Historical trends of degradation, loss, and recovery in the tropical forest reserves of Ghana

References

• Acheampong, Emmanuel Opoku, Colin J. Macgregor, Sean Sloan, and Jeffrey Sayer. 2019. “Deforestation is Driven by Agricultural Expansion in Ghana's Forest Reserves.” Scientific African 5: e00146.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, Neil D., Barry F. W. Croke, Giorgio Guariso, Joseph H. A. Guillaume, Serena H. Hamilton, Anthony J. Jakeman, Stefano Marsili-Libelli, Lachlan T. H. Newham, John P. Norton, and Charles Perrin. 2013. “Characterising Performance of Environmental Models.” Environmental Modelling & Software 40: 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, A. C., G. C. Dargie, A. Cuni-Sanchez, J. T. Mukendi, W. Hubau, J. M. Mukinzi, O. L. Phillips, et al. 2021. “Resistance of African Tropical Forests to an Extreme Climate Anomaly.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 (21): e2003169118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boadi, Samuel, Collins Ayine Nsor, Osei Owusu Antobre, and Emmanuel Acquah. 2016. “An Analysis of Illegal Mining on the Offin Shelterbelt Forest Reserve, Ghana: Implications on Community Livelihood.” Journal of Sustainable Mining 15 (3): 115–119.
   Google Scholar
• Brando, Paulo Monteiro, Jennifer K. Balch, Daniel C. Nepstad, Douglas C. Morton, Francis E. Putz, Michael T. Coe, Divino Silvério, Marcia N. Macedo, Eric A. Davidson, and Caroline C. Nóbrega. 2014. “Abrupt Increases in Amazonian Tree Mortality due to Drought–Fire Interactions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (17): 6347–6352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breiman, Leo. 2001. “Random Forests.” Machine Learning 45 (1): 5–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock, Eric L., Curtis E. Woodcock, and Pontus Olofsson. 2020. “Monitoring Tropical Forest Degradation Using Spectral Unmixing and Landsat Time Series Analysis.” Remote Sensing of Environment 238: 110968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claverie, Martin, Junchang Ju, Jeffrey G. Masek, Jennifer L. Dungan, Eric F. Vermote, Jean-Claude Roger, Sergii V. Skakun, and Christopher Justice. 2018. “The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance Data set.” Remote Sensing of Environment 219: 145–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Warren B., and Thomas A. Spies. 1992. “Estimating Structural Attributes of Douglas-fir/Western Hemlock Forest Stands from Landsat and SPOT Imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment 41 (1): 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Warren B., Zhiqiang Yang, Sean P. Healey, Robert E. Kennedy, and Noel Gorelick. 2018. “A LandTrendr Multispectral Ensemble for Forest Disturbance Detection.” Remote Sensing of Environment 205: 131–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter, Lloyd L., Douglas A. Stow, Yu-Hsin Tsai, Nicholas Ibanez, Hsiao-chien Shih, Andrew Kerr, Magdalena Benza, John R Weeks, and Foster Mensah. 2016. “Classification and Assessment of Land Cover and Land use Change in Southern Ghana Using Dense Stacks of Landsat 7 ETM+ Imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment 184: 396–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerwinski, Chris J., Douglas J. King, and Scott W. Mitchell. 2014. “Mapping Forest Growth and Decline in a Temperate Mixed Forest Using Temporal Trend Analysis of Landsat Imagery, 1987–2010.” Remote Sensing of Environment 141: 188–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwomoh, Francis K., and Michael C. Wimberly. 2017a. “Fire Regimes and Forest Resilience: Alternative Vegetation States in the West African Tropics.” Landscape Ecology 32 (9): 1849–1865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwomoh, Francis K., and Michael C. Wimberly. 2017b. “Fire Regimes and Their Drivers in the Upper Guinean Region of West Africa.” Remote Sensing 9 (11): 1117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwomoh, Francis K., Michael C. Wimberly, Mark A. Cochrane, and Izaya Numata. 2019. “Forest Degradation Promotes Fire During Drought in Moist Tropical Forests of Ghana.” Forest Ecology and Management 440: 158–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dymond, Caren C., David J. Mladenoff, and Volker C. Radeloff. 2002. “Phenological Differences in Tasseled Cap Indices Improve Deciduous Forest Classification.” Remote Sensing of Environment 80 (3): 460–472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erinjery, Joseph J., Mewa Singh, and Rafi Kent. 2018. “Mapping and Assessment of Vegetation Types in the Tropical Rainforests of the Western Ghats Using Multispectral Sentinel-2 and SAR Sentinel-1 Satellite Imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment 216: 345–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, Matheus Pinheiro, Fabien Hubert Wagner, Luiz EOC Aragão, Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro, and Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho. 2019. “Tree Species Classification in Tropical Forests Using Visible to Shortwave Infrared WorldView-3 Images and Texture Analysis.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 149: 119–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fragal, Everton Hafemann, Thiago Sanna Freire Silva, and Evlyn Márcia Leão de Moraes Novo. 2016. “Reconstructing Historical Forest Cover Change in the Lower Amazon Floodplains Using the LandTrendr Algorithm.” Acta Amazonica 46 (1): 13–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Bo-Cai. 1996. “NDWI—A Normalized Difference Water Index for Remote Sensing of Vegetation Liquid Water from Space.” Remote Sensing of Environment 58 (3): 257–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazoul, Jaboury, Zuzana Burivalova, John Garcia-Ulloa, and Lisa A. King. 2015. “Conceptualizing Forest Degradation.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30 (10): 622–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, Holly K., Aaron S. Ruesch, Frédéric Achard, Murray K. Clayton, Peter Holmgren, Navin Ramankutty, and Jonathan A. Foley. 2010. “Tropical Forests Were the Primary Sources of New Agricultural Land in the 1980s and 1990s.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (38): 16732–16737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorelick, Noel, Matt Hancher, Mike Dixon, Simon Ilyushchenko, David Thau, and Rebecca Moore. 2017. “Google Earth Engine: Planetary-Scale Geospatial Analysis for Everyone.” Remote Sensing of Environment 202: 18–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grogan, Kenneth, Dirk Pflugmacher, Patrick Hostert, Robert Kennedy, and Rasmus Fensholt. 2015. “Cross-border Forest Disturbance and the Role of Natural Rubber in Mainland Southeast Asia Using Annual Landsat Time Series.” Remote Sensing of Environment 169: 438–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. B., and M. D. Swaine. 1976. “Classification and Ecology of Closed-Canopy Forest in Ghana.” The Journal of Ecology 64 (3): 913–951.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, Christian Pilegaard, and Thorsten Treue. 2008. “Assessing Illegal Logging in Ghana.” International Forestry Review 10 (4): 573–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne, W. D. 1994. Fire Damage and Forest Restoration in Ghana. London: Overseas Development Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Hawthorne, W. D., and M. Abu-Juam. 1995. Forest Protection in Ghana. Gland: IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Hawthorne, W. D., D. Sheil, V. K. Agyeman, M. Abu Juam, and C. A. M. Marshall. 2012. “Logging Scars in Ghanaian High Forest: Towards Improved Models for Sustainable Production.” Forest Ecology and Management 271: 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healey, Sean P., Warren B. Cohen, Zhiqiang Yang, C. Kenneth Brewer, Evan B. Brooks, Noel Gorelick, Alexander J. Hernandez, Chengquan Huang, M. Joseph Hughes, and Robert E. Kennedy. 2018. “Mapping Forest Change Using Stacked Generalization: An Ensemble Approach.” Remote Sensing of Environment 204: 717–728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Yang, and Yunfeng Hu. 2020. “Detecting Forest Disturbance and Recovery in Primorsky Krai, Russia, Using Annual Landsat Time Series and Multi–Source Land Cover Products.” Remote Sensing 12 (1): 129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Chengquan, Samuel N. Goward, Jeffrey G. Masek, Nancy Thomas, Zhiliang Zhu, and James E. Vogelmann. 2010. “An Automated Approach for Reconstructing Recent Forest Disturbance History Using Dense Landsat Time Series Stacks.” Remote Sensing of Environment 114 (1): 183–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Chengquan, Bruce Wylie, Limin Yang, Collin Homer, and Gregory Zylstra. 2002. “Derivation of a Tasselled cap Transformation Based on Landsat 7 at-Satellite Reflectance.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 23 (8): 1741–1748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, Thomas A. J., George K. D. Ametsitsi, Murray Collins, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Imma Oliveras, Edward T. A. Mitchard, and Elmar M. Veenendaal. 2018. “Extending the Baseline of Tropical dry Forest Loss in Ghana (1984–2015) Reveals Drivers of Major Deforestation Inside a Protected Area.” Biological Conservation 218: 163–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, Z., A. Huete, K. Didan, and T. Miura. 2008. “Development of a Two-Band Enhanced Vegetation Index Without a Blue Band.” Remote Sensing of Environment 112 (10): 3833–3845. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2008.06.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, Robert E., Zhiqiang Yang, and Warren B. Cohen. 2010. “Detecting Trends in Forest Disturbance and Recovery Using Yearly Landsat Time Series: 1. LandTrendr—Temporal Segmentation Algorithms.” Remote Sensing of Environment 114 (12): 2897–2910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, Robert E., Zhiqiang Yang, Warren B. Cohen, Eric Pfaff, Justin Braaten, and Peder Nelson. 2012. “Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Forest Disturbance and Regrowth Within the Area of the Northwest Forest Plan.” Remote Sensing of Environment 122: 117–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, Robert E, Zhiqiang Yang, Noel Gorelick, Justin Braaten, Lucas Cavalcante, Warren B Cohen, and Sean Healey. 2018. “Implementation of the LandTrendr Algorithm on Google Earth Engine.” Remote Sensing 10 (5): 691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurin, G Vaglio, William D Hawthorne, Tommaso Chiti, Arianna Di Paola, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Sergio Marconi, Sergio Noce, Elisa Grieco, Francesco Pirotti, and Riccardo Valentini. 2016. “Does Degradation from Selective Logging and Illegal Activities Differently Impact Forest Resources? A Case Study in Ghana.” IForest 9: 354–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurin, Gaia Vaglio, Nicola Puletti, Qi Chen, Piermaria Corona, Dario Papale, and Riccardo Valentini. 2016. “Above Ground Biomass and Tree Species Richness Estimation with Airborne Lidar in Tropical Ghana Forests.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 52: 371–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurin, Gaia Vaglio, Nicola Puletti, William Hawthorne, Veraldo Liesenberg, Piermaria Corona, Dario Papale, Qi Chen, and Riccardo Valentini. 2016. “Discrimination of Tropical Forest Types, Dominant Species, and Mapping of Functional Guilds by Hyperspectral and Simulated Multispectral Sentinel-2 Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 176: 163–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Zhihua, Michael C Wimberly, and Francis K Dwomoh. 2017. “Vegetation Dynamics in the Upper Guinean Forest Region of West Africa from 2001 to 2015.” Remote Sensing 9 (1): 5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López García, M. J., and V. Caselles. 1991. “Mapping Burns and Natural Reforestation Using Thematic Mapper Data.” Geocarto International 6 (1): 31–37.
   Google Scholar
• Main-Knorn, Magdalena, Warren B Cohen, Robert E Kennedy, Wojciech Grodzki, Dirk Pflugmacher, Patrick Griffiths, and Patrick Hostert. 2013. “Monitoring Coniferous Forest Biomass Change Using a Landsat Trajectory-Based Approach.” Remote Sensing of Environment 139: 277–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi, Yadvinder, Toby A. Gardner, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Miles R. Silman, and Przemyslaw Zelazowski. 2014. “Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 39: 125–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi, Y., and J. Wright. 2004. “Spatial Patterns and Recent Trends in the Climate of Tropical Rainforest Regions.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359 (1443): 311–329. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFeeters, Stuart K. 1996. “The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the Delineation of Open Water Features.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 17 (7): 1425–1432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchard, E. T., and C. M. Flintrop. 2013. “Woody Encroachment and Forest Degradation in sub-Saharan Africa's Woodlands and Savannas 1982-2006.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368 (1625): 20120406. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrón-Juárez, Robinson I., Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Daniel M. Marra, Gabriel H. P. M. Ribeiro, Sami W. Rifai, Niro Higuchi, and Dar Roberts. 2011. “Detection of Subpixel Treefall Gaps with Landsat Imagery in Central Amazon Forests.” Remote Sensing of Environment 115 (12): 3322–3328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, Ken, Alex Asase, Ben Collen, Jim Gockowksi, John Mason, Ben Phalan, and Amy Wade. 2010. “Biodiversity in a Forest-Agriculture Mosaic – The Changing Face of West African Rainforests.” Biological Conservation 143 (10): 2341–2350. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Numata, Izaya, Dar A. Roberts, Oliver A. Chadwick, Josh Schimel, Fernando R. Sampaio, Francisco C. Leonidas, and João V. Soares. 2007. “Characterization of Pasture Biophysical Properties and the Impact of Grazing Intensity Using Remotely Sensed Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 109 (3): 314–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olofsson, Pontus, Giles M. Foody, Martin Herold, Stephen V. Stehman, Curtis E. Woodcock, and Michael A. Wulder. 2014. “Good Practices for Estimating Area and Assessing Accuracy of Land Change.” Remote Sensing of Environment 148: 42–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owubah, C. E., N. T. Donkor, and R. D. Nsenkyire. 2000. “Forest Reserve Encroachment: The Case of Tano-Ehuro Forest Reserve in Western Ghana.” The International Forestry Review 2 (2): 105–111.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, Yude, Richard A. Birdsey, Jingyun Fang, Richard Houghton, Pekka E. Kauppi, Werner A. Kurz, Oliver L. Phillips, Anatoly Shvidenko, Simon L. Lewis, and Josep G. Canadell. 2011. “A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests.” Science 333 (6045): 988–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potapov, Peter V., Svetlana A. Turubanova, Matthew C. Hansen, Bernard Adusei, Mark Broich, Alice Altstatt, Landing Mane, and Christopher O. Justice. 2012. “Quantifying Forest Cover Loss in Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2000–2010, with Landsat ETM+ Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 122: 106–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathnayake, Chithrangani W. M., Simon Jones, and Mariela Soto-Berelov. 2020. “Mapping Land Cover Change Over a 25-Year Period (1993–2018) in Sri Lanka Using Landsat Time-Series.” Land 9 (1): 27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiche, Johannes, Eliakim Hamunyela, Jan Verbesselt, Dirk Hoekman, and Martin Herold. 2018. “Improving Near-Real Time Deforestation Monitoring in Tropical dry Forests by Combining Dense Sentinel-1 Time Series with Landsat and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2.” Remote Sensing of Environment 204: 147–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, David P., V. Kovalskyy, H. K. Zhang, Eric F. Vermote, L. Yan, S. S. Kumar, and A. Egorov. 2016. “Characterization of Landsat-7 to Landsat-8 Reflective Wavelength and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Continuity.” Remote Sensing of Environment 185: 57–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sannier, Christophe, Ronald E. McRoberts, Louis-Vincent Fichet, and Etienne Massard K. Makaga. 2014. “Using the Regression Estimator with Landsat Data to Estimate Proportion Forest Cover and net Proportion Deforestation in Gabon.” Remote Sensing of Environment 151: 138–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu, Katsuto, Tetsuji Ota, Nobuya Mizoue, and Shigejiro Yoshida. 2019. “A Comprehensive Evaluation of Disturbance Agent Classification Approaches: Strengths of Ensemble Classification, Multiple Indices, Spatio-Temporal Variables, and Direct Prediction.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 158: 99–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza, Carlos M., Dar A. Roberts, and Mark A. Cochrane. 2005. “Combining Spectral and Spatial Information to map Canopy Damage from Selective Logging and Forest Fires.” Remote Sensing of Environment 98 (2): 329–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza, Carlos M., João V. Siqueira, Marcio H. Sales, Antônio V. Fonseca, Júlia G. Ribeiro, Izaya Numata, Mark A. Cochrane, Christopher P. Barber, Dar A. Roberts, and Jos Barlow. 2013. “Ten-year Landsat Classification of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon.” Remote Sensing 5 (11): 5493–5513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamiminia, Haifa, Bahram Salehi, Masoud Mahdianpari, Lindi Quackenbush, Sarina Adeli, and Brian Brisco. 2020. “Google Earth Engine for geo-big Data Applications: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 164: 152–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thanh, Huong Nguyen Thi, Trung Minh Doan, Erkki Tomppo, and Ronald E. McRoberts. 2020. “Land use/Land Cover Mapping Using Multitemporal Sentinel-2 Imagery and Four Classification Methods—A Case Study from Dak Nong, Vietnam.” Remote Sensing 12 (9): 1367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, Ian D., Manuel R. Guariguata, Kimiko Okabe, Carlos Bahamondez, Robert Nasi, Victoria Heymell, and Cesar Sabogal. 2013. “An Operational Framework for Defining and Monitoring Forest Degradation.” Ecology and Society 18 (2): 20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, Yu Hsin, Douglas A. Stow, David López-Carr, John R. Weeks, Keith C. Clarke, and Foster Mensah. 2019. “Monitoring Forest Cover Change Within Different Reserve Types in Southern Ghana.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191 (5): 281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, C. J. 1979. “Red and Photographic Infrared Linear Combinations for Monitoring Vegetation.” Remote Sensing of Environment 8: 127–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, Compton J., and John R. G. Townshend. 2000. “Strategies for Monitoring Tropical Deforestation Using Satellite Data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 21 (6-7): 1461–1471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Geological Survey. 2020. Landsat 4-7 Collection 2 (C2) Level 2 Science Product (L2SP) Guide.
   Google Scholar
• Verbesselt, Jan, Rob Hyndman, Glenn Newnham, and Darius Culvenor. 2010. “Detecting Trend and Seasonal Changes in Satellite Image Time Series.” Remote Sensing of Environment 114 (1): 106–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, Fabien Hubert, Matheus Pinheiro Ferreira, Alber Sanchez, Mayumi C. M. Hirye, Maciel Zortea, Emanuel Gloor, Oliver L. Phillips, Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho, Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro, and Luiz EOC Aragão. 2018. “Individual Tree Crown Delineation in a Highly Diverse Tropical Forest Using Very High Resolution Satellite Images.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 145: 362–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, Brett T., John S. Sperry, and Thomas A. Kursar. 2016. “Does Leaf Shedding Protect Stems from Cavitation During Seasonal Droughts? A Test of the Hydraulic Fuse Hypothesis.” New Phytologist 212 (4): 1007–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Yongjun, Peter D. Erskine, Alex M. Lechner, David Mulligan, Shaoliang Zhang, and Zhenyu Wang. 2018. “Detecting the Dynamics of Vegetation Disturbance and Recovery in Surface Mining Area via Landsat Imagery and LandTrendr Algorithm.” Journal of Cleaner Production 178: 353–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Le, Lu Liang, Jie Wang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Qu Cheng, Luanyun Hu, Shuang Liu, Liang Yu, Xiaoyi Wang, and Peng Zhu. 2014. “Meta-discoveries from a Synthesis of Satellite-Based Land-Cover Mapping Research.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 35 (13): 4573–4588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Lihong, Xiangnan Liu, Ling Wu, Yibo Tang, and Yuanyuan Meng. 2019. “Long-Term Monitoring of Cropland Change Near Dongting Lake, China, Using the LandTrendr Algorithm with Landsat Imagery.” Remote Sensing 11 (10): 1234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Zhe, Shixiong Wang, and Curtis E Woodcock. 2015. “Improvement and Expansion of the Fmask Algorithm: Cloud, Cloud Shadow, and Snow Detection for Landsat 4–7, 8, and Sentinel 2 Images.” Remote Sensing of Environment 159: 269–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Zhe, and Curtis E. Woodcock. 2014. “Continuous Change Detection and Classification of Land Cover Using all Available Landsat Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 144: 152–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar