie R, Diamond EP, Rowe E. Understanding rural attitudes toward the environment and conservation in America. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions; 2020. Available from: https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/sites/default/files/publications/understanding-rural-attitudes-toward-environment-conservation-america.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Doll JE, Petersen B, Bode C. Skeptical but adapting: what Midwestern farmers say about climate change. Weather Clim Soc. 2017;9(4):739–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho A. Media(ted)discourses and climate change: a focus on political subjectivity and (dis)engagement. WIREs Clim Change. 2010;1(2):172–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanks Hindman D, Littlefield R, Preston A, Neumann D. Structural pluralism, ethnic pluralism, and community newspapers. Journal Mass Commun Q. 1999;76(2):250–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohue GA, Tiechenor PJ, Olien CN. Mass media functions, knowledge and social control. Journal Mass Commun Q. 1973;50(4):652–9.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin RJ, Dunwoody S. Community structure and science framing of news about local environmental risks. Sci Commun. 1997;18(4):362–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristiansen S, Painter J, Shea M. Animal agriculture and climate change in the US and UK elite media: volume, responsibilities, causes and solutions. Environ Commun. 2021;15(2):153–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guth D. Amber waves of change: rural community journalism in areas of declining population. J Appl Journal Media Stud. 2015;4(2):259–75.
   Google Scholar
• Schudson M. The objectivity norm in American journalism*. Journalism. 2001;2(2):149–70.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg MR, Sachsman DB, Sandman PM, Salomone KL. Network in the Raccoon River Basin related to agricultural practices. J Soil Water Conserv. 1989;64(3):190–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hungerford SE, Lemert JB. Covering the environment: a new Afghanistanism? Journal Mass Commun Q. 1973;50(3):475–508.
   Google Scholar
• Abernathy PM. News deserts and ghost newspapers: will local news survive? Center for Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media, School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2020. Available from: https://www.usnewsdeserts.com/reports/news-deserts-and-ghost-newspapers-will-local-news-survive/.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen RK, Kalsnes B, Barland J. Do small streams make a big river? Detailing the diversification of revenue streams in newspapers’ transition to digital journalism businesses. Digit Journal. 2021;0(0):1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Radcliffe D, Ali C, Donald R. Life at small-market newspapers: results from a survey of small market newsrooms (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3094661). Social Science Research Network; 2017. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3094661.
   Google Scholar
• Miller J. News deserts: no news is bad news. In: Bratton WJ, editor. Urban policy. New York (NY): Manhattan Institute; 2018. p. 59–76.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis J, Williams A, Franklin B. Four rumours and an explanation. Journal Pract. 2008;2(1):27–45.
   Google Scholar
• Gandy O. Beyond agenda setting: information subsidies and public policy. Norwood (NJ): Ablex; 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter S, Boehmer J, Fico F. The measurement of journalistic role enactments: a study of organizational constraints and support in for-profit and nonprofit journalism. Journal Mass Commun Q. 2016;93(3):587–608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandoc EC, Takahashi B. Playing a crusader role or just playing by the rules? Role conceptions and role inconsistencies among environmental journalists. Journalism. 2014;15(7):889–907.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnick KN, Krugman DM, Cameron GT. Compassion fatigue: communication and burnout toward social problems. Journal Mass Commun Q. 1996;73:687–707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker PJ. Hardwired for news: using biological and cultural evolution to explain the surveillance function. J Commun. 1996;46(3):32–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walth B, Smith Dahmen N, Thier K. A new reporting approach for journalistic impact: bringing together investigative reporting and solutions journalism. Newsp Res J. 2019;40(2):177–89.
   Google Scholar
• Witte K. Putting the fear back into fear appeals: the extended parallel process model. Commun Monogr. 1992;59(4):329–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte K. Fear control and danger control: a test of the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Commun Monogr. 1994;61(2):113–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettema JS, Whitney DC. Professional mass communicators. In: Berger CR, Chaffee SH, editors. Handbook of communication science. Newbury Park (CA): SAGE; 1987. p. 747–80.
   Google Scholar
• Dunwoody S. Science journalism: prospects in the digital age. In: Routledge handbook of public communication of science and technology. Abingdon (OX): Routledge; 2021. p. 14–32.
   Google Scholar
• Witte K. Chapter 16 - Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: Using the extended parallel process model to explain fear appeal successes and failures. In: Andersen PA, Guerrero LK, editors. Handbook of communication and emotion. Academic Press; 1996. p. 423–450.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre KE, Lough K. Toward a clearer conceptualization and operationalization of solutions journalism. Journalism. 2021;22(6):1558–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thier K, Abdenour J, Walth B, Smith Dahmen N. A narrative solution: the relationship between solutions journalism, narrative transportation, and news trust. Journalism. 2021;22(10):2511–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao X, Jackson D, Nguyen A. The psychological empowerment potential of solutions journalism: perspectives from pandemic news users in the UK. Journal Stud. 2022;23(3):356–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census. Census regions and divisions of the United States. U.S. Census; n.d. Available from: https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rathge R, Olson K, Danielson R, Clemenson M. Demographic chartbook: profiling change in the Great Plains. Fargo: North Dakota State University; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Green TR, Kipka H, David O, McMaster GS. Where is the USA Corn Belt, and how is it changing? Sci Total Environ. 2018;618:1613–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen E, Jones N, Rabe M, Pratt B, Medina L, Orozco K, et al. The chance that two people chosen at random are of different race or ethnicity groups has increased since 2010. U.S. Census; 2021, August 12. Available from: https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rakich N. How red or blue is your state. FiveThirtyEight; 2021 May 27. Available from: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-red-or-blue-is-your-state-your-congressional-district/.
   Google Scholar
• Shortridge JR. The middle west: its meaning in American culture. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Buntain N, Liebler CM, Webster K. Database use, database discrepancies: implications for content analyses of news. Newspaper Research Journal. 2023;44(4):409–424.
   Google Scholar
• Riffe D, Lacy S, Fico F, Watson B. Analyzing media messages: using quantitative content analysis in research. New York: Routledge; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Gwet KL. Computing inter-rater reliability and its variance in the presence of high agreement. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 2008;61(1):29–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwet KL. Handbook of inter-relator reliability. Gaithersburg (MD): Advanced Analytics; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Spence A, Poortinga W, Pigeon N. The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Anal. 2012;32(6):957–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss M. Checking the pulse: Midwestern reporters’ opinions on their ability to report health care news. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(7):1158–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raeijmaekers D, Maeseele P. In objectivity we trust? Pluralism, consensus, and ideology in journalism studies. Journalism. 2017;18(6):647–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas R. Media morality and compassion for “faraway others”. Journal Pract. 2011;5(3):287–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmone KL, Greenberg MR, Sandman PM, Sachsman DB. A question of quality: how journalists and news sources evaluate coverage of environmental risk. J Commun. 1990;40(4):117–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt HC. Training tomorrow's environmental journalists: assessing the extent of environmental-themed training in college-level journalism programs. Appl Environ Educ Commun. 2017;16(1):17–28.
   Google Scholar
• Rust NA, Jarvis RM, Reed MS, Cooper J. Framing of sustainable agricultural practices by the farming press and its effect on adoption. Agr Human Values. 2021;38:753–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar